ArticlePDF Available

Manjistha(Rubia Cordifolia)- A helping herb in cure of acne

Authors:
  • Faculty of Ayurveda ,IMS .Banaras Hindu University
Jour. of Ayurveda & Holisti
c Medicine
Volume-III, Issue-II
11
MANJISTHA (RUBIA CORDIFOLIA) - A HELPING HERB IN CURE OF ACNE
Vandana Meena
1
Anand K Chaudhary
2
INTRODUCTION:
Rubia cordifolia Linn. commonly known as Indian
Maddar is a perennial, herbaceous prickly climber with
long and cylindrical root with a thin red bark, well
known for its versatile action. It is distributed in the
Himalayas from Kashmir eastwards and Nilgiris and
other hilly districts of India.
[1]
One of its unique action is
anti-acne effect through anti-bacterial, anti-
inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-androgen action.
The roots and stems are well known source of
Anthraquinones, the roots have also been reported as
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer,
immunomodulator and hepatoprotective and are
extensively used against blood, urinary and skin
diseases.
[2,3]
In ancient world, Manjistha is reputed as
an efficient blood purifier and hence is extensively used
against blood, skin and urinary diseases.
[4 ]
Externally,
Manjistha was applied on major burns, mixed with
honey on freckles and blemishes. It remained a potent
drug for obstinate skin diseases, erysipelas,
leucoderma, and oedema also used as febrifuge and
against blood disorders in Ayurveda. Traditionally, it is
used in many polyherbal formulations for various
ailments and cosmetic preparations because
of its
inflammatory, antiseptic and galacto-purifier activity.
[5]
Root is used externally and internally to gain lustre and
glow of the skin and aids to remove pimples, freckles
and discoloration.
[6]
Traditionally the roots are used to
treat various systemic problems and pigmentation
anomalies of skin and is an excellent aid in the
promotion of complexion. Dried and crushed orange
peels, powders of sandal, turmeric and Manjistha
makes an excellent face pack. The finely crushed root
powder along with little honey applied to face for
healing skin tissues damaged by injury or infection. The
root powder mixed with ghee, for the medicament of
acne.
[7]
Vanraji tribes of Kumaun Himalaya use the
whole plant pulp rubbed with honey as a cure for acne
and dark spots on face.
[8]
Acne, as a family of skin disorder is one of the most
prevalent dermatologic diseases in the world. It usually
affects almost everybody during the life.
[9]
The
pathogenesis of acne is complex but dependent on four
key factors including androgen-mediated stimulation of
sebaceous gland activity, follicular hyperkeratinisation,
colonization of the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes
and inflammation.
[10]
Mainly three types of acne:
comedonal, nodular and papulopustular. Comedonal is
non- inflammatory while nodular and papulopustular
are the inflammatory types.
[11]
There is a variety of
medication for acne vulgaris including topical agents,
oral antibiotics, oral retinoid and oral hormonal
therapies. The use of natural remedies, particularly
herbal medicine, dates back thousands of years. Over
the last decade, in view of increasing resistance to
existing anti-microbial agents, side effects and
sometimes high cost of treatment, interest in medicinal
herbs has been progressively increased.
[12,13]
There are
so many herbal drugs for ant- acne effect, which shows
ABSTRACT:
Acne is one of the most prevalent skin ailment affecting almost all teenagers, as it is chronic with frequent remission and
exacerbations is often associated with negative psychological consequences, diminished self-esteem and social withdrawal.
The Modern measures regarding the treatment of acne are more or less failure. Further it has some limitations, cost
effective and many side effects. To overcome from all these, a good herbal approach should be reached. Manjistha (Rubia
cordifolia) can be proven a best remedy to cure acne, due to its Varnya, Raktashodhak, Vishaghna, Rasayana, Krimighna
properties. Certain research papers has also proven that it possess anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and ant-
androgenic effects as these are important Pharmacotherapeutic agent to break the pathogenesis of acne.
Key Words: Manjistha, Acne, Varnya, Anti- inflammatory, Rubia cordifolia
1
Junior Resident,
2
Professor & Head. Department of Rasa Shastra,
Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, UP, India.
Corresponding author email address: vandana.bhu@gmail.com
Access this article online: www.jahm.in
Published by Atreya Ayurveda Publications under the license CC-
by-NC.
Received on: 12/03/15, Revised on: 21/03/15, Accepted on:
28/04/15
Jour. of Ayurveda & Holisti
c Medicine
Volume-III, Issue-II
12
broadly four mechanism i.e. anti-inflammatory, anti-
oxidant, anti-bacterial and ant- androgenic, among
them Manjistha is one of important herbal remedy
showing all four properties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The following are the process and eligibility criteria for
the inclusion of data pertaining to this review:
Information extracted from various Ayurvedic treatises,
text books of Ayurvedic and modern pharmaceutics,
Pharmacopoeias (Ayurvedic Formulary of India,
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India), available
dissertations/thesis were also investigated. A search
was undertaken in Google scholar, MEDSCAPE, BMC,
Science Direct, MEDLINE (www.pubmed.com)/pubmed
database, SCOPEMED, and other relevant databases,
using keywords like manjistha, rubia cordifolia, acne,
ayurveda etc.
Literary observation of Mukhadushika (Acne)
In Ayurveda mukhadushika is described under the
heading of Ksudrarogas. These diseases are called
ksudra (minor) as they are of lesser severity in
comparison to mahavyadhis or vyadhis
(major or medium
diseases)
.
The silk cotton tree thorn like eruption on the
face due to vitiation of kapha, vata and rakta which are
found on the face of adolescent are called as
mukhadushika or yauvan pidika.
[14]
In Ayurvedic
samhitas a very short description is available about the
disease Mukhadushika. All the samhitas have pointed
out kapha, vata, and rakta as the causative factor of the
disease. In Sharangadhara Samhita vakrasnigdhata
(oily face) and pidika have been mentioned as due to
shukradhatumala while Bhavaprakasa mentioned due
to svabhav.
[15,16]
The shalmali thorn like thick or hard
painful eruption, impregnated with meda, found on the
face of adolescent are called as mukhadushika.
[17,18]
Description of Manjistha in Ayurvedic texts
As per ‘Charaka Samhita’ the powdered dried roots
and fruits are taken internally for the treatment of skin
diseases and disorders of spleen.
[19]
Manjistha is also
mentioned in ten varnya
[20]
drugs and as Visaghna
[21]
Jvarahara.
[22]
It is also prescribed for treatment of major
burns, fractures and dysentery,
[23]
to improve
complexion and to treat skin diseases and blood born
diseases.
[24,25]
Manjistha paste is used along with honey
in Vyang.
[26]
It has properties of blood purifying agent
and pigment stimulant, tonic and are used in skin and
blood diseases.
[27]
Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India
therapeutically indicate it for Yoni roga (menstrual
disorder), Kustha (skin disease), Sarpavisa (snake bite),
Visarpa (herpes virus), Aksi roga (eye disease), Arsa
(haemorrhoids), Bhagna (Fracture).
[28]
Formulations
containing manjistha as main ingredient used for
treating skin disease are showing in table-1.
[29-38]
Manjistha is found to be one of the ingredients in
majority of the formulas available in market like
Manjisthadi kwatha, Mahamanjisthadi kwatha,
Manjisthadyarka, Aravindasava, Aswagandharistha,
Usirasava, Candanasava, Manjisthadi taila,
Kadiradikutika.
[39]
Therapeutic indications of Manjistha
mentioned in Ayurvedic Materia Medica are showing in
table-2.
[40]
Research Revelation of Manjistha
1. Anti-acne property
Methanol extract of Rubia cordifolia inhibit proliferation
of P. acne.
[41]
It is moderately effective against TNF-
alpha and show low activity against IL-8. It is regarded
as astringent and useful in external inflammations like
ulcers and skin diseases.
[42]
The anthraquinone rich
fraction of R.cordifolia in a gel formulation showed The
anti-acne activity against Propionibacterium acne,
Staphylococcus epidermidis, Malassezia furfur when
compared with standard Clindamycin gel.
[43]
2. Anti-inflammatory activity
The aqueous extract of R. cordifolia showed anti-
inflammatory effect in rats.
[44]
The anti-inflammatory
action is because of the presence of rubimallin. The
aqueous extract showed anti-inflammatory activity in
rats with carrageenan paw oedema in a dose
dependent manner, which is comparable to that of
phenylbutazone.
[45]
It also inhibited the lipoxygenase
enzyme pathway, which catalyses the production of
various inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes
that are involved in asthma, arthritis, and other
inflammatory disorders and the production of cumene
hydroperoxides.
[46]
Notable nitric oxide scavenging
activity was exhibited in vitro by some extracts of R.
cordifolia.
[47]
A formulation of munjistin and purpurin
from cell culture manifested to have and ant-
proliferative action during the rapid development of a
model oedema.
[48]
3. Anti-microbial activity
Extract of R. cordifolia showed a significant inhibitory
activity against P. acnes standardized culture. The
evaluation was carried out by both dilution method as
suggested in MIC, there R. cordifolia extract was taken
600 μg/ml. The evidence of anti-acne activity of R.
cordifolia was further supported by Cup-plate
method.
[49]
Rubia cordifolia was effective against
Klebsiella pneumonia. The root extracts of R. cordifolia
have been studied for their antimicrobial activity
against various pathogenic bacteria. Sitosterol and
daucosterol possess antibacterial activity. The root
extracts constituents such as anthraquinones and
flavonoids suppressed the activity phytopathogens of
Gossypium.
[50]
Aldehyde aceate, dihydromollugin and
rubimallin reported to have significant antibacterial
Jour. of Ayurveda & Holisti
c Medicine
Volume-III, Issue-II
13
activity against Klebsiella pneumonia.
[51]
Ethanolic
extract inhibited ß-Lactamase producing uro-
pathogenic E. coli.
[52]
The chloroform and the methanol
extracts reported to have antibacterial activity on gram-
positive strains, although gram negative Pseudomonas
aeruginosa was also inhibited by the methanol extracts
in a dose dependent manner. According to Basu et al.,
the aqueous extract is active against Bacillus subtilis
and Staphylococcus aureus compared with
streptomycin and penicillin G.
[53]
The ethanolic whole
plant extract also showed same result.
[54]
Rubiacordone
A reported to have considerable antimicrobial activity
against Gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus subtilis,
Streptococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus.
[55]
The green
synthesized silver nanoparticles using R. cordifolia plant
root extract was highly inhibiting the bacterial
pathogens like Vibrio alginolyticus, Pseudomonas
aeroginosa, Shigella spp, Plesiomonas shigelloides and
Vibrio parahaemolyticus. They had highest
antimicrobial effect against Pseudomonas aeroginosa
and Plesiomonas shigelloides.
[56]
4. Anti-oxidant activity
Alcoholic extract of root of Rubia cordifolia and its
constituent rubiadin were found antioxidant
property.
[57],[58],[59]
Hydroxyanthraquinones were the
predominant antioxidant phenolic constituents in the
root of R. cordifolia.
[60]
The antioxidant properties of R.
cordifolia extract for protection against lipid
peroxidation and reduced glutathione (GSH) content in
rat liver homogenate compared with vitamin E and
parabenzoquinone (PBQ).
[61]
Table 1: Formulations containing Manjistha as main
ingredient used for treating skin disease.
Sl.
No. Formulation Action References
1
Manjisthaadi
kwatha,
Madhya
Manjisthaadi
kwatha, Brihat
Manjisthaadi
kwatha
Treatmen
t of skin
diseases
Bhav Prakash
samhita
Kustharogadhikara/
99-106
[29]
2
Maha
Manjisthaadi
kwatha
Treatmen
t of skin
diseases
Vrndamadhava
Vataraktadhikar,23
/86-87
[30]
3
Manjisthadhy
a tailam
Useful in
pidika
Chakradatta
55/61
-
62
[31]
Mukhakranti
mkar lepa
Improves
Glowness
of face
Chakradatta 55/45
[32]
Haridradavy
tailam
Improves
Glowness
of face
Chakradatta 54/53-
55
[33]
Kanak tailam Cure
wrinkles
Chakradatta 54/56-
57
[34]
Manjisthadi
tailam
Improves
Glowness
of face
Chakradatta 54/58-
60
[35]
Kumkumadi
tailam
Glowing
face
Chakradatta 54/61-
66
[36]
Manjistha
with honey
increases
complexi
on
Chakradatta
54/42
[37]
4 Raktachandan
adi lepa
Improves
Glowness
of face
Sharangdhar
Uttar khand 11/9
[38]
DISCUSSION:
Acne vulgaris is an extremely common skin disorder
that affects virtually all individuals at least once during
life. The incidence of acne peaks at teenage, but
substantial numbers of men and women between 20-40
years of age are also affected by the disorder. Acne can
have important negative psychosocial consequences for
the affected individual, including diminished self-
esteem, social withdrawal due to embarrassment and
depression.
[62]
The use of natural remedies, particularly
herbal medicine, dates back thousands of years. Over
the last decade, in view of increasing resistance to
existing anti-microbial agents, side effects and
sometimes high cost of treatment, interest in medicinal
herbs has been progressively increases.
[63 ]
The anti-acne
effects of Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia) include four
mechanism i.e. anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-
oxidant, and anti-androgen activities. The microbiology
of the pilosebaceous unit involves three coexisting
groups of microorganisms: Gram-positive, coagulase-
negative cocci (staphylococci and micrococci);
anaerobic diphtheroids (Propionibacterium acnes and
Propionibacterium granulosum); and lipophilic yeasts
(Pityrosporum species). The microflora of comedones is
qualitatively identical to that of the normal sebaceous
follicle. The staphylococci and micrococci are aerobes;
therefore, their site of growth within the sebaceous
unit is superficial, and these organisms are unable to
reside in the anaerobic conditions of the infra-
infundibulum where the inflammatory reaction occurs
in acne.
[64]
The chloroform and the methanol extracts
reported to have antibacterial activity on gram-positive
strains, although gram negative was also inhibited by
the methanol extracts in a dose dependent manner.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are subsequently
generated from the hypercolonization of P. acnes
[65],[66]
in addition to metabolism in living organisms and from
UV exposure. Although ROS perform a useful function
in the skin barrier against acne microbes
[67],[68]
excess
formation affects skin condition by activating neutrophil
infiltration. ROS including singlet oxygen, superoxide
Jour. of Ayurveda & Holisti
c Medicine
Volume-III, Issue-II
14
anion, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, lipid
peroxide and nitric oxide (NO) play an important role in
inflammatory acne as well as in tissue injury. ROS
stimulate the formation of nuclear factor jB (NF-jB)
[69]
promote TNF formation
[70]
and consequently activate T
lymphocytes and keratinocytes. The cytokines IL, TNF,
IFN, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), transforming growth
factor (TGF) and prostaglandin (PG) are then produced
and released.
[71-75]
In summary, skin inflammation is
initiated by CD4+ in T lymphocytes, regulated by TLRs
following neutrophil infiltration which generates ROS
and protease enzymes leading to follicular wall rupture
of sebaceous glands. This consequently changes the
composition of sebum, particularly linoleic acid.
Hyperkeratinization is initiated as well as a reduction in
desquamation. Subsequently, the proinflammatory
cytokines, NF-jB, IL, TNF, IFN, LPS, TGF, PG and GM-CSF
are released causing microcomedones. The resulting
microcomedones further develop into comedones and
inflammatory lesions.
[76]
Rubia cordifolia contains a wide variety of antioxidants
like alizarin, hydroxyl anthraquinones
[77]
and rubiadin
[78]
which have been using in various medicaments.
Hydroxy groups on one benzene anthraquinones to
show the activity; its ortho-dihydroxy structure could
greatly enhance their effect. The study of in vivo
antioxidant activity and its influence on ethanol-
induced immuno-supression showed that the
concurrent daily administration of madder prevented
the decrease of humoral and cell-mediated immune
response, phagocytosis index, leukocyte count,
glutathione content, catalase and superoxide dismutase
activities etc., which were comparable with that of the
combination of vitamin E and C.
[79]
Rubiadin prevented
lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4 and butyl
hydroperoxide in a dose dependent manner.
[80,81]
Hexane and ethyl acetate fraction of root showed
maximum free radical scavenging activity due to
anthraquinones and their glycosides present in it. R.
cordifolia extracts can protect peroxidation and
reduced glutathione content in rat liver homogenate
compared with vitamin E and parabenzoquinone.
[82]
CONCLUSION:
In present scenario, there is a trend of prescribing
combination therapy for many diseases including skin
disease. This leads to an increase chances of drug
interaction and adverse effects, means there is need to
evaluate individual herbal therapy. Manjistha (Rubia
cordifolia) has multiple actions to combat this problem
and this will become a new approach in the
management of acne. The role of Manjistha in
supporting skin health is evidenced by traditional and
reported activities, which show that it act as potent
blood purifier, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-
stress, antimicrobial which can play an important role
to cure acne and improve skin health.
REFERENCES:
1. Gupta AK, Tandon N, Sharma M.Quality standards of Indian
Medicinal Plants, volume-3, Indian council of medicinal
research New Delhi, 2005; 307.
2. Shrotri MK, Ghavane RC, Mukunda U. Indian Drugs 2005; 42(1):
20-23.
3. Gupta AK, Tandon N, Sharma M.Quality standards of Indian
Medicinal Plants, volume-3, Indian council of medicinal
research New Delhi,2005; 315
4. Sivarajan VV, Balachandran I. Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant
sources, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1994;
292-93.
5. Bechtold T, Mussak R. Handbook of natural colorants. John
Wiley & Sons Ltd., United Kingdom. 2009; 151-82.
6. Nadkarni KM. Indian Plants and Drugs. Asiatic Publishing House,
New Delhi. 1998; 343-344.
7. Joshan RS, Nagarauk R, Anuradha P. Antibacterial properties of
extracts of Indian medicinal plants: Syzygium alternifolium,
Phyllanthus niruri Rubia cordifolia. Biomed. Pharmacol. J.. 2010;
3: 123-128.
8. Bhatt D, Kumar R, Joshi GC, Tewari LM. Indigenous uses of
medicinal plants by the Vanraji tribes of Kumaun Himalaya.
India. J. Med. Plants Res.. 2013; 7: 2747-2754.
9. Scheinfeld NS. Acne: a review of diagnosis and treatment. P &
T. 2007; 32: 340-70.
10. Toyoda M, Morohashi M. Pathogenesis of acne. Med Electron
Microsc. 2001; 34: 29–40.
11. Feldman S, Careccia RE, Barham KL, Hancox J. Diagnosis and
treatment of acne. Am Fam Physician 2004; 69:2123–30.
Table 2: Therapeutic indications of Manjistha
mentioned in Ayurvedic Materia Medica
[40]
S. No.
Therapeutic effect
in
Sanskrit Term
Therapeutic effect
in Medical Term
1 Varnya
Improves
complexion
2
Jvarahara
Anti
-
pyretic
3
Vishaghna
Remove toxins
4
Mutravirecana
Diuretic
5
Raktasodhana
Blood purifier
6 Rasayana Rejuvenative
7 Vranaropaka Wound healing
9 Sonitasthapana Haemostatic
10 Pittasamsamana
Pacifies pitta
doshas
11
Asmaribhedana
Lithagogue
12 Krmighna
Antibacterial and
anthelmentic
13
Sothahara
Anti
-
inflammatory
14
Vedanasthapana
Analgesic
15 Caksusya Improves vision
Jour. of Ayurveda & Holisti
c Medicine
Volume-III, Issue-II
15
12. Oprika C. Characterisation of antibiotic-resistant
Propionibacterium acnes from acne vulgaris and other
diseases. Stockholm: Karolinska University. 2006.
13. Hamburger M, Hostettmann K. Bioactivity in plants: the link
between phytochemistry and medicine. Phytochem. 1991; 30:
3864–74.
14. Sushruta. Commentary: Ayurvedatattva-Sandipika of Shastri
Ambikadatt on Sushruta Samhita by Ambikadatta Shastri,
Nidan Sthana chapter 13 verse no 38. Varanasi: Chaukhamba
Surbharti Prakashan; 2012:372
15. Sharangdhar. Commentary: Jiwanprada of Srivastava Shailaja
on Sharangdhar Samhita by Shailaja Srivastava, Purvakhanda,
chapter 7, verse no 94 Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia; 2011:
94.
16. Bhavamisra, Bhavaprakasha. Commentary: Vidyotini on
Bhavaprakasha by Bhishgratna Pandit & Shri Bramha Shankar
Mishra. Madhya khanda, chapter 61, verse no 31 Varanasi:
Chaukhamba Sanskrit Bhawan;2012:587
17. Vagbhata, Astanga Hrdayam. Commentary: Sasilekha of Indu
by Dr. Brahamanand Tripathi. Uttarsthana, chapter 31, verse
no 5. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan;2009:1115.
18. Vagbhata, Ashtanga samgrah volume-III, English translation by
murthy K.R.Srikantha, uttarasthan, chapter36, verse no 7.
chaukhambha orientalia Varanasi;2005:813.
19. Agnivesa, charaka samhita. Commentary: Vidyotini by
Kasinatha Sastri and Gorakha Natha Chaturvedi, sutrasthan
volume-I, chapter 7, verse no 67. chaukhambha Bharati
Academy Varanasi; 2011:259.
20. Agnivesa, charaka samhita. Commentary: Vidyotini by
Kasinatha Sastri and Gorakha Natha Chaturvedi, sutrasthan
volume-I, chapter-4, verse no 8. chaukhambha Bharati
Academy Varanasi; 2011:78.
21. Agnivesa, charaka samhita. Commentary: Vidyotini by
Kasinatha Sastri and Gorakha Natha Chaturvedi, sutrasthan
volume-I, chapter-4, verse no 16. chaukhambha Bharati
Academy Varanasi; 2011:83.
22. Agnivesa, charaka samhita. Commentary: Vidyotini by
Kasinatha Sastri and Gorakha Natha Chaturvedi, sutrasthan
volume-I, chapter-4, verse no 39. chaukhambha Bharati
Academy Varanasi; 2011:92.
23. Susruta. Susruta samhita , English translation by murthy K.R.
Srikantha, chikitsa sthan volume- II, chaukhambha orientalia
Varanasi , edition 2005.
24. Bhavamisra, Bhavaprakasa,volume-I, commentary by Dr.
Bulusu sitaram forword by Prof. K.C.Chuneker. Haritakyadi
varga, verse no 189-191.chaukhamabha orientalia
Varanasi;2006:173.
25. Kaiyadeva- Nighantuh, pathyapathya vibodhakah , edited and
translated by prof. Priyavrata Sharma, Osadhi varga, verse no
1426-1427. chaukhambha orientalia Varanasi:264.
26. Vagbhata, Ashtanga samgrah with the sasilekha Sanskrit
commentary by Indu Prologue in Sanskrit &English by prof.
Jyotir mitra. Edited by Dr. Shivprasad Sharma. uttarasthan,
chapter 37, verse no 19. Chowkhamba Sanskrit series office
Varanasi ;2006:821.
27. Dravyaguna Vijnana, material medica vegetable drugs Part- II
by Dr. Gyanendra pandey , krishavadas academy Varanasi ,
edition -1;2001:502-503.
28. The ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India. Ministry of health and
family welfare, Department of ISM&H, Govt. of India, New
Delhi. 2001; Part-I & Vol-III: p.114.
29. Bhavamisra, Bhavaprakasa, Commentary Vidyotini by
Bhisagratna Pandit and Bhahma Sankar Mishra ,volume-II,
Kustharogadhikara, verse no 99-106. chaukhamabha Sanskrit
Bhawan Varanasi,edition 11;2012:537.
30. Vrndamadhava or siddha yoga edited and translated by Dr.
Premvati Tewari , , chapter 23, verse no 86-87. chaukhambha
visvabharati Varanasi.
31. chakrapani data, chakrudatta . padarthabodhini hindi
commentary by vaidya Ravidatta shastri,chapter 55, verse no
61-62. chaukhambha surbhirati prakashan Varanasi ; 2006:218
32. chakrapani data, chakrudatta . padarthabodhini hindi
commentary by vaidya Ravidatta shastri,chapter 55, verse no
45. chaukhambha surbhirati prakashan Varanasi ; 2006:216
33. chakrapani data, chakrudatta . padarthabodhini hindi
commentary by vaidya Ravidatta shastri,chapter 54, verse no
53-55. chaukhambha surbhirati prakashan Varanasi ; 2006:217.
34. chakrapani data, chakrudatta . padarthabodhini hindi
commentary by vaidya Ravidatta shastri,chapter 54, verse no
56-57. chaukhambha surbhirati prakashan Varanasi ; 2006:217.
35. Chakrapani data, chakrudatta . padarthabodhini hindi
commentary by vaidya Ravidatta shastri,chapter 54, verse no
58-60. chaukhambha surbhirati prakashan Varanasi ; 2006:217.
36. chakrapani data, chakrudatta . padarthabodhini hindi
commentary by vaidya Ravidatta shastri,chapter 54, verse no
61-66. chaukhambha surbhirati prakashan Varanasi ; 2006:217.
37. chakrapani data, chakrudatta . padarthabodhini hindi
commentary by vaidya Ravidatta shastri,chapter 54, verse no
42. chaukhambha surbhirati prakashan Varanasi ; 2006:216.
38. Sarangadhara, Sarangadhara samhita, uttara khanda, English
translation by murthy K.R. Srikantha,Uttarkhand, chapter 11,
verse no 9. chaukhambha orientalia Varanasi ; reprint
2010:427.
39. The ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India. Ministry of health and
family welfare, Department of ISM&H , Govt. of India, New
Delhi. Part-I & Vol-III;2001:113.
40. Materia medica of Ayurveda, based on Ayurveda saukhyam of
Todarananda by Vaidya Bhagwan dash, edition first 1980.
41. Gorle AM, Patil SS. Evaluation of antioxidant and antiacne
property of Rubia cordifolia. Der Pharmacia Sinica. 2010; 1(3):
59-63.
42. Jain A, Bansal E, Inhibition of Propionibacterium acnes-induced
mediators of inflammation by Indian herbs, Phytomedicine
.2003;10: 34–38.
43. Khan N, Karodi R, Siddiqui A, Thube S, Rub R, Development of
anti-acne gel formulation of anthraquinones rich fraction from
Rubia cordifolia (Rubiaceae), Int. J. Applied Res. Natl. Products.
2012; 4: 28-36.
44. Antarkar DS, Chinwalla T, Bhatt N.Anti-inflammatory activity of
Rubia cordifolia Linn. In rats. Indian J Pharmac. 1983; 15: 185-
188.
45. Antarkar SS, Chinwalla T, Bhatt N. Anti-inflammatory activity of
Rubia cordifolia Linn. in rats, Indian J. Pharmacol.. 1983;15:
185-188.
46. Tripathi YB, Sharma M, Shukla S, Tripathi P, Thyagaraju K,
Reddanna P.Rubia cordifolia inhibits potato lipoxygenase.
Indian J. Exp. Biol..1995; 33: 109-112.
Jour. of Ayurveda & Holisti
c Medicine
Volume-III, Issue-II
16
47. Basu S, Hazra B. Evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity,
in vitro and ex vivo, of selected medicinal plants traditionally
used in inflammatory diseases, Phytother. Res..2006; 20: 896-
900.
48. Mischenko NP, Fedoreev SA, Bryukhanov VM, Zverev YF,
Lampatov VV Azarova OV, Shkryl’Yu N, Chernoded GK.
Chemical composition and pharmacological activity of
anthraquinones from Rubia cordifolia cell culture. Pharm.
Chem. J..2007;41:605-609.
49. Gorle AM, Patil SS. Evaluation of antioxidant and antiacne
property of Rubia cordifolia. Der Pharmacia Sinica. 2010; 1 (3):
59-63.
50. Naidu KC, Lalam R, Bobbarala V. Antimicrobial agents from
Rubia cordifolia and Glycyrrhiza glabra against phytopathogens
of Gossypium.Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res.. 2009;1: 1512-1518.
51. Singh R, Jain A, Panwar S, Gupta D, Khare SK. Antimicrobial
activity of some naturaldyes. Dyes and Pigments. 2005;66: 99-
102.
52. Sawhney R, Berry V, Kumar A. Inhibitory Activity of Rubia
cordifolia plant extract against ESBL producing Urinary E. coli
isolates. J. Pharmacy Res.. 2012; 5:1328-1330.
53. Basu S, Ghosh A, Hazra B. Evaluation of the antibacterial
activity of Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn., Rubia cordifolia
Linn. And Lantana camara Linn.: isolation of Emodin and
Physcion as active antibacterial agents. Phytother. Res.. 2005;
19:888-894.
54. Sharma BC. In vitro antibacterial activity of certain folk
medicinal plants from Darjeeling Himalayas used to treat
microbialinfections. J. Pharamcog. Phytochem.. 2013;2: 1-5.
55. Li X, Liu Z, Chen Y, Wang LJ, Zheng YN, Sun GZ, Ruan CC.
Rubiacordone A: A New Anthraquinone Glycoside from the
roots of Rubia cordifolia. Molecules. 2009; 14:566-572.
56. Mariselvam R, Ranjitsingh AJA, Nanthini AUR. Preparation and
characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rubia cordifoli
plant root extract and their microbial properties. Int J Adv Res.
2013;1: 56-61.
57. Tripathi YB, Sharma M, Manickam M. Rubiadin, a new
antioxidant from Rubia cordifolia. Indian J Biochem Biophys.
1997; 34: 302-306.
58. Joharapurkar A A, Zambad S P, Wanjari M M, Umathe S N. In
vivo evaluation of antioxidant activity of alcoholic extract of
Rubia cordifolia linn. And its influence on ethanol-induced
Immunosuppression. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2003; 35:
232-236.
59. Tripathi Y B, Sharma M.The interaction of Rubia cordifolia with
iron redox status: a mechanistic as pectin free radical reactions.
Phylo medicine,.Vol. 6(1), pp. 51-57.
60. Cai Yizhong, Sun Mei, Xing Jie, and Corke Harold. Antioxidant
phenolic constituents in root of rheum officinale and rubia
cordifolia: structure –radical scavenging activity relationships.
J.Agric Chem.. 2004;52:7884-7890.
61. Tripathi Y B, Shukla S, Sharma V K. Antioxidant property of
Rubia cordifolia extract and its comparison with vitamin E and
parabenzoquinone. Phytotherapy research .1995;10:1002.
62. Gopal MG, Farahana B, Kulkarni KS. Effectiveness of Herbal
Medication in treatment of Acne vulgaris- A pilot Study. The
Indian Practioner. 2001;54(10): 723.
63. Oprika C. Characterisation of antibiotic-resistant
Propionibacterium acnes from acne vulgaris and other
diseases. Stockholm: Karolinska. The Fellowship of
Postgraduate Medicine, 1999.
64. Burkhart CG, Burkhart CN, Lehmann PF, Acne: a review of
immunologic and microbiologic factors. Postgrad Med J.
1999;75:328–331.
65. Leyden, J.J. The evolving role of Propionibacterium acnes in
acne. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg.2001; 20:139–143.
66. Leyden, J.J., McGinley, K.J.,Vowels B. Propionibacterium acnes
colonization in acne and non-acne. Dermatology.1998;196:55–
58.
67. Boh E E, Role of reactive oxygen species in dermatologic
diseases. Clin. Dermatol. 1996;14:343–352.
68. Cals-Grierson M.M., Ormerod A.D. Nitric oxide function in the
skin. Nitric Oxide.2004; 10: 179–193.
69. Gougerot-Pocidalo, M. Revillard, J.. Oxidative stress, cytokines
and lymphocyte activation. In: Fuchs, J. and Packer, L. (eds.)
Oxidative Stress in Dermatology,. Marcel Dekker, New York
.1993;187-205.
70. Trefzer U, Brockhaus M, Loetscher. The 55-kd tumor necrosis
factor receptor on human keratinocytes is regulated by tumor
necrosis factor-alpha and by ultraviolet B radiation. J. Clin.
Invest.. 1993; 92:462–470.
71. Wilmer J L, Burleson F G, Kayama K. Cytokine induction in
human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to contact irritants
and its relation to chemical induced inflammation in mouse
skin. J. Invest. Dermatol.. 1994; 102: 915–922.
72. Grewe M, Gyufko K, and Krutmanna J. Interleukin-10
production by cultured human keratinocytes: regulation by
ultraviolet B and ultraviolet A1 radiation. J. Invest. Dermatol..
1995; 104: 3–6.
73. Kock A, Schwartz T, Kirnbauer R. et al. Human keratinocytes
are a source for tumor necrosis factor alpha: evidence for
synthesis and release upon stimulation with endotoxin or
ultraviolet light. J. Exp. Med.. 1990; 172 :1609–1614.
74. James, L.C., Moore, A.M., Wheeler, G.M. et al. Transforming
growth factor alpha: in vivo release by normal human skin
following UV irradiation and abrasion. Skin Pharmacol. 1991; 4:
61–64.
75. Pentland, Mahoney AP, M.G. Keratinocyte prostaglandin
synthesis is enhanced by IL-1. J. Invest. Dermatol.. 1990; 94:
43–46.
76. Kanlayavattanakul M, Lourith N. Therapeutic agents and herbs
in topical application for acne treatment. International Journal
of Cosmetic Science. 2011; 33: 289–297.
77. Tripathi YB, Sharma M. Comparison of the antioxidant action
of the alcoholic extract of Rubia cordifolia with rubiadin. Indian
J. Biochem. Biophys.. 1998; 3: 313- 316.
78. Lodia S, Kansala L. Antioxidant activity of Rubia cordifolia
against Lead toxicity. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res.. 2012; 3: 2224-
2232.
79. Joharapurkar AA, Zambad SP, Wanjari MM, Umathe SN. In vivo
evaluation of antioxidant activity of alcoholic extract of Rubia
cordifolia Linn. and its influence on ethanol-induced
immunosuppression. Indian J. Pharmacol.. 2003;35:232-236.
80. Tripathi YB, Sharma M, Manickam M. Rubiadin, a new
antioxidant from Rubia cordifolia. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys..
1997 ;34: 302-306.
Jour. of Ayurveda & Holisti
c Medicine
Volume-III, Issue-II
17
81. Pandey S, Sharma M, Chaturvedi P, Tripathi YB. Protective
effect of Rubia cordifolia on lipid peroxide formation in isolated
rat liver homogenate. Indian J.Exp. Biol.. 1994; 32: 180-183.
82. Tripathi YB, Shukla S, Sharma M, Shukla VK. Antioxidant
property of Rubia cordifolia extract and its comparison with
vitamin E and parabenzoquinone. Phytother. Res.. 1995; 9:
440–443.
Cite this article as: Vandana Meena, Anand K Chaudhary.
Manjistha (Rubia Cordifolia) - A helping herb in cure of Acne,
J of Ayurveda and Hol Med (JAHM).2015;3(2):11-17.
Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared.
... The roots and stems of this plant are well known source of Anthraquinones, Several compounds like alizarin, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-9, 10-anthraquinone, 1, 3, 6-trihydroxy-2methyl-9, 10-anthra-quinone-3-O-(6'-O-acetyl)-alpha-L-rhamnosyl(1-2)-beta-D-glucoside, 1, 3, 6-trihydroxy-2-methyl-9, 10-anthraqueinone-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnosyl (1-2)-beta-Dglucoside, 1, 3, 6-trihydrozy-2-methyl-9, 10-anthraquinone-3-O-(6'-O-acetyl)-beta-Dglucoside, 2-carbomethyoxy-3-prenyl-1, 4-naphthohydroquinone di-beta-D-glucoside, rubimallin, beta sitosterol and daucosterol are isolated from the root of Rubia cordifolia and their structures are spectroscopically proven and contain potent anti-inflammatory activity while 1, 3, 6-trihydroxy-2-methyl-9, 10-anthra-quinone-3-O-(6'-O-acetyl)-alpha-Lrhamnosyl (1-2)-beta-D-glucoside, beta-sitosterol and daucosterol contain antibacterial activity (43) . Rubiacordone A, rubiadin and Hydroxyanthraquinones showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activity (41) . ...
... Manjishtha is reputed as an efficient blood purifier and hence is extensively used against blood, skin and urinary diseases in ancient world. It remained a potent drug for obstinate skin diseases, erysipelas, leucoderma and oedema also used as febrifuge and against blood disorders in Ayurveda (41) . Manjistha is applied Externally on major burns, mixed with honey on freckles and blemishes (45). ...
Article
In this review an attempt has been made to give a holistic report of the anti-acne phytoconstituents which has been reported possess anti-acne activity in different research work. It was also tried to explain different associated properties of phytoconstituent to analyze the constituents completely. The effort was also made to give the biological sources, family, different constituent and the research work done to identify the vital potential of phytoconstituent which has been utilized or which will be utilized in the development of Ayurvedic anti-acne formulation. Attempt was also made to explain different type of Acne, their causes and pool of information related to them.
... The Rubiadin compound present in the plant results in the anti-oxidant property. When these plant compounds act along with other phytochemical constituents, it brings out their anti-bacterial property [42] [ Table 2]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Ayurveda is an ancient traditional medical care system. The major aim of Ayurveda is to prevent unnecessary suffering and aiding healthy long life. Ayurveda incorporates natural constituents to make potential medicines that are believed to eliminate the root cause of the diseases. Forty-five thousand plant species are found in the subcontinent of India making it one of the largest biodiversity centers. In India alone, 15,000 medicinal plant species have been reported out of which 7500 species are used by the communities to cure different diseases. Ayurveda uses single or polyherbal for treatment. In these traditional medicine systems, various formulations are prepared one of which is fermented formulations, namely, arishtas and asavas. These formulations are prepared using a decoction of herbal drugs and contain self-generated alcohol. Fermented formulations are known for their stability and efficacy. Indian traditional literature states the usage of these formulations regularly with scientific validation strengthens one immunity and well-being. The current review focuses on Vidangarishta. Punarnavasava, Chandanasava, their preparations, therapeutics uses, and their toxic effects. A thorough understating of these formulations aids in standardizing Ayurveda as a marginalized medicine.
... Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia L.) is well-known as an excellent blood purifier and is used for blood, skin and urinary diseases (Shrotri et al. 2005;Gupta et al. 2005). It's stems and roots are rich sources of Anthraquinones which show anti-acne properties in gel (Meena and Chaudhary 2015). The root has a distinctive anti-acne effect through anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-androgen properties as these agents are chief pharmacotherapeutic agents to break the pathogenesis of acne. ...
Chapter
Plants have an immense contribution to improving the lifestyle of human beings. They have been used for healing and curing purposes. Indian traditional medicine system, Ayurveda, documents over hundreds of plants for their medicinal properties. Advances in science and technology has helped to identify over thousands of these medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) that traditionally were also used as cosmetics, for preparing creams and formulations for skin and/or hair applications. Sophisticated chromatographic tools have led to the identification of unique bioactive compounds from individual plants. These bioactives offer a great potential for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. This book chapter deals with the history of MAPs with a focus on their cosmetic applications, briefly highlighting important Indian plants with their past and present potential for the cosmetic industry.
... Further antihemolytic properties of the Rubia species have been established in traditional Chinese medicine in curing various blood circulation complications like dysmenorrhea and blood stasis (Chen et al. 2021;Gong et al. 2017;Hu et al. 2020). Nevertheless, the R. cordifolia shows promising benefits in Ayurveda against various circulatory, urinary, and integumentary complications (Deshkar et al. 2008;Meena 2015). The plant also called munjeet/Manjeet (R. cordifolia L.) remains a prominent dye (red, scarlet, brown, and mauve) in the cotton and woolen fabric industries of the Asian subcontinent (Deshkar et al. 2008;Gleba et al. 2016). ...
Article
Full-text available
Rubia cordifolia represents the pivotal plant resource belonging to traditional Chinese medicine and Indian Ayurveda. The present study aims to synthesize biocompatible copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using R. cordifolia bark extracts, characterize the incumbent chemical transitions, and explore their biomedical and environmental applications. The absorbance peak between 250 and 300 nm clearly demonstrates the formation of CuONPs in the UV–visible spectrum. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed the presence of functional groups essential for copper ion reduction. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and dynamic light scattering analysis revealed that the CuONPs are spherical-shaped with a mean particle size of 50.72 nm. Additionally, the zeta potential demonstrates its robustness at 11.2 mV. X-ray diffraction pattern showed mixed phases (Cu, Cu2O, and CuO) of cubic monoclinic crystalline nature. CuONPs exhibited noticeable antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial cell damages were affirmed through FE-SEM imaging when treated with CuONPs. Further, CuONPs demonstrated considerable antioxidant activities by quenching free radicals such as DPPH (60.75%), ABTs (70.88%), nitric oxide (65.48%) and reducing power (71.44%) in a dose-dependent way. CuONPs showed significant larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti (65 ± 8.66%), Anopheles stephensi (80 ± 13.69%), and Culex quinquefasciatus (72 ± 13.04%) mosquito larvae. The photocatalytic activity of the CuONPs demonstrates the methylene blue (81.84%) and crystal violet (64.0%) dye degradation potentials, indicating the environmental bioremediation efficacy. Hence the present study is the first report in accounting for the versatile applications of the phyto-CuONPs. Moreover, the green synthesis of CuONPS has future applications in designing the drug for life-threatening diseases and various environmental issues.
... [14] The antiacne effects of Rubia cordifolia include four mechanisms i.e., antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiandrogen activities. [15] Kaishor guggulu having Guduchi, Triphala, and Guggulu as main ingredients has Kaphaghna and Medoghna effect due to Katu, Tikta, and Kashaya Rasa dominance. It helps in eliminating the vitiated Kapha which is mainly responsible for increased sebum production and thus obstructing the ducts of the sebaceous glands. ...
Article
Full-text available
Introduction: Acne vulgaris has always been one of the most burning problems of the young population. Acne vulgaris like presentation in Ayurveda has been described as Shalmali thorn like eruptions on the face due to vitiation of Kapha, Vata, and Rakta under the heading of Mukhadushika. Very less scientific data is available depicting the effect of Ayurvedic intervention in such cases. Main Clinical Finding: Present case reports a 26 years old female having multiple acne for the past 6 months. She had papules and pustule with itching, pain, and blackish spots on cheeks. Diagnosis: Condition was diagnosed as Acne vulgaris (Ayurvedic diagnosis – Pitta-Kapha dominant Tridoshika Mukhadushika). Interventions: The patient was treated with Kaishor Guggulu, Raktaprasadakahima, and the local application of Terminalia arjuna powder mixed with honey daily for 1 month. Outcome: The patient had relief in all the symptoms after 15 days of treatment with no new eruptions. Complete remission of the disease was observed after 1 month of treatment with the improved skin condition. Conclusion: This case study demonstrates the potential and usefulness of Ayurveda in the management of acne vulgaris.
... It is used as an efficient blood purifier and hence is extensively used against blood, skin, and urinary diseases. It remained a potent drug for obstinate skin diseases, erysipelas, leucoderma in Ayurveda (Meena and Chaudhary 2015). The root is alterative astringent and tonic. ...
Chapter
Full-text available
Rubia manjithRoxb. ex Fleming: Rubia cordifolia var. khasiana G.Watt; Rubia cordifolia var. munjista (Roxb.) Miq.; Rubia cordifolia f. tetramera Makino
... It is used as an efficient blood purifier and hence is extensively used against blood, skin, and urinary diseases. It remained a potent drug for obstinate skin diseases, erysipelas, leucoderma in Ayurveda (Meena and Chaudhary 2015). The root is alterative astringent and tonic. ...
... Rubia cordifolia Linn. is a well-known medicinal plant which is used for the treatment of various ailments in the Ayurvedic system and is commonly known as Indian madder, Manjishtha, belonging to the family Rubiaceae (Devi Priya & Siril, 2014). R. cordifolia has been reported as an efficient blood purifier, widely used for blood disorders (Meena, 2015). It has antigenotoxic, anticancer and antitumor activities (Shoemaker, Hamilton, Dairkee, Cohen, & Campbell, 2005) and also anti-inflammatory (Kasture, Kasture, & Chopde, 2001), immunomodulatory (Tripathi, Chitra, Sheikh, Mohale, & Dewan, 2010) and hepatoprotective (Rao, Rao, Pushpangadan, & Shirwaikar, 2006) activities. ...
Article
Polymerization of Hemoglobin S is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in sickle cell disease, which leads to sickling and destruction of Red Blood Cell. Alizarin a bioactive compound from Rubia cordifolia is reported blood purifier. The present study investigates the potential of alizarin as an anti-sickling agent showing a significant decrease in the rate of polymerization, therefore inhibiting the rate of sickling with increasing concentration. Interaction studies indicated that the fluorescence intensity of Hb S decreases gradually with increasing alizarin concentration. This suggests the static quenching, where binding constant and the number of binding sites were deduced a different temperature. The negative values of Gibbs energy change (ΔG⁰) strongly suggest that it is entropy driven spontaneous and exothermic reaction. Negative enthalpy (ΔH⁰) and positive entropy (ΔS⁰) stipulated that hydrogen and hydrophobic bonding forces were in interfering in a hydrophobic micro-environment of β6Val leading to Hb S polymerization inhibition. In CD spectra, Hb S in the presence of alizarin shows helical structural changes leading to destabilization of Hb S polymer. These findings were also supported by molecular docking simulation studies using DOCK6 and GROMACS. So, from these findings, we may conclude that alizarin interacts with Hb S through hydrogen bonding, and leading to inhibition of Hb S polymerization. Consequently, alizarin may have potential use as an anti-sickle cell medication for sickle cell disorder.
... This plant is reported to have medicinal properties like anti-acne, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). ...
Article
Full-text available
Aswagandharishtam is classical medicine for diseases pertaining to nervous system and digestive system prepared by a number of plants and plant parts. The present work is to know the types of biomolecules present in it by GC MS analysis. Aswagandharishtam was procured from standard Ayurvedic outlet and was subjected to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry after due processing.The GC MS analysis of Aswagandharishtam has shown some promising molecules like Prostaglandin A2, Cholesterol, Piperine, Gentamicin a, d-Mannose, Eugenol, Pipradrol among others, which have activities similar to that of Aswagadharistham. This is a preliminary report where some clue about the various types of biomolecules present in Aswagandharishtam was obtained. Further work is on to prove the efficacy of this medicine by other parameters. Published by Oriental Scientific Publishing Company.
Chapter
Full-text available
Natural products and plant components have been in use since ancient times as topical applications for their wound healing potential. Wound care continues to evolve with upcoming medical advancements, but there are still many barriers in the research of the best wound healing agent and the dressing material that wound care practitioners encounter. When multidrug-resistant microbial species such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus evolved and modern pharmaceutical technologies unsuccessful, wound care practitioners reworked the old healing approaches using complementary and alternative wound care remedies. There has been a rising awareness in the users with a positive understanding of traditional and alternative medicines. The idea of traditional care and related formulations for wound care was well known and this approach has been introduced into the mainstream to improve the healing of wounds. Numerous studies have been published using herbal and traditional approaches from different parts of the world for wound care and management. For instance, turmeric, aloe, cannabis, Picrorhiza kurroa, Shorea robusta, garlic, and honey have been used to great results in wound care treatment. Owing to their multidimensional activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and painkiller effects, natural compounds like curcumin, oleo gum resin of sal, picrosides, and many flavonoids have been reported to act effectively in the treatment of skin wounds and scar management. The therapeutic efficacy of these compounds has been established in various in vitro and in vivo studies using both animal and human models, evidenced from different research reports in the literature. Integration of traditional medicines and practices with the conventional treatment options for wound healing offers new solutions for skin disorders, enhances access to medical care and resolve other limitations associated with modern drugs and therapeutics, such as high costs, long manufacturing times and increasing resistance to bacteria. This article highlights overall therapeutic aspects of wound management from ancient times to modern science with a wide range of attention to recover the wound healing practices. This article also focuses on the factors affecting mainstreaming of herbal and traditional drugs like developmental issues and validation along with the safety and efficacy related factors to put forth important future aspects.
Article
Full-text available
Rubia cordifolia, Linn; Indian Manjishtha was studied for the anti-inflammatory effect in rats with carrageenan paw edema. The plant showed significant anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 10 and 20 ml/-kg of the water extracts. The activity was comparable to that of phenylbutazone (100 mg/kg). No such activity was observed with Rubia tinctorum- the Iranian variety of Manjishtha.
Article
Full-text available
The study attempted to explore the antibacterial properties of Rubia cordifolia, a medicinal plant known for its healing values for wounds, skin infections, gynaecological disorders and urinary problems, against ESBL (Extended Spectrum ß-Lactamase) producing urinary E.coli. Ethanolic extract of the plant, with 7.5% yield was obtained by soxhlet extraction of 20g dried powder in 70% ethanol. Different E.coli strains were isolated from urine samples collected from patients attending tertiary care hospital using standard methods. All the isolates were tested for different antibiotics and screened for their ESBL production based on NCCLS guidelines. Total 7 different ESBL producing E.coli were obtained. All the seven isolates were tested against the ethanolic extract of Rubia cordifolia using Kirby Bauer method and were found to be inhibited variably by the extract. Thus, the findings are suggestive of inhibitory properties of ethanolic extract of R. cordifolia against ESBL producing E.coli. The plant could be a potential candidate as an alternative antibacterial agent to combat the invasion of drug resistant organisms. However, further studies and optimizations could establish scientifically validated process and product to harness the beneficial effects of Rubia cordifolia.
Book
Full-text available
Monographs on 1. Caesalpinia sappan Linn. (Heart wood), p.37-46. 2. Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. (Rhizome), p.67-77. 3. Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K. Schum (Fruit), p.86-93. 4. Garcinia indica Choisy (Fruit), p.123-132. 5. Illicium griffithii Hook. f. & Thoms. (Fruit), p.142-151. 6. Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. (Flower), p.181-189. 7. Nymphaea pubescens Willd. (Flower), p.190-197. 8. Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.F. Wight. (Pod), p.235-241. 9. Solanum villosum Mill. Ssp. villosum Edmonds (Whole plant), p.266-277. 10. Tamarindus indica Linn. (Fruit pulp), p.304-309. 11. Vernonia conyzoides DC. (Whole plant), p.310-320.
Article
Full-text available
Objective: To evaluate the in vivo antioxidant activity of alcoholic extract of the roots of Rubia cordifolia Linn. (RC) and to study its influence on ethanol-induced impairment of immune responses. Methods: The ethanol-treated (2 g/kg, 20% w/v, p.o., daily for four weeks) rats concurrently received either RC or a combination of vitamin E and C (each 100 mg/kg, p.o.) daily for the same period. The parameters like phagocytosis, total leukocyte count (TLC), humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were assessed. Results: Chronic administration of ethanol decreased the humoral and cell-mediated immune response, phagocytosis, phagocytosis index, TLC, GSH, CAT and SOD activities and increased the LPO. These influences of ethanol were prevented by concurrent daily administration of RC and the effect was comparable with that of the combination of vitamin E and C. Conclusion: The ethanol-induced immunosuppression is due to oxidative stress and Rubia cordifolia can prevent the same by virtue of its in vivo antioxidant property.
Book
Concentration on renewable resources, sustainability and replacement of oil based products are driving forces to reassess the potential of natural resources including natural colorants. The growing consumer interest in purchasing "green" products, which exhibit an improved environmental profile, can be seen as the break-through force needed to reintroduce natural colorants into the modern markets. Written by scientists with specialised knowledge in the field, Handbook of Natural Colorants provides a unique source of information, summarising the present knowledge of natural colorants in depth. Supporting researchers in this emerging field of sustainable chemistry, it provides easy access to the theory and practice of natural colorants from different viewpoints, including agricultural, economic and legislative aspects. Topics covered include: History of coloration technology.Present position of natural colorants.Regional plant source availability. Specific application techniques. Chemical properties that professional dyers and chemists have to consider Agricultural sourcing of dyes with an emphasis on renewable resources.Discussions on energy and material balance issues arising from the sourcing of materials. Production aspects of colorants, leading on to the key applications. Environmental and economic aspects. Also included are the pros and cons of natural dyestuffs, presenting some promising results and evaluating the potential use of vegetable dyes as alternatives to chemical-based ones with a focus on green chemistry.
Article
Acne vulgaris (acne) is probably the most common dermatological complaint in the U.S. Acne has a range of presentations and manifestations, thus apparently comprising many disease states. Although acne is not an infectious disease, specimens of bacteria such as Propionibacterium acnes, Propionibacterium granulosum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis can be obtained for culture from the eruptions of acne. Other common associations of acne include hormonal imbalances and follicular hyperkeratinization. Therapies for acne are varied. The most cost-effective treatment option is benzoyl peroxide; for comedonal acne, the most effective therapy consists of retinoids. Isotretinoin remains the most potent therapy. Other treatments include oral and topical antibiotics, topical sulfur agents, topical azelaic acid, and oral contraceptives.
Article
The antibacteria properties of Indian medicinal plant extracts of syzygium alternifolium, phyllanthus niruri and rubia cord folia against six bacteria strains (Escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella Pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and proteus vulgaris have been studies, Chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts were prepared sequentially from leaves fo Syzygium, phyllanthus and Rubia plants, it was observed that methanol and ethanolic extracts fo Synygium have significant activity against gram positive bacteria. Klebsiella pneumonia and proteus vulgaris were more sensitive to the extracts of phyllanthus niruri and Rubia cordifolia respectively.