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What about people in regional science[J]
... Various constraint theories and frameworks have been utilised in disability-related tourism research, but the time-geographical framework remains unexplored in this context. Time geography examines the interplay between time and space (Hägerstrand, 1970), with a central focus on understanding how different constraints shape individuals' geographical patterns (Ellegård, 2018). Within time geography, constraints to travel are categorised into authority, capacity, and coupling constraints (Hägerstrand, 1970). ...
... Time geography examines the interplay between time and space (Hägerstrand, 1970), with a central focus on understanding how different constraints shape individuals' geographical patterns (Ellegård, 2018). Within time geography, constraints to travel are categorised into authority, capacity, and coupling constraints (Hägerstrand, 1970). Additionally, the time-geographical framework includes concepts that illuminate the consequences of these constraints. ...
... Time geography was initially developed by Hägerstrand (1970), with the fundamental idea being that time and space are inseparable. Everything takes time and happens in space. ...
Individuals with disabilities encounter numerous challenges in the realm of tourism travel. Various constraints can affect their opportunities to engage in travel, influence their choice of destinations and modes of travel, and shape their overall tourism experiences. Research on tourism for individuals with disabilities has predominantly concentrated on identifying barriers to travel. This paper employs a time-geographical framework to extend beyond this focus, examining how various constraints are negotiated and the resultant outcomes for tourism trips. The study is based on interviews with Swedish parents whose children use wheelchairs. The findings indicate that these families face multiple constraints impacting their tourism opportunities and experiences, primarily related to rules, regulations, and inaccessible physical environments. Furthermore, the interviewed parents do not perceive their children’s disabilities as constraints but rather highlight the challenges of using a wheelchair in inaccessible tourism contexts. While some constraints are negotiated to facilitate tourism, not all desired tourism activities can be fully realised. Consequently, the families in this study exhibit rather routinised travel behaviour. An important finding is that families who travel with a child with a disability should be considered part of the family tourism market, rather than the disability tourism market.
... Based on ABMs, the effects of activity-travel behaviors (i.e., out-of-home activities and associated travel) on energy consumption and carbon emissions can be estimated, and a simulation of small sample of respondents during one or a few days, along with land use, transportation network, and socio-economic data, are used to estimate models based on statistical and machine learning techniques [4,6]. For example, [4] used a decision tree modeling approach, and [12] employed statistical models within their ABM framework. Figure 1 depicts different components of a typical integrated ABM framework. ...
... where, αk,0 and αk,1, …, and αk,M are the intercept and slope parameters, respectively; while φ k is the random error depicting unobserved factors and is assumed to have a normal distribution. Note that in Equations (1) and (2), a linear function of the explanatory variables is considered, and the error terms єk and φ k are identically distributed across individuals [12,13]. Moreover, there are (M + 1) × (K − 1) and (M + 1) × K parameters in the two equations, respectively. ...
... To this end, two object functions (i.e., O(⋅) in Equation (9)) are defined, including Otype(β) for activity types and Odur(α) for the average time spent, and they are formulated as follows. are the corresponding predicted MA variables, and obtained from the estimated schedules according to Equation (12). ...
In-home activities are inevitably important parts of individuals’ daily schedules, as people spend more time working and doing various other activities (e.g., online shopping or banking) at home. However, conventional activity-based travel demand models (ABMs) only consider travel and travel-related out-of-home activities, ignoring the interaction between in-home and out-of-home activities. To fill in this gap and increase the understanding of what people do at home and how in-home and out-of-home activities affect each other, a new method is proposed in this study. The approach predicts the types and durations of in-home activities of daily schedules generated by ABMs. In model building, statistical methods such as multinomial logit, log-linear regression, and activity sequential information are utilized, while in calibration, the Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) method is employed. The proposed method was tested using training data and by applying the approach to the schedules of 6.3 million people in the Flemish region of Belgium generated by a representative ABM. Based on the statistical methods, the mean absolute errors were 0.36 and 0.21 for predicting the number and sum of the durations of in-home activities (over all types) per schedule, respectively. The prediction obtained a 10% and 8% improvement using sequential information. After calibration, an additional 60% and 68% were gained regarding activity participation rates and time spent per day. The experimental results demonstrate the potential and practical ability of the proposed method for the incorporation of in-home activities in activity–travel schedules, contributing towards the extension of ABMs to a wide range of applications that are associated with individuals’ in-home activities (e.g., the appropriate evaluation of energy consumption and carbon emission estimation as well as sustainable policy designs for telecommuting).
... To understand the implications of path nets for the dynamics of organizing, we borrow and translate ideas from anthropology (Ingold, 2016), sociology (Gerstel & Clawson, 2018), time geography (Hagerstrand, 1970;Pred, 1984), process mining (van der Aalst, 2011;Fahland, 2022), and project management (Lock, 2016). Path nets provide the missing link between temporal structuring and the dynamics of organizing as they help us to understand the shaping of opportunities available "here" and "now" (situated in place and time). ...
... Hussenot and Pulk (2021, p. 744) state that "a trajectory is an expression of continuity". We prefer the term path to trajectory because, in common usage, it refers to comings and goings, implying movement (Hagerstrand, 1970;Pred, 1984). In organization studies, the term path has a flexible meaning that can be applied at different levels of granularity and time scales (Sydow et al., 2020;. ...
... Path nets also provide a parsimonious system of picturing that fabric. The path net joins a family of related ideas, including meshwork (Ingold, 2008(Ingold, , 2016Baygi et al, 2021), the web of time (Gerstel & Clawson, 2018), the net of interwoven time-spaces (Schatzki, 2020), time-space (Hagerstrand, 1970;Pred, 1984) and the event knowledge graph (Fahland, 2022;Klijn, Mannhardt, & Fahland, 2021). The family resemblance of these concepts is based on the inclusion of multiple concurrent paths that are woven together. ...
This article proposes a link between temporal structuring and the dynamics of organizing that is manifest in a fabric of concurrent paths that we call a path net. Path nets are shaped by mechanisms of temporal structuring, such as entrainment, planning, agency, and chance. Path nets materialize the effects of temporal structuring “here” and “now” in the comings and goings of actors and resources, thereby setting the stage for doings and sayings of situated practice and shaping the dynamics of organizing. Path nets offer a parsimonious system of picturing the complexity of organizing that is built on a processual ontology of paths and events. Through the lens of the path net, we can picture temporal structuring as a motor for organizing that drives recurrence without assuming stability or change. Comings and goings are readily observable, so path nets open new directions for empirical research on temporality and the dynamics of organizing.
... Another applicable theory is the Space-Time Interaction Theory by Hagerstrand (1970), which describes how spatial and temporal constraints shape human behavior and interaction patterns. Its core principle is that events occurring closer in space and time are more likely to be related. ...
... By incorporating real-world mobility data, this study addresses that flaw. The theory's emphasis on spatiotemporal proximity supports the rationale for dynamic malaria modeling across Ghana (Hagerstrand, 1970). ...
This study addresses the persistent regional disparities in malaria incidence across Ghana from 2020 to 2024 by employing a spatio-temporal statistical modeling approach. The justification for this research stems from the inadequacy of national surveillance systems to capture spatial heterogeneities and temporal dynamics that influence malaria transmission, especially in high-burden regions such as the Upper East and Northern zones. The main objective was to develop a geostatistical framework that integrates climatic (rainfall, temperature, humidity), socioeconomic (poverty, housing quality), and spatial factors to predict and map malaria incidence. Utilizing a quantitative observational design, data were collected from national agencies and analyzed using kriging, Bayesian hierarchical modeling, ARIMA forecasting, and spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I). The study revealed that rainfall (r = 0.85), humidity (r = 0.80), and temperature (r = 0.75) are strongly correlated with malaria incidence, with a combined multiple regression model yielding an R² of 0.81. Spatial autocorrelation indicated significant clustering in districts like Bolga and Bawku West (Moran's I > 0.30; Z-scores > 2.0), confirming hotspot persistence. Forecasts from the ARIMA model project incidence to increase from 305 to 315 per 1,000 between 2025 and 2027. The findings underscore the critical role of environmental and socioeconomic variables in shaping malaria patterns and emphasize the need for climate-sensitive, geo-targeted interventions. Policymakers are urged to adopt dynamic, district-specific strategies, prioritize intervention during rainy seasons, and integrate spatial intelligence into malaria control programs. Future research should enhance early-warning capabilities using remote sensing and machine learning techniques.
... The IGS visualization system presented in this article extends an established and specific branch of visualization research concerning space-time visualization or the visualization of phenomena over space and time. Most notably, the IGS draws from a geographical perspective called time geography and a representational system known as the space-time cube introduced by geographer Torsten Hägerstrand in the 1970s [23]. As we demonstrate later in this article, the space-time cube is a 3-dimensional Euclidean space consisting of a geographical plane with a temporal dimension or axis that traditionally extends upwards. ...
... The human-space-time wholeness is complete only when the discussion includes humans' inner, physicalemotional, and the outer, cognitive-social world (Rogers, 1970;Hagerstrand, 1970;Miller, 2005;Lim-Saco, Kilat, & Locsin, 2018). Therefore, the essential subject is a mental-and-physical subject-object physically extended in space (Brewer, 1995). ...
The proposed theory of the evolution of creativity in this article combines insights from Mumford, Wallas, and Simonton to argue that creativity is a product of both biological and environmental factors. It emphasizes the importance of understanding creativity within the broader context of human existence, including the interplay between space, time, and socio-biological elements. The theory of creative evolution suggested in this article emphasizes the connection between human-space-time wholeness and the evolution of creativity. It proposes that creativity has evolved from the emergence of momentary extended phenotype creativity to aesthetic creativity evolved from four essential socio-biological elements: "1", "Correct", "Proper", "Good", and "Love" to our physical-social surroundings in the journey to "Beauty," and the "Aesthetic,". Ultimately, the paper concludes by proposing that humanity can strive to save itself from potential extinction by nurturing a generation that combines creativity and empathy with a higher level of inner connection and a more creative educational system that will address the creation of a harmonious future.
... The fixity concept stems from Hägerstrand's time geography framework, where a person's activities are characterized as fixed or flexible to distinguish whether they are spatially or temporally modifiable (Hägerstraand, 1970). The binary distinction notion was later developed into a self-rated or objectively measured fixity index to reveal the extent to which the person's activities are confined in space and time (Miller, 2018;Schwanen et al., 2008). ...
Spatial fixity, measuring the extent to which individual activities are confined to specific locations, is central to geographical studies on daily activities. Although recent studies have identified factors contributing to the variability of daily activity spatial fixity, there is a dearth of longitudinal observations to understand its evolution over extended timeframes. Addressing this research gap, the study introduces a framework that integrates multi-scale individual behaviors to investigate the long-term evolution of peoples daily activity spatial fixity, offering insights from a life course perspective. Using mobile phone data of 290,679 individuals across different age groups, the study assessed changes in their activity patterns from October 2019 to October 2020 and from October 2019 to May 2023. Three major findings were derived from Difference-in-Difference modeling and behavior grouping: (1) Individual daily activity spatial fixity exhibit a U-shaped distribution with age, revealing the 30–34 age group with the lowest fixity. Consistent levels of spatial fixity are observed as time progresses and individuals transition into specific age stages. (2) The multi-scale behavior framework elucidates over 40 % of the variation in daily activity spatial fixity over one and four-year intervals, and the result highlights the significance of integrating higher-scale behavioral dynamics over extended period. (3) Distinct behavioral change trends before and after the age of 35 result in the U-shaped curve of spatial fixity evolution. The study advances our comprehension of the long-term dynamics of human mobility. The findings provide valuable insights for enhancing individual behavior modeling, addressing delays in demographic data collection, and informing targeted social policies.
... Longer commute leads to higher time pressure (Lucas and Heady, 2002). As a result, the negative experience of commute is likely to reduce life satisfaction due to shifting time away from well-being-enhancing activities, such as exercise and time devoted to family and social life (Maheshwari et al., 2022), as suggested by Time Geography Theory (Hagerstrand, 1970). Traffic congestion, coupled with the mental efforts it takes to drive, makes a long commuting drive to work very stressful, further deteriorating moods into negative status, finally leading to poor mental health outcomes as well as lower performance at work Novaco and Gonzalez, 2009). ...
This study explores the psychological mechanisms relevant for reducing commute dissonance, i. e., the psychological discomfort due to an inconsistency between commute-related cognitions and behaviour, based on Cognitive Dissonance Theory. The study is contextualised in Istanbul, where many professionals commute between Europe and Asia for work almost daily and experience its negative effects on well-being. Sudden change to such intercontinental commuting due to lock-down restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic provided a nuanced exploration of commuter attitudes and behaviour. Semi-structed interviews were conducted before (N = 40) and after the pandemic (N = 15). Interviews explored participants' commuting perceptions, experience, attitudes and motivations. Findings show that effort justification (commuting as trade-off for living in Istanbul and/or in the preferred neighbourhood and as effective time use) is the primary psychological mechanism commuters use for rationalising the intercontinental commute. Our results confirm empirical research on residential location, family relations and career opportunities. This exploration contributes to urban scholarship by highlighting the relevance of intrinsic needs (i.e., place attachment) associated with urban characteristics of the city and the neighbourhood, and demonstrating the intersection of urban characteristics and psychological mechanisms in explaining commuting cognition and behaviour. From a policy and practice perspective, our findings suggest that urban planning strategies should also focus on improving the commuting experience, even if transportation infrastructure cannot be changed in the short term.
... The Space-time Cube (STC), introduced by Hägerstrand (1970), has become a crucial tool for visualizing spatiotemporal patterns and interactions of moving entities. By representing trajectories as 3D polylines, where the X and Y axes denote geographic coordinates and the Z axis represents time, the STC has been extensively applied in studies of human activities, mobility patterns, and spatiotemporal geography (League and Kennelly 2019; Mo et al. 2020). ...
The widespread adoption of positioning technology and location-based services has resulted in the continuous generation of substantial volumes of accessible spatiotemporal trajectory data. While many studies focus on 2D trajectory visualization, research on visual overload in 3D space remains limited. Thus, there is a need to balance the presentation of spatiotemporal information and to minimize visual occlusions in the 3D representation of trajectories. To address this gap, we propose a global-local cooperative optimization method based on cognitive load theory, which utilizes cartographic generalization to emphasize local features and clarity, while treating 3D visualization as a global opacity optimization problem to enhance visibility and reduce occlusions. We take the spread trajectories of infectious diseases as our research subject, due to their characteristic spatiotemporal patterns, and employ a space–time cube as the visualization tool. The proposed method incorporates a 3D generalization algorithm that mitigates visual stickiness, while leveraging a 3D line field visualization technique to optimize opacity, thereby minimizing visual occlusion and spatial clutter. The experimental results validate the method's effectiveness in reducing occlusion, resolving visual entanglement, and lowering cognitive load, which in turn improving the clarity and usability of epidemic trajectory visualization.
... Exploring spatio-temporal data are a common task in geovisualization field, which is an interdisciplinary field involving geographic information science, cartography and data visualization (Kraak 2006). A frequently adopted visualization technique for spatio-temporal data is the Space-Time Cube (STC), which illustrates the data across spatial and temporal dimensions inside a cubic volume, originally introduced in the 1970s (Ilägcrstrand 1970). Spatio-temporal data visualization is usually leveraged together with a map representation to demonstrate the spatial features (Yang et al. 2019) and is situated above the map with various visual representations such as trajectories (Tominski et al. 2012;Wagner Filho et al. 2019)) and bars (Ready et al. 2018). ...
In this study, we investigate the potential of immersive environments, such as virtual reality (VR), for enhancing storyline visualizations. Storyline visualization has gained attention as an innovative method for illustrating the progression and dynamics of stories across various domains. However, traditional approaches use 2D lines on 2D screens, which, due to limited space and simplistic layouts, often struggle to effectively represent complex stories involving multiple characters and intricate temporal and spatial dynamics. To address these limitations, we explore the use of immersive VR environments as a storytelling medium. We began by identifying key design considerations for effective storyline visualization in VR. Guided by these considerations, we developed 3DStoryline, a system that allows users to view, navigate and interact with 3D immersive storyline visualizations by exploring storylines from multiple angles and perspectives. To evaluate the effectiveness of 3DStoryline, we conducted a task-based user study, revealing that the system significantly enhances users’ comprehension of complex narratives. Through our exploration of storytelling visualization in VR, we recognize the potential of 3D immersive environments in assisting users to better understand complex story structures.
... Space-time prisms define potential path areas (PPAs), representing the spatial boundaries within which individuals can travel given time budgets, travel speeds, and mandatory activity locations. Hägerstrand (1970) introduced the concept, emphasizing the importance of spatiotemporal constraints in shaping individual travel behavior. Landau et al. (1982) extended this framework, applying it to transportation studies to prevent overestimation of feasible destinations. ...
This study develops a two-stage modeling framework for parcel-level shopping destination choice, accounting for multi-dimensional factors and the heterogeneity in shopping location choice behavior. The study follows two steps: (i) developing a shopping location choice set generation process comprising feature selection and encompassing business types and locations, and (ii) developing an econometric model to predict individual shopping location choice behavior considering unobserved heterogeneity. The study advances a novel approach of combined machine learning (ML) and random utility-based discrete choice modeling (i.e., mixed logit model (MXL)). Results from the MXL model reveal that the longer the travel time and distance from the central business district, the less likely people are to visit a store for routine shopping (e.g., groceries). The random parameter analysis reveals that although high retail concentration surrounding the desired shopping location should attract individuals for shopping, there will be people who still may not intend to shop at those locations. Similarly, people may be willing to travel to stores requiring longer travel times for special item shopping. The models developed in this study will be implemented within an integrated transport, land use, and energy (iTLE) modeling system to improve the behavioral representation of destination choices.
... As cidades possuem movimentos e conexões que são repetidos, e acabam se estruturando em diferentes padrões temporais, atrelados aos usos e atividades específicos de certas áreas, a isso, dáse o nome de ritmo urbano (Hägerstrand, 1970). A depender do seu tamanho, as cidades podem apresentar uma diversidade de usos, como é o caso das metrópoles, apresentando, então, ritmos mais variados. ...
Traditionally, studies on urban rhythms that analyze the patterns of use and occupation of people in city spaces did so through on-site observation, which limited the spatial and temporal scale of these studies. Currently, studies that seek to analyze the urban rhythm of entire cities and even urban networks use geoinformation to obtain greater scope in the scale of analysis. The objective of this work is to structure a method for extracting and replicating data from Google's areas of interest, which contributes to the multi-scalar study of urban rhythms. The results showed that the method was efficient in both data extraction and replicability, meaning it was possible to generate graphs about the rhythm of each study area. Therefore, it is concluded that Google's areas of interest are an innovative data source for urban rhythm studies in Brazil.
... Fundamentally, the 15-minute city concept is not a recent innovation (Moreno, 2024;Pozoukidou and Chatziyiannaki, 2021), and has previously been implemented in other cities, such as Portland, Oregon's 2009 '20-minute neighborhood' planning goal (Idziorek and Zuñiga, 2024). It has its roots in earlier planning ideas, such as functional neighborhood units proposed by Perry (1929), as well as people-centered urban planning and research approaches advocated by, for example, Jacobs (1961) and Hägerstrand (1970). The 15-minute city also aligns with a broader paradigm shift in spatial planning, emphasizing a transition from mobility to proximity, with a greater focus on active transportation and the creation of human-centered cities (Büttner et al., 2022;Handy, 2002). ...
... Partindo do pressuposto que nossa experiência é melhor compreendida espacialmente como linhas do nosso movimento perambulatório, Ingold (2011) pensa nos lugares como pontos em que múltiplas linhas se enovelam dinamicamente (Figura 1). A figura em questão precisa ser vista a partir da tridimensionalidade: assim como na time geography (Hägerstrand, 1970) Nessa dinâmica, a experiência que ajuda a forjar nossa identidade é uma composição que pode ser vista como uma quimera de lugares Costa, 2022b). Tal quimera compõe um todo desarmônico de espaços-tempos. ...
A partir dos pressupostos mais-que-representacionais este artigo epistemológico visa analisar os impactos dos ritmos e direções para o comportamento humano e, de retorno, para o arranjo do próprio espaço. Para tanto, apropria-se das relações afetivo-performáticas para construir um arcabouço teórico que apresenta o espaço e a categoria lugar dialética e concomitantemente como palcos e subprodutos das relações de poder. Para além das considerações teóricas, acerca da manipulação afetiva, por intermédio do controle dos ritmos e das direções, o artigo abre outra possibilidade de avaliação: considerando a natureza espaço-temporalmente sitiada da experiência, conclui-se que é plausível inferir que controles rítmicos e vetoriais impactem, remotamente, na constituição dos lugares.
... The most common measures of spatial equity analysis included Gini index (Hara et al., 2017), regression models (Truelove, 1993), and spatial autocorrelation (Smoyer-Tomic et al., 2004). With increasing emphasis on the demand side, modern research has progressed from traditional time-geography approaches such as potential models and two-step floating catchment area techniques (Ngui & Apparicio, 2011), effectively combining GIS, spatial surveys, and statistical analysis, which allows researchers to more comprehensively tackle the intricate dynamics influencing disparities in testing during public health crises (AE, 1982;Ilägcrstrand, 1970;Radke & Mu, 2000). By adapting the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method and the location-allocation model to incorporate both distance and time costs, this study innovatively improves on the traditional spatial analysis approach by evaluating service accessibility using the '15min nucleic acid detection circle' as the unit of analysis, and thus the results are more practical and reflective of real-world conditions. ...
Community-level emergency facilities are essential for disaster prevention and response, contributing significantly to urban health equity. This study aims to explore the multi-scale spatial pattern, multi-dimensional availability evaluation, and multi-scenario simulation optimization of nucleic acid testing sites during the later stage of COVID-19. At a macro scale, these sites demonstrated a "multi-core clustering" pattern, while at a micro-scale, they were community-centered, often located in areas with low traffic and better ventilation. Spatial accessibility analysis showed high accessibility in urban centers when only facility capacity was considered, though accessibility dropped relative to suburban areas when community population and time costs were included. Temporally, site availability followed an M-shaped distribution. This study optimized testing site locations, providing insights into equitable distribution and supply–demand balance for emergency facilities.
... [4] stated that in recent decades, much effort toward understanding gender differences in mobility patterns has been demonstrated both in theory and practice. Investigating relationships between changes in need due to demographic and socio-economic changes and spatio-temporal constraints proposed by [5], was one of the most interesting aspects of identifying women's mode choice behavior that has been researched in the last decade. [6] stated that transportation is one of the vital sectors supporting people's activities because without any movement, it is impossible for humans to fulfill their needs. ...
This study examined gender differences in modal choice among residents of coastal communities of Yenagoa metropolis in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The Four-Step model of transportation planning and modal choice provided the theoretical basis for this study. A survey research design involving a stratified sampling technique was adopted. The descriptives on transport modes, amount and time spent revealed that 10 (76.9%) males and 3 (23.1%) females preferred bicycle as means of transportation, 7 (58.3%) males and 5 (41.7%) females preferred motorcycle, while a significant proportion 90 (53.9%) males and 77 (46.1%) females preferred tricycle, 80 (63.0%) males and 47 (37.0%) females preferred cars/taxis, and 12 (46.2%) males and 14 (53.8%) females preferred mass transit bus. However, 14 (46.7%) males and 16 (53.3%) females in marshy terrain and coastal locations preferred canoes and boats. The result of the logistic regression model revealed that gender modal preference is more likely to be influenced by mode of transportation with a beta weight of 1.140, safety considerations 1.139, ownership of transport 1.135 and distance to place of work 1.073. Hence, this study recommends that a combination of these factors should be incorporated into transport planning to achieve effective transport planning and sustainable development in the Yenagoa metropolis.
... Temporal networks can also be drawn in a 3D space, namely, the space-time cube (2D +t) [12], [13]. In this case, a drawing algorithm computes the node trajectories over time and space. ...
In temporal (
event-based
) networks, time is a continuous axis, with real-valued time coordinates for each node and edge. Computing a layout for such graphs means embedding the node trajectories and edge surfaces over time in a
space, known as the space-time cube. Currently, these space-time cube layouts are visualized through animation or by slicing the cube at regular intervals. However, both techniques present problems such as below-average performance on tasks as well as loss of precision and difficulties in selecting timeslice intervals. In this paper, we present
TimeLighting
, a novel visual analytics approach to visualize and explore temporal graphs embedded in the space-time cube. Our interactive approach highlights node trajectories and their movement over time, visualizes node “aging”, and provides guidance to support users during exploration by indicating interesting time intervals (“when”) and network elements (“where”) are located for a detail-oriented investigation. This combined focus helps to gain deeper insights into the temporal network's underlying behavior. We assess the utility and efficacy of our approach through two case studies and qualitative expert evaluation. The results demonstrate how
TimeLighting
supports identifying temporal patterns, extracting insights from nodes with high activity, and guiding the exploration and analysis process.
... Various types of spatiotemporal data models have been proposed to express intricate spatiotemporal phenomena and facilitate data organization. Space-time cube model [14], snapshot model [15], modified model and space-time composite data model [16] are early representative models that laid the foundation for subsequent developments of spatiotemporal data models [17][18][19][20][21]. Several models have been subsequently proposed, including the three-domain model, object-oriented spatiotemporal data model [22,23] and features-based spatiotemporal data model, to further enhance capabilities in managing, retrieving and querying. To overcome limitations in describing spatiotemporal changes and evolutions, a Sustainability 2024, 16, 10271 3 of 17 series of spatiotemporal data models have been proposed, including event-based spatiotemporal data models [24], process-based spatiotemporal data models [25] and graph-based spatiotemporal data models [26]. ...
Represention and modeling the dynamic landslide scenes is essential for gaining a comprehensive understanding and managing them effectively. Existing models, which focus on a single scale make it difficult to fully express the complex, multi-scale spatiotemporal process within landslide scenes. To address these issues, we proposed a hierarchical spatiotemporal data model, named as HSDM, to enhance the representation for geographic scenes. Specifically, we introduced a spatiotemporal object model that integrates both their structural and process information of objects. Furthermore, we extended the process definition to capture complex spatiotemporal processes. We sorted out the relationships used in HSDM and defined four types of spatiotemporal correlation relations to represent the connections between spatiotemporal objects. Meanwhile, we constructed a three-level graph model of geographic scenes based on these concepts and relationships. Finally, we achieved representation and modeling of a dynamic landslide scene in Heifangtai using HSDM and implemented complex querying and reasoning with Neo4j’s Cypher language. The experimental results demonstrate our model’s capabilities in modeling and reasoning about complex multi-scale information and spatio-temporal processes with landslide scenes. Our work contributes to landslide knowledge representation, inventory and dynamic simulation.
... Accessibility theory, which evaluates spatial and temporal factors [13][14][15][16][17][18]; 3. ...
Highlights
What are the main findings? Results show that private car indexes for mobility, competitiveness and accessibility are higher than those of public transport.
Significant variability in performance indicators among city areas are identified, indicating inequalities in social and environmental sustainability in urban systems.
What are the implications of the main findings? Policy actions need to be tailored to the specific area of the city based on quantitative evidence.
Strategies need to consider multiple dimensions to effectively support the use of public transport.
Abstract
The transport sector worldwide relies heavily on oil products, and private cars account for the largest share of passenger mobility in several countries. Public transport could represent an interesting alternative under many perspectives, including a decrease in traffic, pollutants, and climate emissions. However, for public transport to succeed, it should be attractive for final users, representing a viable alternative to private mobility. In this work, we analyse the spatial distribution of public transport service provision within two metropolitan cities, considering the three key dimensions of mobility, competitiveness, and accessibility of public transport. The results show that private car performs better than public transport in all scopes considered, and that performance indicators are highly variable among city areas, indicating inequalities in social and environmental sustainability in urban systems. The outcomes of the analysis provide interesting insights for policy makers and researchers that deal with similar topics, and can also be extended to other cities and countries.
... The theoretical premise of time geography, based on Hägerstrand's [13] research, highlights the inseparable link between space and time. According to this concept, individuals move along distinct trajectories within the space-time continuum while simultaneously being bound by spatial-temporal constraints. ...
Current societal shifts, including increased mobility, advances in information technologies, and diverse lifestyles, are driving postmodern housing arrangements that prioritize mobility and flexibility. The traditional view of housing as fixed and stable is evolving to encompass temporary forms, including multi-locality, which are often underestimated due to measurement challenges. Recognizing and integrating the potential of transient populations into urban societies is crucial to enhancing community cohesion and reducing social fragmentation. Therefore, the development of rootedness, emotional connection, and spatial identity should be analyzed in the context of temporary housing practices. Data collected through a representative survey in two major German urban regions in 2023 enable the validation of a four-dimensional place attachment scale, which includes the dimensions of place identity, place dependence, ambient bonding, and social bonding. Each dimension includes distinct elements of place-making constructions. The classification of four tempo-local housing types serves as the foundation for measuring how the temporal and spatial structure of housing arrangements influences emotional attachment to one’s place of residence. Interestingly, spatial mobility, when paired with temporal stability in each location, can cultivate deep connections, revealing an often-overlooked potential within this group. The results emphasize the significance of incorporating spatio-temporal dimensions of housing to foster inclusive, comprehensive, and diverse urban development.
Residential mobility within cities reflects the spatio-temporal patterns of individual or household relocation behaviors and serves as an effective tool for interpreting urban socio-spatial differentiation from a micro-level perspective. Newly employed college graduates (NECGs) have become the second-largest migrating population in China. This study selects Guangzhou, a megacity, as the study area and utilizes data from the “Guangzhou New Citizens’ Residential Mobility Survey” conducted in 2023. It applies spatio-temporal systems and the spatio-temporal path method based on time geography to explore the residential mobility trajectories of NECGs in Guangzhou. In addition, the study uses a logistic regression model to explore the influencing factors. The findings indicate that NECGs frequently move across districts, showing no significant patterns of concentration or dispersion. However, residential location choices vary considerably across educational levels and household registration natures (Hukou), and as the duration of residence in Guangzhou increases, the probability of residential mobility among NECGs across all educational levels shows a declining trend. Specifically, marital status (life course attributes), housing prices and medical facilities (housing attributes), and job type (socioeconomic attributes) emerge as critical factors influencing residential mobility. By providing a foundation for urban planning policies, this study aims to support the settlement and well-being of NECGs while promoting high-quality urban development in Guangzhou.
This article analyzes population movement patterns in the Vysočina Region, Czechia, using mobile network geolocation data. Geolocation data provide new insights into population movement and structure, capturing real-time fluctuations in population size at different times of day and days of the week. The article aims to contribute to a better understanding of spatiotemporal population dynamics and identify links between movement patterns and different types of areas. Key mobility trends, such as work commuting, seasonal migration related to second homes and tourism, and the influence of urbanization on movement patterns, are identified. A scaling approach for categorizing municipalities based on their characteristics is proposed and tested in a case study of Vysočina Region municipalities. Furthermore, a case study of various municipality types demonstrates the practical application of geolocation data in spatial planning. The results highlight the value of these data for spatial planning, enabling a better understanding of population needs and optimization of public services and infrastructure.
The Forbidden City, a globally renowned heritage site and tourist destination, attracts numerous visitors annually. Tourism facilities play a crucial role in enhancing visitor experience. This study examines the spatial distribution and efficiency of three key facilities—seats, signage, and trash bins—within accessible areas. Using spatial behavior theory, focus group interviews, space syntax, environmental behavior studies, and GIS modeling, the research identifies distinct distribution patterns. Facilities are densely concentrated along the central axis, decreasing toward the eastern and western palaces. A shortage is noted in the Front Three Hall, while the Rear Three Palaces are well-equipped, leading to an imbalance in layout and usage efficiency. Findings reveal a positive link between tourists’ environmental behavior and facility utilization. To optimize spatial experiences and support the Forbidden City’s brand image, the study recommends micro-renewal techniques to refine facility distribution and design.
This article develops a method for evaluating urban resilience by operationalizing the 15-Minute City concept. The methodology combines cluster analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify socio-demographic patterns and disparities in access to essential services and amenities across urban neighborhoods. By leveraging open-access and georeferenced data from OpenStreetMap (OSM), we compute density metrics for a wide range of services grouped into six key domains (Education, Healthcare, Public Transport, Commerce, Living/Sport, and Entertainment). The analysis, applied to Ancona—a mid-sized city in Central Italy—maps the distribution of target groups (e.g., elderly, foreign residents) and classifies urban areas into four distinct clusters based on socio-demographic characteristics. These clusters are further evaluated to reveal significant spatial inequalities in access to services. Unlike most prior studies, our approach integrates socio-demographic data and systematically examines the functional diversity of neighborhoods. Additionally, statistical methods such as ANOVA provide robust evidence of spatial disparities across clusters, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. Our findings confirm that peripheral neighborhoods are underserved compared to central areas, which benefit from a well-connected public transport network and a richer mix of essential services and amenities. The article concludes by discussing the implications for urban planning and the potential of data-driven policies to foster inclusive and resilient urban development.
This study explores perceived accessibility specific to air transportation in the Dutch context through a focus group study. Five focus group sessions were held with a total of 24 participants with air travel experience within the past five years. Online focus groups were held during the period that the COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions were in effect, specifically around 12 months after the travel restrictions were implemented globally. In terms of the importance of activities accessible by flight, we observe that travelers particularly attach importance to visiting family and relatives, while the importance attached to the business and recreational activities accessible by flight varies among participants. As far as the transport component of accessibility is concerned, we find that, in addition to conventional variables in air transportation research, such as cost and travel times, unconventional variables such as uncertainty during flight schedule disruptions or the mood of staff and other passengers contribute to perceived accessibility by air transportation. Based on the results, we further discuss characteristics specific to perceived accessibility by air transportation, directions for further qualitative and quantitative research regarding perceived accessibility by air transportation, and implications for policy and planning.
Maximising the environmental benefits of electric vehicles (EVs) depends on charging them with renewable energy sources like solar power. This study explores the feasibility of two solar charging strategies: direct solar charging for those living in detached/semi-detached dwellings and grid-based solar charging with customised charging windows for all dwelling types. We develop a framework to investigate the impact of factors such as, vehicle travel patterns, charger level, seasonal variations in sunlight, and the size and penetration of residential photovoltaics (PVs). Analysing Victoria, Australia, we identify the benefits of midday tariff discounts to those living in apartments, as these households are likely to have vehicles parked at home during the day and are unlikely to have access to PVs for direct charging. Subsidies for Level 2 chargers bring little advantage to those engaging in direct solar charging. Such incentives should also target apartment residents to increase their benefit from midday discounts.
Research examining the crime drop has become increasingly popular with a plethora of studies showing how crime has declined since the 1990s. The vast majority of this research has, however, emanated from the United States and other ‘Western’ countries. In this study, we undertook a national-level analysis of crime trends in South Africa from 2010 to 2019 using official police data. Results showed that crime did drop marginally in the country over the study period although there is substantial variability in crime decline by crime type and geography. Moreover, various socio-demographic characteristics, such as income inequality, were found to possibly influence the temporal trends of crime in the country observed. These findings underscore the importance of context-specific analyses in understanding decadal crime trends and highlight the need for targeted, geographically nuanced approaches to crime prevention in South Africa.
Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag befasst sich mit den Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung zur Abbildung von Mobilitätsverhalten. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Beschreibung der großen quantitativen Erhebungen in Deutschland sowie deren Stärken und Schwächen. Darüber hinaus werden die Methode des Wegetrackings, qualitative Erhebungsansätze sowie die Nutzung neuerer Datenquellen, wie z. B. Mobilfunkdaten, thematisiert. Die Bedeutung der Sozialwissenschaften ist es, den Daten über theoriebasierte Ansätze eine höhere Erklärungstiefe zu verleihen.
Understanding activity-travel patterns and their determinants with regard to multi-purpose commuters is essential for enhancing commuting efficiency and ensuring equal participation in activities. This study applies sequence analysis and hierarchical clustering to identify distinct activity-travel patterns of Kunming commuters using 2016 Household Travel Survey data. Subsequently, a multinomial logistic regression model (MNL) examines the factors influencing these patterns. The results reveal significant heterogeneity across four activity-travel patterns: the fixed commuter pattern (FCP), characterized by pronounced morning and evening peaks with minimal non-commuting activities; the balanced commuter pattern (BCP), where commuters participate in non-commuting activities after afternoon work; the restricted commuter pattern (RCP), with non-commuting activities occurring after midday work; and the flexible commuter pattern (FLCP), featuring a late-start work pattern where some commuters go to work after 5 pm. Additionally, the study finds that female commuters and those with longer commuting and working hours tend to have simpler time allocation. Conversely, male commuters, those from complex family structures, car-owning households, and residents in areas with abundant activity opportunities actively engage in non-commuting activities. These findings can help policymakers optimize travel services and develop heterogeneous commuting and transportation policies.
Properties of geographical space essentially important for international tourism, such as length and discreteness, are analyzed. Apperception of geographical space in usual environment and its effect on tourist’s original motives are described. Original motives for tourism, in particular, those of escaping, comfort, contrast and aesthetics are substantiated. Finally, upon consideration of spatial specificities of land surface and tourist-driving original motives, a conceptual model of formation and distribution of international tourism flows in geographical space is developed. The ontological-anthropologic substantiation of tarrying in usual environment and original motives for tourism has also been presented. The latter grounded on M. Heidegger’s philosophy and was an attempt to understand how Human Being exists as tourist.
The objective of this study is to ascertain the distinctions in the mobility patterns of elderly individuals and to formulate recommendations that will enhance the accessibility and suitability of public transportation systems for this demographic. To achieve this objective, data from the electronic fare collection system used in public transportation in Izmir city for elderly individuals with smart cards has been utilized. To investigate the variables that differentiate the mobility of elderly individuals, one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) and Student's T-test analysis were employed. The results demonstrate that elderly individuals are not a homogeneous group; gender, age group, and distance from the city center have an impact on mobility. The issue of increasing the mobility of elderly individuals will have an impact on spatial planning and transportation planning.
This study examines spatial heterogeneity in acceptable travel distances across destination types and travel modes, contributing to the normative debate on setting accessibility sufficiency thresholds. Utilizing data from a 2020 survey on perceived accessibility in the Netherlands, the research finds that acceptable travel distances vary between urban and rural areas, contingent upon the mode of transportation. Rural residents accept larger distances, primarily facilitated by car use, while acceptable distances for active modes are higher in urban areas. Particularly in rural areas, travel distances do not always align with the acceptance of distances, especially regarding public transport. The key message for accessibility policy is that uniform distance thresholds may be ineffective across regions with diverse accessibility needs. The study concludes that empirical insights into the sources of variation in acceptable travel distances can assist in addressing the tension between setting general accessibility thresholds and strategies tailored to specific groups in specific areas.
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