The names of plants: Fourth edition
Abstract
The Names of Plants is an invaluable reference for botanists and horticulturalists. The first section gives an historical account of the significant changes in the ways that plants have been known and named. It documents the problems associated with an ever-increasing number of common names of plants, and the resolution of these problems through the introduction of International Codes for both botanical and horticultural nomenclature. It also outlines the rules to be followed when plant breeders name a new species or cultivar. The second section comprises a glossary of generic and specific plant names, and components of these, from which the reader may interpret the existing names of plants and construct new names. With explanations of the International Codes for both Botanical Nomenclature (2000) and Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (1995), this new edition contains a greatly expanded glossary, which includes the Greek, Latin, or other source of each plant name.
... This knowledge helps one to remember the plant and learn more about a plant (With Malus Toward None, 2012). The etymology of plant names is a rich store of historical interest and conceals many facets of humanity (Gledhill, 2008). Phytoetymology is the study of plant etymology with true meaning and origin of the word. ...
... Nepa: Derived from Latin nepa for a scorpion, a crab (Gledhill, 2008). ...
... The epithet can be taken from any source whatever and may be constructed in an arbitrary manner. i) On the basis of colour: rubra means red, (Gledhill, 2008). ii) On the basis of shape, size and habitat: repens means creeping (Martin, 2005). ...
... This knowledge helps one to remember the plant and learn more about a plant (With Malus Toward None, 2012). The etymology of plant names is a rich store of historical interest and conceals many facets of humanity (Gledhill, 2008). Phytoetymology is the study of plant etymology with true meaning and origin of the word. ...
... Nepa: Derived from Latin nepa for a scorpion, a crab (Gledhill, 2008). ...
... The epithet can be taken from any source whatever and may be constructed in an arbitrary manner. i) On the basis of colour: rubra means red, (Gledhill, 2008). ii) On the basis of shape, size and habitat: repens means creeping (Martin, 2005). ...
Phytoetymology is the study of plant names etymology with true meaning and origin of the word. Phytoetymology originates on the basis of morphological characters of the plants, in the honour of a scientist or a person, special features, place of discovery and combination of Greek and Latin words, with a genus similarity or based on vernacular names. The names of families are plural adjectives used as nouns and are formed by adding the suffix -aceae to the stem, which is the name of an included genus. Generic name is always noun and always written with a capital initial letter. It may be descriptive and taken from, in the honour of a scientist or a person, special feature of plants, anagram, lands of discovery, fancy or mythology, etc. The name of a species is a binary combination of the generic name followed by a specific epithet. If the epithet is of two words they must be joined by a hyphen or united into one word. The epithet can be taken from any source whatever and may be constructed in an arbitrary manner.
... Theophrastus named it for an unknown palm (sago palm) (Cycas circinalis L. Sp. Pl. 1188 1753) [10,20,42] . Cycas circinalis L. contain alkaloids of carcinogens and an amino acid that causes chronic nervous disorders. ...
... In ancient Japanese ginkyo (gin means 'silver' and kyo means 'apricot') and in Chinese yinhing (yin means 'silver' and hing means 'apricot'); referring to its white fruits (Ginkgo biloba L. Mant. Pl. 2: 313 1771) [20,42] . Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract is often taken for memory disorders including Alzheimer's disease. ...
... De Novis Quisbusdam Plantarum Familiis Expositio 23. 1833) [59] . [20,42] . Gnetum gnemon L. young leaves, inflorescences and tender tips are edible and used as a vegetable. ...
... Para los nombres comunes se citan los más usados en Ecuador y se colocan en primera instancia. Etimología.-Thunbergia en honor al médico y botánico sueco Carl Thunberg (1743-1828), el más famoso de los apóstoles de Linneo; alata que tiene apéndices como alas (Gledhill, 2008). ...
... Al ingerir esta planta en bebida es es capaz de activar el parto, pero en dosis altas puede provocar el aborto. Etimología.-Daucus, del griego: dauxos = quemar, para los antiguos los "dauxos" eran plantas que producían excitación; y, montanus epíteto latino que significa de las montañas, en relación a la procedencia (Muñoz et al., 2012;Gledhill, 2008 (Jørgensen y León-Yánez, 1999). ...
... Usos.-Se reporta uso medicinal, las hojas en infusión y emplastos para quemaduras, inflamación de la boca y piel. Etimología.-El género Acmella tiene su origen en la palabra griega que significa "picante", aludiendo al sabor de sus hojas frescas; el epíteto específico oppositifolia es debido a la presencia de hojas en forma opuesta (Gledhill, 2008 Descripción botánica.-Hierbas anuales o perennes, erectas, decumbentes o rastreras, pilosa hasta glabrescente. ...
El documento contiene 90 especies que se comportan como malezas en
los cultivos, pastizales y jardines de las diferentes regiones del Ecuador,
no son todas, se complementará a futuro. De cada especie se presenta:
nombre común, familia botánica, nombre científico, sinónimos, etimología
del nombre científico, distribución geográfica, asociación y hábitat para
demostrar su comportamiento como maleza y se mencionan algunos usos
de las especies.
... Para los nombres comunes se citan los más usados en Ecuador y se colocan en primera instancia. Etimología.-Thunbergia en honor al médico y botánico sueco Carl Thunberg (1743-1828), el más famoso de los apóstoles de Linneo; alata que tiene apéndices como alas (Gledhill, 2008). ...
... Al ingerir esta planta en bebida es es capaz de activar el parto, pero en dosis altas puede provocar el aborto. Etimología.-Daucus, del griego: dauxos = quemar, para los antiguos los "dauxos" eran plantas que producían excitación; y, montanus epíteto latino que significa de las montañas, en relación a la procedencia (Muñoz et al., 2012;Gledhill, 2008 (Jørgensen y León-Yánez, 1999). ...
... Usos.-Se reporta uso medicinal, las hojas en infusión y emplastos para quemaduras, inflamación de la boca y piel. Etimología.-El género Acmella tiene su origen en la palabra griega que significa "picante", aludiendo al sabor de sus hojas frescas; el epíteto específico oppositifolia es debido a la presencia de hojas en forma opuesta (Gledhill, 2008 Descripción botánica.-Hierbas anuales o perennes, erectas, decumbentes o rastreras, pilosa hasta glabrescente. ...
El documento contiene 90 especies que se comportan como malezas en
los cultivos, pastizales y jardines de las diferentes regiones del Ecuador,
no son todas, se complementará a futuro. De cada especie se presenta:
nombre común, familia botánica, nombre científico, sinónimos, etimología
del nombre científico, distribución geográfica, asociación y hábitat para
demostrar su comportamiento como maleza y se mencionan algunos usos
de las especies.
... Para los nombres comunes se citan los más usados en Ecuador y se colocan en primera instancia. Etimología.-Thunbergia en honor al médico y botánico sueco Carl Thunberg (1743-1828), el más famoso de los apóstoles de Linneo; alata que tiene apéndices como alas (Gledhill, 2008). ...
... Al ingerir esta planta en bebida es es capaz de activar el parto, pero en dosis altas puede provocar el aborto. Etimología.-Daucus, del griego: dauxos = quemar, para los antiguos los "dauxos" eran plantas que producían excitación; y, montanus epíteto latino que significa de las montañas, en relación a la procedencia (Muñoz et al., 2012;Gledhill, 2008 (Jørgensen y León-Yánez, 1999). ...
... Usos.-Se reporta uso medicinal, las hojas en infusión y emplastos para quemaduras, inflamación de la boca y piel. Etimología.-El género Acmella tiene su origen en la palabra griega que significa "picante", aludiendo al sabor de sus hojas frescas; el epíteto específico oppositifolia es debido a la presencia de hojas en forma opuesta (Gledhill, 2008 Descripción botánica.-Hierbas anuales o perennes, erectas, decumbentes o rastreras, pilosa hasta glabrescente. ...
Una arvense es una planta que crece en forma silvestre en campos cultivados o ambientes antropogénicos; la gente de campo las conoce como “malas hierbas o malezas”, mientras los técnicos e investigadores agropecuarios como arvenses. No existen malas hierbas, soló seres vegetales que cumplen una función en un momento o tiempo determinado como resultado de procesos de evolución; estas al igual que otras plantas realizan: fotosintesis, transforman y liberan CO2 y contribuyen a los procesos ecológicos. Esta obra contiene información práctica sobre: nombre común, nombre cientifico, familia, distribución geografica, descripción botánica, hábitat y usos de 90 especies identificas como arvenses en Ecuador.
... Cayaponia laciniosa (L.) C. Jeffrey Family -Cucurbitaceae Genus etymology -Name based on the block of Ge-speaking people of highlands of eastern Brazil, the Northwestern Ge, Northern Cayapo, Southern Cayapo and Suya [6] . Species etymology -Derived from Latin word laciniosa means 'jagged, fringed, and slashed, with many flaps' [7,8] . Common English Names-Bryony [5,9] , Palmate diplocyclos [10] , Indian bryony [3,11] , Lollipop climber [12,13] , Lollipop plant [14] . ...
... Genus etymology -Derived from Greek words diploos means 'double' and kyklos means 'a circle, ring'; alluding to the tendrils [6,33] . Species etymology -Derived from Latin word palmatus means 'with five or more veins arising from one point (usually on divided leaves), hand-shaped, palmate' [7] . Common English Names -Lollipopclimber [35][36][37] , Marblevine [35,36] , Nativebryony [35,37,38] , Redstripedcucumber [35,38] , Striped cucumber [37] . ...
... Jenis anggrek dari genus Corybas yang didapatkan dikawasan TWA Bukit Kelam adalah jenis C. pictus. Nama epitet "pictus" berasal dar kata Yunani "picta atau pictum" yang berarti "sesuatu yang bewarna cerah, yang dihias menggunakan warna atau di cat" yang merujuk pada warna variegasi daun dan bunga jenis anggrek ini (Gledhill, 2008). ...
... Jenis anggrek dari genus Dipodium yang didapatkan dikawasan TWA Bukit Kelam adalah jenis D. pictum. Nama epitet pictum berasal dari kata Yunani "picta" yang berarti "sesuatu yang bewarna cerah, yang dihias menggunakan warna atau di cat" merujuk pada variegasi warna bunga D. pictum di bagian sepal dan petal yang bewarna dasar putih terdapat bercak-bercak warna ping (Gledhill, 2008) Liparis yang didapatkan dikawasan TWA Bukit Kelam adalah jenis Liparis sp. Jenis anggrek yang ditemukan ini cirikan memiliki Batang berbentuk bulat (teres), daun hanya terdiri atas lembar daun (lamina) dan upih daun (vagina) dengan susunan daun rangkap saling berhadapan. ...
Bukit Kelam Nature Tourism Park in Sintang District is a nature conservation area that has become the habitat for a wide range of endemic flora in West Kalimantan. This study aimed to identify terrrestrial orchids (Orchidaceae) species in Bukit Kelam Nature Tourism Park in Sintang District. This study was conducted from September to November 2017. The inventory of orchids specieswas done by the cruise method. The study obtained 12 terrestrial orchid species i.e Arundina graminifolia, Bromheadia finlaysoniana, Corybas pictus, Coelogyne kelamensis, Dendrobium lobii, Dendrobium olivaceum, Dipodium pictum, Liparis sp., Paphiopedilum bullenianum, Plocoglottis lowii, Spathoglottis kimbaliana,and Thrixspermumamplexicaule.
... The Eucalyptus tree is classified as an extension of one of the three genera, which is known as Eucalyptus, while the other genera are called Corymbia and Angophora. Which includes many species and many species and is widespread, although it cannot be determined definitively in any case due to the fact that it is the strict decision maker sorting out the prolific Keno from any coincidence (Gledhill, 2008). ...
... The genus Silene, with the name derived from several names, has the name originating from the Greek word 'Sialon,' meaning 'Saliva,' which refers to the sticky secretions produced by some plant parts, such as stems, leaves, sepals, and petals in the main species (Evan, 1933). Additionally, internationally, it also has the names Catchfly or Campion, where the petals are slightly bladder-like in shape and enlarged at the base (Gledhill, 2008). The genus Silene L. is one of the largest genera of the world's flowering plants, with more than 700 species belonging to the sub-family Silenoideae of the family Caryophyllaceae (Melzheimer, 1988;Rautenberg et al., 2010). ...
... El carácter social y cultural de este vocabulario han propiciado que se trate de designaciones con una gran riqueza léxico-semántica. Su recolección se realiza a través de pesquisas desde distintas perspectivas, la dialectológica que estudia las relaciones entre la lengua y las plantas, y la fitonimia popular o etnofitonimia investigada desde la botánica (Vallès, 1996;Molina, 2002;Gledhill, 2008). Esta enorme diversidad, compartida con otros grupos léxicos encargados de nombrar los seres vivos (ictionimia, ornitonimia, etc.), tiene muchas dificultades para incorporarse en las obras lexicográficas (Alvar, 1982;Haensch, 1988), ya que es muy complicado combinar la necesidad de definir de manera veraz el significado de cada término fitonímico, con la voluntad de no ser reiterativo en las explicaciones. ...
Resumen
Esta investigación examina con un enfoque multidisciplinar, el problema de la incorporación en obras lexicográficas de los nombres comunes de las plantas. El material del que se obtienen los fitónimos, su procedencia etimológica y la referencia geográfica es el Diccionario de Americanismo (2010), además del Diccionario de la Lengua Española (2014) . Tras una selección de los términos útiles en esta investigación se realiza un lexicón con 1.261 entradas que registran 667 fitónimos diferentes que nombran 877 taxones. Los resultados muestran que los nombres populares de las plantas no son una designación unívoca. Esta investigación quiere ser una contribución desde el léxico dialectal y la nomenclatura popular botánica hacia la solución de esta aparente confrontación entre las necesidades de legisladores, técnicos, etnógrafos y etnobotánicos. Además, se intenta resolver la dificultad que representa definir lexicográficamente los nombres de las plantas en las publicaciones académicas.
... Examples of specific epithets. Thousands more examples can be found inGledhill (2008). ...
Full text is open access at https://doi.org/10.3897/ab.e38075. This second edition of The Code Decoded is a user’s guide to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, specifically the Shenzhen Code of 2018. The author has tried to create a text that is reasonably clear and simple, but not oversimplified, using plain language as far as possible, and explaining necessary technical terms. The chapters are arranged so that the guide may be used for quick reference, e.g. important dates for certain rules, how to publish a new name, how to find the correct name for a taxon, how to designate a type, how to propose a name for conservation or rejection, or even how to try to change the Code itself. Again with quick reference in mind, the text uses subheadings, boxes, bulleted lists, tables, figures, and boldface key words. This edition has been augmented by much new content and is fully updated to be compatible with the Shenzhen Code.
Beetroot ( Beta vulgaris ) is a root vegetable with deep red color, rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants, having numerous health benefits. The current study aimed to determine the effect of beetroot extract with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the rumen pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), total bacterial and protozoal count in Awassi lambs. The beetroot extract was obtained by Soxhlet apparatus. The AgNPs were synthesized from the aqueous beetroot extract. Ten lambs aged (3-6 months) were reared in similar environmental and feeding conditions and were divided into two groups: G1 – fed with AgNPs-Beetroot (AgNPs-BR), orally (3 mg/kg/Bw), daily for 8 weeks; and G2, fed with normal saline. Rumen samples were measured at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after administering AgNPs-BR. Rumen pH was significantly lower in G1 than in G2. The ammonia levels were non-significantly different in the 2 nd and the 4th week. However, significant differences were observed at the 6 th week. The VFAs, total bacterial, and protozoal count were significantly higher in G1. AgNPs-BR improved rumen function by altering its pH, ammonia, and VFAs concentration, as well as the total bacteria and protozoa count. Therefore, it can be concluded that AgNPs-BR may yield increased economic efficiency in sheep farming.
Cotton, as the world’s primary source of natural fibers for textile production, plays a pivotal role in the global textile industry. Remarkably, India stands as the only nation cultivating all four species of cotton. India got first place in the world in cotton acreage with 120.69 lakh hectares area under cotton cultivation—approximately 36% of global area of 333 lakh hectares. Around 67% of India’s cotton is grown on rain-fed areas and 33% on irrigated areas. In terms of productivity, India ranks 38th, with a yield of 510 kg/ha. In India, cotton is grown in three major Zones, viz., the Northern zone, Central zone, and Southern zone, comprising nine states. However, the production of hybrid cotton seeds has encountered various challenges, from maintaining parental lines to ensuring precise emasculation techniques and postharvest management. Proper exploration of the potential applications of precision farming principles, such as drone technology, robotics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, could surmount these obstacles and transform challenges into opportunities in hybrid cotton seed production. Hybrid cotton seeds are indispensable for modern agriculture, offering superior traits such as increased yields, enhanced disease resistance, and improved fiber quality. The methods for hybrid seed production encompass conventional hand emasculation and pollination, as well as male sterility methods, which eliminate the need for manual emasculation. To address existing difficulties, developing hybrids with early seed vigor suitable for rain-fed conditions and varieties combining multiple traits, such as tolerance to various stress factors, higher yields, and superior fiber quality, is essential. This chapter emphasizes critical aspects, including nucleus seed production, agronomic requirements, the role of Artificial Intelligence and machine learning, the influence of climatic variables on floral biology, the impact of biotic factors, and other vital considerations related to cotton hybrid seed production.
Pancratium maritimum L. (sea or sand daffodil) —which is a perennial geophyte native to coastal habitats of the Mediterranean region—was used to investigate the effect of applied salinity on leaves and bulbs. Three groups of potted bulbs growing in a growth chamber were irrigated using aqueous sodium chloride solutions (1.5%, 3%, and 6%) and one group was irrigated with distilled water. Substantial fluctuations in proline accumulation, soluble sugars, and starch content have been investigated in the bulbs and leaves of potted plants in response to induced salinity. The highest leaf sugar content (239.78 mg/g d.w.) and bulb sugar content (213.31 mg/g d.w.), as well as the lowest proline accumulation (10.5 μmol/g d.w.), were found in samples from plants subjected to 1.5% NaCl. In the bulbs, elevated starch content (500 and 627 mg/g d.w.) was investigated in samples from plants irrigated with 1.5% and 3% NaCl, respectively. The stomatal density differed among the apical, middle, and basal parts of the same leaf blade from plants subjected to salinity treatment; the highest values (12,778 stomata/cm2) were detected in the apical leaf part and the lowest were in the basal leaf part (1407 stomata/cm2) of plants irrigated with 1.5% aqueous sodium chloride solution. The number of adjacent stomata connected with a structural strand varied among leaf parts subjected to 1.5% NaCl, while it was quite similar and comparable in leaf parts of plants irrigated with aqueous sodium chloride solutions 3% and 6%; this trait may counterbalance functional implications of the elevated stomatal density estimated under salinity conditions. According to the results, there is some consensus that the induced salinity 1.5% NaCl may simulate the natural habitat of P. maritimum, therefore being a helpful framework for sustainable horticulture in coastal regions.
Diospyros discolor Willd., commonly known as Velvet apple or Mabolo, is an underutilized fruit. Traditionally, various parts of D. discolor have been used in medicine for treating ailments such as dysentery, diarrhoea, and respiratory issues. Pharmacologically, the plant has exhibited diverse effects including anti‐aging, antimicrobial, anti‐asthmatic, antioxidant, anti‐acetylcholinesterase, cytotoxic, and thrombolytic activities. These findings substantiate its traditional uses, particularly its potential as an antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, analgesic, anti‐inflammatory, and vasorelaxant agent. Diospyros discolor is notable for its rich aromatic profile, containing 39 volatile compounds in the fruit and peel, with esters and α‐farnesene being the predominant compounds. Volatile esters such as methyl butyrate and ethyl dominate the aroma. Nutritionally, the fruit contains dietary fibre, malic acid, vitamins, essential fatty acids, flavonoids, and triterpenes. Additionally, bioactive compounds including flavonoids, triterpenes, and dimeric naphthoquinones (e.g., diospyrin) have been isolated from the plant. The essential oil derived from its flowers further enhances its bioeconomic and health benefits. Moreover, D. discolor holds bioeconomic potential, being used as a biosorbent, a source of timber, a material for synthesizing silver nanoparticles, and a producer of edible fruit. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the traditional uses, phytometabolites, pharmacological properties, and bioeconomic potential of D. discolor.
The carnation Dianthus fruticosus L. ssp. fruticosus (Caryophyllaceae) is a range-restricted perennial, endemic plant that grows on cliffs, rocks, ravines, terraces, and boulders on Serifos Island in the Cyclades in the Aegean archipelago (Greece), possessing an impressive, aesthetic blossoming during the dry season. This indigenous carnation of Serifos has attracted the interest of naturalists and scientists. Specimens of this subspecific taxon from the island of Serifos (Greece) were collected during botanical explorations in preindustrial times by the French naturalist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1702) and in the late eighteenth century by the English Professor of Botany at the University of Oxford John Sibthorp (1787). Those specimens, documented in relevant publications and labelled with different names (i.e., Caryophyllus Graecus arboreus and Caryophyllus arboreus Seriphius in the early eighteenth century and Dianthus fruticosus in the early nineteenth century), are related to aspects of vegetation history, linking the past to the present and (most probably) to the future. Today, a thorough understanding of the in situ development and functionality of this endemic carnation is still required, as is a framework of its sustainability and management in small-scale insular habitats. The timeless perception of the emblematic wild carnation Dianthus fruticosus ssp. fruticosus, which is still growing on inland and coastal sites of Serifos and neighboring islands in the Cyclades (Greece), is also a reminder that a native plant is often a repository to which local communities may look when crafting their identity.
Historically, medicinal herbs have been utilized as an important origin of chemicals with particular therapeutic potentials, and they continue to be a great place to find new medication candidates. Parthenocissus quinquefolia L. is a member of the grape-growing family Vitaceae. It is indigenous to Central and North America. It is widely dispersed in Iraqi gardens and plant houses from north to south. Traditionally, it has many uses, like relieving constipation, treating jaundice, expectorant, emetic, and others. At the same time, its proven activities include antioxidant activity, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, thrombin inhibitor effect, and medicine for treating eyelid eczema. Parthenocissus quinquefolia contains valuable phytochemicals like alkaloids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins), anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, and reducing sugars that make it responsible for its critical pharmacological effects. The current review discussed the pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activity of Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.).
The concept of hyponymy addressed in the study refers to the relationship between a word and a broader word that has a wider meaning. This relationship indicates a correspondence to a moregeneral superordinate word. Hyponymy is influenced by linguistic rules as well as social and culturalfactors. The aim of the study is to understand the hyponymy relationships of flower names and enablea better understanding of these names through these relationships. The study examines thehyponymy relationships and structural-derivational features of flower names. Through this analysis,an attempt is made to reveal the different meanings and relationships of flower names and proposea different way to classify these names. Furthermore, the study highlights the influence of bothlinguistic and cultural elements in the formation of flower names, emphasizing that these names canhave different meanings across cultures and how these meanings can be evaluated within a culturalcontext. When the concept of flower is examined in terms of hyponymy, it is possible to come acrossthousands of different flowers in the vast steppes of Kazakhstan. This reveals numerous implications in determining the hierarchical order of the concept of flower in Kazakh Turkish. Since it is notpossible to examine all of these flower names, only some part of them have been included in the study.
We present a genome assembly from a Linaria vulgaris specimen (the common toadflax; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Lamiales; Plantaginaceae). The genome sequence is 760.5 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into six chromosomal pseudomolecules. Two mitochondrial genomes were assembled, which were 330.8 and 144.0 kilobases long. The plastid genome was also assembled and is 156.7 kilobases in length.
Costus flammulus is a new herbaceous species endemic to montane cloud forests of the volcanic cordilleras in northern Costa
Rica. Costus flammulus has been mistaken for C. wilsonii, but phylogenetic evidence demonstrates that it is closely related to the widespread
lowland species C. pulverulentus. Here, we use an integrated framework of species concepts to evaluate whether C. flammulus and C. pulveru-
lentus are distinct species. First, we re-evaluate prior phylogenetic analyses to assess whether C. flammulus bifurcated from or budded off from
within C. pulverulentus and whether C. flammulus is monophyletic. We then compare phenotypic traits to determine which diagnostic vegeta-
tive and inflorescence traits can be used to identify species in herbarium specimens and examine whether floral traits may confer floral isola-
tion. We compare pollinator assemblages to examine whether pollinator specificity may contribute to reproductive isolation. Finally, we
model species distributions and climatic niche overlap to assess ecogeographic isolation. We found that C. flammulus is a monophyletic species
phenotypically, ecologically, and geographically distinct from C. pulverulentus and may have speciated as a peripheral isolate at the high ele-
vation range edge of C. pulverulentus. Several lines of evidence, such as C. pulverulentus paraphyly, range size asymmetry, and C. flammulus’
nested distribution and vegetative traits, suggest that C. flammulus budded off from a C. pulverulentus-like progenitor species, evolving to tol-
erate a colder and more seasonal montane environment.
This datasheet on Cinnamomum burmanni covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Management, Food Safety, Economics, Further Information.
Senecio vulgaris L. is a herbaceous species found worldwide. The demonstrated occurrence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in this species and its ability to invade a great variety of habitats result in a serious risk of contamination of plant material batches addressed to the herbal teas market; this presents a potential health risk for consumers. In light of the above, this work aimed to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of S. vulgaris extracts in HepG2 cells. Dried plants were ground and extracted using two different methods, namely an organic solvent-based procedure (using methanol and chloroform), and an environmentally friendly extraction procedure (i.e., aqueous extraction), which mimicked the domestic preparation of herbal teas (5, 15, and 30 min of infusion). Extracts were then tested in HepG2 cells for their cytotoxic and genotoxic potentialities. Results were almost superimposable in both extracts, showing a slight loss in cell viability at the highest concentration tested, and a marked dose-dependent genotoxicity exerted by non-cytotoxic concentrations. It was found that the genotoxic effect is even more pronounced in aqueous extracts, which induced primary DNA damage after five minutes of infusion even at the lowest concentration tested. Given the broad intake of herbal infusions worldwide, this experimental approach might be proposed as a screening tool in the analysis of plant material lots addressed to the herbal infusion market.
The names of plants cited in Hypnerotomachia Poliphili have been re-examined. According to our survey, we suggest increasing the previously published botanical entities quoted in this book; therefore, 46 botanical entities and 100 textual passages linked to botanical entries are presented, completing the previously published botanical content of Hypnerotomachia Poliphili. The botanical section of the novel Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, which constitutes a literary source of information, includes in total 331 botanical entities associated with 772 textual passages, providing aesthetic, cultural, symbolic and physical pathways that animated the world of plants.
Among the various types of solar cells, the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are a type of thin-film solar photovoltaic cells that have been the subject of intense research for over two decades. The DSSCs are being developed using various photosensitizers, both natural and synthetic dyes; however, in recent years, natural dyes use in DSSCs is getting more attention due to the reduced toxicity levels and preparation cost. Apart from these, the simple preparation methodology and manufacturing ease also favour the DSSCs. Though the DSSCs constructed by utilizing natural dyes are becoming popular, the research on dyes extracted from ornamental plants is significantly less. Also, it appears to be critical in plant selection to ensure better power conversion efficiencies as they mainly depend on the chemical constituents present in the dye. Hence, this study aims to review the past works and provide a consolidated decision on plant selection. First, the DSSCs using the natural extracts of various parts of ornamental plants as sensitizers were reported to give better power conversion efficiencies (PCE) than the DSSCs constructed using the extracts of non-ornamental plants. Second, we disused the electrical characteristics and efficiencies of DSSCs constructed using the extracts of ornamental plants. Third, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the constituents present in the extracted dyes of ornamental plants with respect to the overall PCE of the fabricated DSSCs is discussed in detail. Overall, this article provides an in-depth review of 50 plus ornamental plants for DSSC construction.
Introduction:Aconitumferox wall is considered as one of the most poisonous plants in the world and well known for its toxicity. The Vatsanabha(Sanskrit terminology) is mentioned as Mahavisha(most toxic) in Ayurveda literature. The aim of our study was to evaluate and compare the toxic effects of a root of Vatsanabha(A.ferox) aqueous extract on hematological, cardiac, and serum biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in the heart. Methods:A.feroxcrudepowder was prepared from tuber root collected from three geographical location: Naradevi root, Sikkim root and Dolpa root and dosed in three groups Naradevi root dosing Group(NRG), Sikkim root dosing group, and Dolpa root dosing group(DRG), respectively. They were orally administered on Wistar albino rat for 28 consecutive days at doses of 1/5th of the respective median lethal dose of dried crude powder per kg body weight in 20 ml of stock solution. Results: The results showed significant changes in serum glutamic‑pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, high‑density lipoprotein in NRG, and serum glutamic‑oxaloacetic transaminase, cardiac parameters‑creatinine kinase MB, lactate dehydrogenase in DRG. Marked pathological changes were perceived in the brain, heart, lungs, and jejunum tissue. Conclusion: The marketed sample shows multiple visceral toxicity and higher altitude sample has greater toxicity on brain and cardiac tissue. This study recommends creatine phosphokinase(CPK) isoenzyme testing: CPK‑BB, CPK‑MB, etc., on the heart and brain to assess the exact source of the damaged tissue.
Phytochemical investigation of Sophora secundiflora alkaloid fraction led to isolation of one new quinolizidine alkaloid (1) 13-methoxyanagyrine together with six known ones (2–7). The insecticidal activity of 70% methanol extract of leaves of S. secundiflora, S. tomentosa and the isolated alkaloids were assessed against 3rd instar larvae of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) using different concentrations and mortality rate was recorded. Sophora tomentosa extract showed highest mortality rate with median lethal concentration LC50 3.11 ppm after 24 h and 0.66 ppm after 48 h and anagyrine (6) exhibited remarkably insecticidal activity with LC50 value of 3.42 ppm after 24 h of exposure. Additionally, cytotoxic activity of alkaloid fraction of S. secundiflora, S. tomentosa and isolated alkaloids was also studied using crystal violet assay against MCF-7 and HEPG-2 cell lines. Anagyrine (6) exhibited IC50 values of 27.3 ± 0.7 and 30.2 ± 0.9 µg/mL against MCF-7 and HEPG-2 cancer cells, respectively.
The plant Cassia angustifolia belongs to Saudi Arabia, which is one of the native places and now cultured throughout the global countries. Medical care in the Arab world is an essential outlet for medicinal plants, both because they are crucial elements for prophetic medicine and due to their lengthy background in the Middle East. C.angustifolia is one of the medicinal plants used in the Saudi Arabia. The usage of plant extracts for synthesizing nanoparticles is conducive to other biological material, since it avoids the lengthy phase of cell culture maintenance. Silver nanoparticles attract further attention due to their strong conductivity, stability and antimicrobial activity across different metal nanoparticles. The present study was designed in the Saudi C. angustifolia leaves with the zinc synthesis of nanoparticles and its antibacterial ability. The plant extracts of C. angustifolia was used for synthesis of zinc nanoparticles, antimicrobial activities against bacterial strains have been tested along with transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV spectroscopy and antimicrobial activities have been conducted. This study showed that silver ions may be transferred from the plant extract to silver nanoparticles. AgNPs biogenic capacity to antibacterial with lovo cell with IC50 ranged from 33.5±0.2μg/mL demonstrated strong antibacterial capacity to antibody. The overall absorption value for the extract was between 420-440 nm and the color transition to green was the plasma absorption of the AgNPs. TEM results was showed in 200000 magnification. The uniqueness of the current study is that Cassia angustifolia leaf extract from Saudi Arabia was used to prepare the metallic nanoparticles. Additionally, ZnCl2 may also be used as nanoparticles of mineral salt and zinc, which, since their application has been confirmed, are antimicrobial.
Background: Many herbal remedies have been used in medical systems for the cure of diseases. One of these important applications is usage of them as cytotoxic agents for the treatment of cancers and tumors. Various studies have been conducted on several species of Caesalpinia genus including evaluation of antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antipsoriatic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, immunomodulatory and hypoglycemic activities. Some reports have shown that these plants contain phytochemicals like polyphenols, glycosides, terpenoids, saponins and flavonoids. Objective: The aim of this study was to find species of the Caesalpinia genus containing diterpene compounds with the structure cassane and norcassane with emphasis on cytotoxic properties. Methods: In this study, keywords including Caesalpinia genus, cytotoxic and anticancer effects, and cassane and norcassane compounds were searched in Scopus and Science Direct databases. Results: Thirteen Caesalpinia species were investigated for phytochemical composition and biological effects. Different plant parts of the species including leaves, seeds, stems, roots and legumes contained diterpenes. Among these species, the cytotoxic effects on different cancer cell lines have been evaluated and some had significant cytotoxic effects. Conclusion: Present study show that Caesalpinia genus has valuable cytotoxic activity but further studies are needed to investigate the active components and their possible development as new anticancer drugs.
Rețeaua de metafore care învăluie cunoașterea științifică suscită astăzi interesul multor cercetători. O literatură de specialitate tot mai consistentă semnalează că gîndirea și exprimarea metaforică aduc științei atît beneficii cît și deservicii, astfel că obiectul principal al lucrării de față este de a sonda relevanța unor meta-fore generate de scris și potențate de prestigiul acestei tehnologii comunicative. Corelațiile și ramificările acestor matrice pot fi, la rigoare, cartografiate prin lec-tura textelor de referință. Interpretate ca noduri de rețea, operele fondatoare în știință au forța de a schimba traiectoria explorării științifice și a reconfigura felul în care înțelegem să ne raportăm la realitate. Întrucît asumarea sarcinii de a sonda arhitectura metaforică a tuturor textelor științifice de prim rang ar depăși cu mult mizele particulare ale lucrării de față, am preferat să reliefăm cîteva din matricele metaforice centrale ale tradiției scrisului pe care le regăsim în opera lui Carl von Linné, cu observația că, în posteritate, modelul clasic de catego-rizare impus în științele naturale de învățatul suedez a consolidat stabilitatea vocabularelor botanice vernaculare și a favorizat popularizarea și internaționali-zarea multor denumiri științifice de plante. Axul în jurul căruia este organizată argumentarea este reprezentat de metafora bibliotecii.
Olive tree is a vector of cultural heritage in Mediterranean. This study explored the biocultural geography of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) from the cultivar Ogliarola campana in Campania region, Italy. Here, the rich cultural elements related to olive tree and oil represent a suitable case study for a biocultural analysis. We joined analytical techniques, based on stable isotopes and trace elements of EVOOs, with humanistic analyses, based on toponymy and historical data. In order to provide a science-based assessment of the terroir concept, we set up a new method of data analysis that inputs heterogeneous data from analytical and anthropic variables and outputs an original global evaluation score, named terroir score, as a measure of biocultural distinctiveness of the production areas. The analysis highlighted two distinct cultural sub-regions in the production area of Ogliarola campana: a continental cluster in the inner area of Irpinia and a coastal one around Salerno province. Finally, a biocultural map displays the diversity of heterogeneous variables and may support science-based decision making for territory valorisation. This novel biocultural analysis is a promising approach to substantiate the terroir concept with science-based elements and appears suitable to characterize local agri-food products with old tradition and historical data.
The sand daffodil (Pancratium maritimum) is a perennial geophyte, widely distributed and grown in a wild stage along the Mediterranean seashores. The aboveground tissues of this geophyte are exposed to harsh, ambient conditions and its large inflorescences of remarkable beauty and fragrance expand during the drought season and carry particular ornamental worth. The ecophysiological principles underlining metabolic processes of this geophyte are poorly understood. The seasonal variation of soluble sugars, starch, and proline was investigated in individuals collected from patches of P. maritimum, therefore, monthly measurements were performed in bulbs, leaves, scapes, and petals during a year. It was found that (a) sugar content showed similar seasonal trends between bulbs and leaves, as well as between petals and scapes, (b) bulbs contained enhanced starch concentrations irrespective of season, (c) proline accumulation exhibited substantial seasonal fluctuations among the considered tissues and pronounced differences were detected between maxima in petals and leaves. A substantial increase in both sugar and proline content was evident in petals during the drought season. In leaves, the accumulation of proline and, to a lesser extent, sugars was negatively correlated to the precipitation of the Mediterranean study site. It seems likely that the astonishing flowering of P. maritimum is supported by large leaf and bulb reserves.
Agriculture contributes mainly to national economies specifically in developing countries, and cotton is an important cash crop. In certain countries, it is recognized as “white gold” since it is earning foreign exchange. In the world, cotton fiber is a distinguished fiber that serves as a raw material for textile industries having a yearly significant economic impact of at least $600 billion. Genetic diversity and its usage in getting sustainability of lint cotton and cotton yield, and usage of bio-based substitute such as procession and change in various biochemical, physiological, morphological and genetically significant traits. Nearly 25 M tons of total cotton is produced worldwide annually. Top ten cotton-producing countries are India, China, the United States, Pakistan, Brazil, Australia, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Burkina Faso.
The investigations reported here focus on an in‐depth characterization of the secondary metabolite profile of Sanguisorba officinalis flowers. For this purpose, fresh flowers were extracted with MeOH/H2O and EtOH/H2O and the resulting crude extracts fractionated using CH2Cl2, AcOEt, and BuOH. Individual compounds were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection (HPLC‐DAD‐MSⁿ and GC/MS). MeOH/H2O extraction and LC/MSⁿ investigations revealed the occurrence of flavonoid glycosides (quercetin, kaempferol), ellagitannin glycosides and four anthocyanins. Among the latter, two components, i. e., cyanidin‐malonyl‐glucose and cyanidin‐galloyl‐hexose, have not been reported for S. officinalis so far. Furthermore, phenylethylamine was characterized for the first time in Sanguisorba by pH value dependent extraction with CH2Cl2. In addition, AcOEt and BuOH extracts were analyzed by GC/MS both prior to and after acid hydrolysis of secondary metabolites. For this purpose, the extracts were treated with 1 n HCl solution (105 °C, 1 h) and derivatized with BSTFA. Analyses revealed the occurrence of several classes of phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid and ellagic acid derivatives. Additionally, the most prominent ursane‐type triterpenoid (ziyu‐glycoside I) from Sanguisorba and its corresponding aglycone isomers were detected and assigned based on their characteristic fragmentation patterns.
In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), royal poinciana (Delonix regia) trees suffer from stem canker disease. Symptoms of stem canker can be characterized by branch and leaf dryness, bark lesions, discoloration of xylem tissues, longitudinal wood necrosis and extensive gumming. General dieback signs were also observed leading to complete defoliation of leaves and ultimately death of trees in advanced stages. The fungus, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum DSM 109897, was consistently recovered from diseased royal poinciana tissues; this was confirmed by the molecular, structural and morphological studies. Phylogenetic analyses of the translation elongation factor 1-a (TEF1-α) of N. dimidiatum from the UAE with reference specimens of Botryosphaeriaceae family validated the identity of the pathogen. To manage the disease, the chemical fungicides, Protifert®, Cidely® Top and Amistrar® Top, significantly inhibited mycelial growth and reduced conidial numbers of N. dimidiatum in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. The described “apple bioassay” is an innovative approach that can be useful when performing fungicide treatment studies. Under field conditions, Cidely® Top proved to be the most effective fungicide against N. dimidiatum among all tested treatments. Our data suggest that the causal agent of stem canker disease on royal poinciana in the UAE is N. dimidiatum.
Chinese lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum) is an important commercial arbor species widely cultivated in East Asia for producing highly durable lacquer. Here, we sequenced and analyzed the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of T. vernicifluum and reconstructed the phylogeny of Sapindales based on 52 cp genomes of six families. The plastome of T. vernicifluum is 159,571 bp in length, including a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 26,511 bp, separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 87,475 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,074 bp. A total of 126 genes were identified, of which 81 are protein-coding genes, 37 are transfer RNA genes, and eight are ribosomal RNA genes. Forty-nine mononucleotide microsatellites, one dinucleotide microsatellite, two complex microsatellites, and 49 long repeats were determined. Structural differences such as inversion variation in LSC and gene loss in IR were detected across cp genomes of the six genera in Anacardiaceae. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the genus Toxicodendron is closely related to Pistacia and Rhus. The phylogenetic relationships of the six families in Sapindales were well resolved. Overall, this study providing complete cp genome resources will be beneficial for determining potential molecular markers and evolutionary patterns of T. vernicifluum and its closely related species.
Nymphaea is one prominent member of Nymphaeaceae family. Yet, people seemed to be mistakenly disambigued the member of Nymphaea genus, into plants from Nelumbonaceae or Menyanthaceae family. Apparently, the oldest fossil record of Nymphaea showed that this group of plants presumed to be existed since the Late Eocene to Early Oligocene. Some species of Nymphaea has been known by Ancient Egyptian and Mayan Tribe, whether being worshipped or used as ritual materials. Until now, the member of Nymphaea is still used as food or medicinal source by some Countries.
Soleirol is a famous botanical collector well known for his plant collections in Corsica in the 1820’s. Many scientific names of taxa have been dedicated to him. Although his herbarium specimens and letters have been signed by his surname alone and without his first name, the botanical tradition has given him the surname of Joseph-François (1781 – 1863). Our investigation shows that this botanist is in fact Henri-Augustin (1792 – 1860), the younger brother of Joseph-François. That conclusion is drawn on the analysis of his herbarium specimens, botanical literature, correspondence and biographical accounts. The Brothers Soleirol have followed a similar career in the French Army and had the same interests for art and botany. These similar ways of life have subsequently caused the confusion of their surnames. Our research shows that Henry-Augustin was the only one who collected plants in Corsica between 1820 and 1823 and visited about sixty localities from Cap Corse to Bonifacio through the large mountain ranges. As an important plant collector for Corsica, Soleirol has collected more than 5000 specimens that he has distributed or exchanged with other botanists. This paper highlights the activity of an amateur botanist at the beginning of the XIXth century. It honors Henry Augustin for his work after more than one century of confusion with his brother.
It has been claimed that the ninth-century shipwreck found near the island of Belitung, Indonesia, is that of an Arabian ship. The evidence for this is examined in detail, and found to be less than convincing. The identifications of samples of wood from the wreck are shown to be unreliable at species level. The construction technique of the ship appears to resemble that of the eastern Indian Ocean, not the western Indian Ocean. Various items from the wreck connect it with Southeast Asia: a piloncito coin probably came from Java. Very little from the ship suggests any link at all with the western Indian Ocean. Overall, the strongest probability is that the ship was built in Southeast Asia.
There is increasing interest in developing biobased alternative jet fuels to meet rising aviation demand and address environmental concerns. Uncertainty of oil prices, issues of energy security, and rising greenhouse gas concentrations have spurred the development and acceptance of alternative, economically viable, environmentally sustainable production pathways. The objectives of this study were to review alternative jet fuel feedstock candidates and relevant conversion data to provide a baseline of information to be accessed and built upon in developing production scenarios in Hawai'i and other tropical regions bounded by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. Seventeen plants that produce oil, fiber, and sugar feedstocks were identified, and information on cultural practices, yield ranges, invasiveness, and mechanization status was assembled. Available data on pretreatment requirements and conversion processes for the 17 feedstocks, including mass and energy balances, product and byproduct yield and quality, and scale requirements/unit sizes, were reviewed. This effort seeks to inform the development and design of alternative jet fuel production along regional supply chains in Hawai'i and other locations in the tropics.
Erythrina L. genus (Fabaceae) comprises about 115 species, and it has been extensively studied, mainly because of its alkaloids, which have pharmacological properties. References demonstrated that Erythrina spp. have a potential to act in the central nervous system, presenting anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties already established. Phytochemical investigations confirmed the presence of tetracyclic alkaloids as the major compounds. However, other alkaloid classes have also been reported, including dimeric and trimeric substances, coupled through direct polymerization or two erythrinine units via an acetyl glucose. The present review covers the relevant literature from 1990 until 2017 and outlines the current data on chemical composition and preclinical and clinical studies on Erythrina species. Additionally, the quite striking analogy in the biosynthetic route of erythrin, morphinans, and Amaryllidaceae family alkaloids was also discussed.
One of France's colonial enterprises in the eighteenth century was to acclimatize nutmeg, native to the Maluku islands, in the French colony of Isle de France (today's Mauritius). Exploring the acclimatization of nutmeg as a practice, this paper reveals the practical challenges of transferring knowledge between Indo-Pacific islands in the second half of the eighteenth century. This essay will look at the process through which knowledge was created – including ruptures and fractures – as opposed to looking at the mere circulation of knowledge. I argue that nutmeg cultivation on Isle de France was a complex process of creolizing expertise originating from the local populations of the plants’ native islands with the horticultural knowledge of colonists, settlers, labourers and slaves living on Isle de France. In this respect, creolization describes a process of knowledge production rather than a form of knowledge. Once on Isle de France, nutmeg took root in climate and soil conditions which were different from those of its native South East Asian islands. It was cultivated by slaves and colonists who lacked prior experience with the cultivation of this particular spice. Experienced horticulturalists experimented with their own traditions. While they relied on old assumptions, they also came to question them. By examining cultivation as an applied practice, this paper argues that the creolization of knowledge was a critical aspect in French colonial botany.
