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Anti-ulcer activity of Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa seeds in ulcer-induced rats

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The aim of this research is to determine the antiulcer properties and percentage protection of Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa seed samples towards ulcer-induced Sprague dawley rats. Rats were divided into six groups each for each ulceration method and fed with distilled water, Omeprazole, H. cannabinus seed oil (HCSO), H. cannabinus seed extract (HCSE), H. sabdariffa seed oil (HSSO) and H. sabdariffa seed extract (HSSE), respectively via oral administration. Among the two plants tested, H. cannabinus showed the best protection percentage towards ethanol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cold restrain stress induced ulcers. H. cannabinus seed extract (HSSE) exhibited an exceptionally high ulcer protection of 74.98 ± 0.78% against NSAIDs induced ulcer. The gastric lesions were controlled primarily by both mucosal protection and acid inhibition. In conclusion, addition of these seeds to the daily diet may reduce free radical activity in the body and reduce the risk of developing peptic ulcer disease.
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*Corresponding author.
Email: nyamkl@ucsiuniversity.edu.my
Tel: +603-91018880; Fax: +603-91022614
International Food Research Journal 23(3): 1164-1172 (2016)
Journal homepage: http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my
1*Nyam, K.L., 1Tang, J. L. K. and 2Long, K.
1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences,
UCSI University, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2Malaysian Agricultural Research & Development Institute (MARDI)
PO Box 12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur
Anti-ulcer activity of Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa seeds in
ulcer-induced rats
Abstract
The aim of this research is to determine the antiulcer properties and percentage protection of
Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa seed samples towards ulcer-induced Sprague
dawley rats. Rats were divided into six groups each for each ulceration method and fed with
distilled water, Omeprazole, H. cannabinus seed oil (HCSO), H. cannabinus seed extract
(HCSE), H. sabdariffa seed oil (HSSO) and H. sabdariffa seed extract (HSSE), respectively
via oral administration. Among the two plants tested, H. cannabinus showed the best protection
percentage towards ethanol, non-steroidal anti-inammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cold restrain
stress induced ulcers. H. cannabinus seed extract (HSSE) exhibited an exceptionally high ulcer
protection of 74.98 ± 0.78% against NSAIDs induced ulcer. The gastric lesions were controlled
primarily by both mucosal protection and acid inhibition. In conclusion, addition of these seeds
to the daily diet may reduce free radical activity in the body and reduce the risk of developing
peptic ulcer disease.
Introduction
Approximately four million people worldwide
are affected by peptic ulcer disease (PUD) every year
due to the imbalance between the aggressive and
defensive factors (Zelickson et al., 2011). Around 10
to 20% of patients’ encountered complications while
10 to 40% are mortality cases (Lau et al., 2011). This
disease is considered common around the world and
therefore deserves more attention in controlling the
widespread of PUD. The ingestion of non-steroidal
anti-inammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Helicobacter
pylori (H. pylori) infection are two major factors that
increases the complications and risk of developing
PUD. Synthetic drugs for instance antacids, proton
pump inhibitors and histamine-2 blockers are
used to treat ulceration. However, the side effects
are unavoidable such as diarrhoea, headache and
constipation (Srinivas et al., 2013). Despite this,
herbal medicine is still the mainstay of 75-80% of
population and is considered a better option as they
have fewer side effects, better compatibility with
the human body and thus, potential for new drugs
(Parekh et al., 2005).
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a warm-
season annual ber crop that has been commercially
cultivated in Asia, such as China, India, Malaysia
and Thailand (Liu, 2000). Many researches around
the globe have been focusing on the utilization of
H. cannabinus stems for papermaking and pulping
as it was an excellent cellulose ber source while
the potential for using H. cannabinus seeds as a
source of edible oil is overlooked. H. cannabinus
seed is high in oil content ranging from 21.4% to
26.4% (Nyam et al., 2009). The oil is very similar
to cotton seed oil. Edible oil is yield from seeds
of this plant and is used as rst-class cooking oil
and margarine production. This oil is nutritionally
benecial to health because of the abundant amount
of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids
available (Coetzee et al., 2008). The seed oil is edible
and can be kept for it has a long shelf life. Besides,
the oil is a rich source of bioactive compounds
lled with high antioxidative, anticancer and lipid
lowering cholesterol properties (Nyam et al., 2009).
It has been reported by Yazan et al. (2013) that H.
cannabinus seed oil was cytotoxic towards ovarian
cancer and colon cancer cell lines. Alpha-linolenic
acid (omega-3 fatty acid) was also found in the seed
which acts as a precursor of eicosanoids with anti-
inammatory and antithrombotic activity (Ruiz et
al., 2002). However, a higher antioxidant yield and
Keywords
Ethanol-induced ulcer
Non-steroidal anti-
inammatory drug
(NSAID)-induced ulcer
Cold-restraint stress induced
ulcer
Ulcer index
Gastric juice
Article history
Received: 21 May 2015
Received in revised form:
2 September 2015
Accepted: 21 September 2015
1165 Nyam et al./IFRJ 23(3):1164-1172
increased in antioxidant activity can be obtained
from H. cannabinus seed extract (HCSE) (Wong
et al., 2014) . The ndings of Lee et al. (2007)
indicated that ethanol extract of H. cannabinus may
produce promising anti-inammatory properties and
is capable of treating macrophage related diseases
for example septic shock, arteriosclerosis and
rheumatoid arthritis.
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a tropical wild
plant widely used in many countries as a medical
herb for its antioxidant, antibacterial (Oboh and
Elusiyan, 2004) and lipid-lowering properties (Faraji
and Tarkhani, 1999). Jadhavet et al. (2009) reported
that the leaves and owers promote hair growth and
aid in ulcer healing. H. sabdariffa seeds are used in
China for vegetable oil production, sauces and as
coffee substitute. H. sabdariffa seed oil (HSSO) is
composed of mainly oleic and linoleic fatty acids
(Mohamed et al., 2007). According to Lautenschlager
(2003), linoleic acid is commonly used for cosmetic
production. It moisturises the skin due to its high
penetrability, aids in healing dermatoses and
sunburns and may help in reducing acne lesions. It
has anti-inammatory effects, improves blood lipids
and lowers blood pressure. The therapeutic effect of
this extract will encourage its use in the treatment of
inammation. Lee et al. (2007) indicated that ethanol
extract of H. cannabinus may produce promising anti-
inammatory properties and is capable of treating
macrophage related diseases, for example septic
shock, arteriosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Plants like H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa are
regaining the attention of many researches due to
their many potential benets for human health and
prevention of diseases. This provides an alternative
strategy and offers a bright future in the development
of antiulcer drugs for the treatment of gastric
ulcer. The objectives of this study was to compare
the antiulcer properties of H. cannabinus seed oil
(HCSO), H. cannabinus seed extract (HCSE), H.
sabdariffa seed oil (HSSO) and H. sabdariffa seed
extract (HSSE) in ulcer induced Sprague dawley rats.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Ten kilograms of dried H. cannabinus seeds were
obtained from Malaysian Agricultural Research and
Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor,
Malaysia. Ten kilograms of H. sabdariffa seeds
were sourced from the Department of Agriculture
Plantation, Rembau, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Male Sprague dawley rats were obtained from the
institutional animal house of University Kebangsaan
Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia for the antiulcer study.
H. cannabinus (HCSE) and H. sabdariffa seed
extracts (HSSE) preparation
A 500 mL Scott bottle was prepared and lled with
80% ethanol to a total volume of 500 mL. A total of
50 g of grinded H. cannabinus seed was added to the
solvent, followed by ultrasonic extraction (Ultrasonic
Homogenizer Labsonic P, 400 W, Sartorius, AG)
for 30 min with a 5 min pulse duration period and
a 5 min pulse interval period. The extraction was
repeated for 3 cycles. The H. cannabinus seed extract
(HCSE) collected was centrifuged at 3500 rpm for
10 min. The supernatant of the kenaf seed extract
was collected and ltered; the pellet was discarded.
The ltered supernatant was subjected to rotary
evaporation (Rotavapor R-200, Buchi, Switzerland)
(Wong et al. 2014). The same extraction procedures
were repeated for H. sabdariffa seed to obtain H.
sabdariffa seed extract (HSSE).
H. cannabinus seed oil (HCSO) and H. sabdariffa
seed oil (HSSO) preparation
The HCSO were extracted from the seeds with
soxhlet extractor using hexane at 60 ºC for 3 hours.
The oil was then recovered by evaporating off the
solvent using rotary evaporator Model N-1 (Eyela,
Tokyo Rikakikal Co., Ltd., Japan) and residual
solvent was removed by ushing with 99.9% (Ng
et al. 2014). The above procedure was repeated to
obtain H. sabdariffa seed oil (HSSO) by replacing
H. cannabinus seed powder with H. sabdariffa seed
powder.
Evaluation of antiulcer activity
Experimental animals
All Sprague dawley rats weighing about 200-
250 g were housed in standard cages of three to a
cage. The animals were taken care under the standard
laboratory conditions with controlled lighting (12
hours light and dark cycles) and at room temperature
(25 ± 3ºC).
The animals were fed with meat-free rat and
mouse-diet from Speciality Feeds (Glen Forrest,
Western Australia) and have free access to water ad
libitum throughout the duration of the experiment.
Animals were allowed to acclimatise for two
weeks prior to experiment to ensure animals are in
a healthy state and to minimise the stress factors
cause by transportation of animals. All experimental
procedures were conducted after the approval of
the Faculty’s research ethics committee of UCSI
University, Cheras, Malaysia with the approval code
Nyam et al./IFRJ 23(3):1164-1172 1166
Proj-FAS-EC-13-038 and were in strict accordance to
the institutional animal ethical committee guidelines
for care and use of laboratory animals.
Experimental design
The animals were grouped into six groups
comprising of ve animals each. Food pellets were
withdrawn 24 hours before the start of the experiment
and while the animals had free access to water ad
libitum. The compositions of experimental treatments
were as shown in Table 1.
Ethanol-induced ulcer
After 24 hours of fasting, the animals were treated
with treatments as shown in Table 1. One hour after
the treatment, all six groups (n=5) of rats were orally
administered with 5 mL/kg of ethanol each according
to Robert (1979) with modications. After one hour,
the rats were euthanized with excess chloroform and
their stomachs were immediately excised and opened
along the greater curvature, cleared of residual matter
with saline and the inner surface was examined for
ulceration.
Non-steroidal anti-inammatory drug (NSAID)-
induced ulcer
The procedures were similar to that used in
ethanol induced ulceration except that the control
group (Group I) received indomethacin only. Lesions
were induced according to the method of Nawafor
et al. (2000) with modications. After 24 hours of
fasting, the animals were treated with treatments as
shown in Table 1. One hour after the treatment, all six
groups (n=5) of rats received indomethacin 100 mg/
kg orally. After four hours, the rats were euthanized
with excess chloroform and their stomachs were
immediately excised and opened along the greater
curvature, cleared of residual matter with saline and
the inner surface was examined for ulceration.
Cold-Restraint Stress Induced Ulcer
Four groups (Group I, II, III and IV) (n=5) of
rats were used. After 24 hours of fasting, Group
I (control) received distilled water (10 mL/kg),
Group II was given omeprazole (30 mg/kg), Groups
III and IV were fed with 500 mg/kg of HCSO and
HCSE (p.o), respectively. The method described by
Senay and Levine (1967) was adopted with slight
modications. One hour after treatment, gastric
ulceration was induced by immobilising the animals
in a closed cylindrical restrainer immersed vertically
up in a water bath of (18 ± 2)ºC to the xyphoid
level, in the presence of intense light for three hours
to induce stress ulcer. After three hours, the rats
were euthanized with excess chloroform and their
stomachs were immediately excised and opened
along the greater curvature, cleared of residual matter
with saline and the inner surface was examined for
ulceration.
Measurement of ulcer index
The average length (mm) of all lesions of each
Table 1. Effect of HCSO, HCSE, HSSO and HSSE on various parameters in ethanol induced,
indomethacin-induced, and cold restraint stress-induced gastric ulcer in rats
Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n=5). Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA followed by
Tukey test. Mean values at the same column with different superscript letters are signicantly different at
p < 0.05.
1167 Nyam et al./IFRJ 23(3):1164-1172
stomach were measured and classied into three
levels as shown in Table 1. The ulcer index (UI) was
determined as follows:
Ulcer index (UI) = 1 × (number of ulcers level I) + 2
× (number of ulcers level II) + 3 × (number of ulcers
level III)
Percentage of ulcer protection was calculated as
below (Navarrete et al. 1998):
% Protection = (Ulcer index Control - Ulcer index Test) × 100
Ulcer index Control
Determination of pH
Gastric juice (1 mL) was diluted with 1 mL
distilled water and was measured using a pH meter
(Dashputre and Naikwade, 2011).
Statistical analysis
All experiments were performed in triplicate,
unless stated otherwise. The results were expressed as
mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analyses
were performed by one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) followed by Tukey test. A p-value of
<0.05 was considered statistically signicant. The
statistical analyses were performed using Minitab
software, version 16.1.
Results and Discussion
Based on Table 1, the oral administration of
HCSO, HCSE, HSSO and HSSE demonstrated gastro
protective effects against gastric lesions induced by
ethanol. They showed signicant reduction in ulcer
index, as well as increased in protection from gastric
lesion. Rats fed with HCSO exhibited the highest
protection percentage of 54.54 ± 2.74% while HSSO
showed the lowest protection percentage of only
31.78 ± 3.83%.
All the four samples showed signicant (p <
0.05) antiulcer effect at the dose of 500 mg/kg per
oral dose. This may be due to the cytoprotective
effect of the samples via antioxidant effects. Ethanol
at a dose of 5 ml/kg, produced red coloration, sported
ulcer and severe gastric hemorrhagic erosions in the
control rat.
The development of the haemorrhagic lesions and
necrotic tissue injury as observed in may be caused
by stasis in gastric blood ow, in which gastric blood
ow cease. Alcohol is able to penetrate the gastric
mucosa rapidly, causing cell rupture and plasma
membrane damage thus the intracellular membrane
permeability to sodium and water was increased. The
stomach appears to be larger in size and was lled
with gastric contents. Besides, when an extreme
amount of calcium is accumulated in the intracellular,
this results in development of gastric mucosal injury
which led to cell death and exfoliation in the surface
epithelium (Raju et al., 2009). The direct damage of
gastric mucosal cells that resulted in the development
of free radicals and hyperoxidation of lipids would
increase the gastric lesions.
From this study, ethanol is known to be very
harmful to the stomach since the gastric mucosa was
affected by the disruption of protective barrier and
provoking prominent microvascular changes within a
few minutes after application (Moleiro et al., 2009).
Therefore, mucus secretion is vital in protecting
the gastric mucosa from gastric lesions. The results
clearly indicated a signicant cytoprotective and
gastric antiulcer activity of H. cannabinus and H.
sabdariffa. Flavonoids are among the cytoprotective
materials able to increase mucus, bicarbonate and
prostaglandin secretion, strengthening of gastric
mucosal barrier and scavenging of free radicals which
are very important in preventing ulcerative and erosive
lesions of gastrointestinal tract (Sachin and Archana,
2009). The results of the present study suggested that
HCSO may be benecial in the treatment of gastric
lesions. The effectiveness of HCSO in preventing
peptic ulcer was further investigated in non-steroidal
anti-inammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induced ulcer and
cold restraint water immersion stress induced ulcer.
Based on Figure 1 (A), severe injuries are seen
in the gastric mucosa. Ethanol produced extensive
visible hemorrhagic necrosis of gastric mucosa. Rat
pre-treated with 10 ml/kg omeprazole (30 mg/kg)
had injuries of the gastric mucosa. However they
are milder compared to the injuries seen in negative
control rats (Figure 1 (B)). Mild injuries are seen in
the gastric mucosa of rat pre-treated with HCSO (500
mg/kg) and HCSE (500 mg/kg). The oil and extract
reduces the formation of gastric lesions induced by
acidied ethanol (Figure 1 (D)). Moderate injuries
are seen in the gastric mucosa of rat pre-treated with
HSSO (500 mg/kg). The oil was able to reduce the
formation of gastric lesions induced by acidied
ethanol (Figure 1 (E)). Sported injuries are seen in
the gastric mucosa, but they are milder compared to
the injuries seen in negative control rats when pre-
treated with 500 mg/kg of HSSE (Figure 1 (F)).
The gastric pH of rats that treated with omeprazole
(positive control) at 30 mg/kg was 8.29 ± 0.77,
slightly higher compared to the Group I (negative
control). While the rats treated with HSSE showed
the lowest gastric pH of only 4.12 ± 0.35 (Table 1).
From Table 1, the rats that pre-treated with HCSO
Nyam et al./IFRJ 23(3):1164-1172 1168
and HSSO had gastric pH of 6.79 ± 0.23 and 6.78 ±
0.53, respectively, which was nearer to neutral (pH
7).
Non-steroidal anti-inammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
induced ulcer
In this study, HCSO and HCSE were able to
produce a signicant reduction in gastric mucosal
damage induced by indomethacin, indicating a
possible increase of prostaglandin synthesis. The
analgesic effect of NSAIDs has caused NSAID
induced ulcer to be painless, thus endangering
consumers. They are usually prescribed as pain killers
to soothe headaches, sprains and arthritis symptoms.
The protective action of HCSE against
indomethacin induced gastric lesions may be due to
5-lipoxygenase inhibitory effect of cyclooxygenase
(Rainsford, 1987). Besides, it may have stimulated
prostaglandin secretion or produce prostaglandins
like substances to protect the stomach. Omeprazole
was incorporated into the study to examine the
participation of proton pump inhibitor on NSAIDs
induced ulceration. The signicant percentage of
protection of gastric ulcer in the rats pre-treated with
HCSE was compatible with omeprazole, the standard
drug used in this experiment to cure ulcer. The acidity
of gastric content in rats treated with HCSO, HCSE,
HSSO and HSSE were higher compared to negative
control group (Table 1).
The gross appearances of excised stomachs of
indomethacin induced gastric lesions are shown in
Figure 2. The lesions in the negative control group
stomach appeared as elongated bands of thick, black
coloured lesions with yellowish mucus. Mucus
secretion is vital in protecting the gastric mucosa
from gastric lesions. The ulcer lesions produced in
HCSE fed rats were not as prominent compared to
the other samples. Omeprazole, as a proton pump
inhibitor has been widely used by people around
the world as an acid inhibitor agent for managing
gastric acid secretion related disorders and protects
the stomach gastric mucosa (Li et al., 2004). The
mechanism of omeprazole works in a way that it is
able to bind very specically to a single subunit of
the gastric H+, K+-ATPase and inactivates it. This
inhibits the acid secretion despite of the source of
secretory stimulation. Omeprazole is very benecial
and effective for both long and short-term use in
treating peptic ulcer disease (AlRashdi et al., 2012).
HSSO portrayed the highest gastric pH of 4.47
± 0.21, followed by HCSO, HCSE and HSSE with
gastric pH of 3.81 ± 0.33, 3.33 ± 0.20 and 1.86 ±
0.12, respectively in comparison to negative control
(Group I) with the lowest pH (Table 1). The oils
Figure 1. Gross appearance of the gastric mucosa in
ethanol induced rats. (A) 10 mL/kg distilled water
(negative control). (B) Omeprazole (30 mg/kg). (C)
HCSO (500 mg/kg). (D). HCSE (500 mg/kg). (E). HSSO
(500 mg/kg). (F) HSSE (500 mg/kg)
Figure 2. Gross appearance of the gastric mucosa in
NSAIDs induced rats. (A) 10 mL/kg distilled water
(negative control). (B) Omeprazole (30 mg/kg). (C)
HCSO ( 500 mg/kg). (D) HCSE (500 mg/kg). (E) HSSO
(500 mg/kg). (F) HSSE (500 mg/kg)
1169 Nyam et al./IFRJ 23(3):1164-1172
and extracts showed protection against gastric
lesions produced by indomethacin. Omeprazole
also accelerates ulcer healing by reducing the acid
secretion thus pH of gastric juice increases. NSAID
such as indomethacin have the ability to cause gastro-
duodenal ulcer by reducing prostaglandin synthesis,
which is important for increasing blood ow,
secretion of mucus and bicarbonate and in inhibiting
the secretion of hydrochloric acid (Konturek et al.,
2005). Thus, the gastric juice pH for indomethacin
induced ulcer method was much lower compared to
ethanol induced ulcer method.
According to Figure 2 (A), rat pre-treated with
10 mL/kg distilled water (negative control) had
severe injuries in the gastric mucosa. Indomethacin
produced elongated bands of thick, black coloured
lesions with yellowish mucus. There are some red
dots seen on the gastric mucosa in rat pre-treated with
omeprazole (30 mg/kg) however, they were much
milder compared to the injuries seen in negative
control rats (Figure 4.2 (B)). Dotted erosions are seen
in rat fed with HCSO (500 mg/kg) (Figure 4.2 (C)).
Rat pre-treated with HCSE (500 mg/kg) showed mild
dotted lesions (Figure 4.2 (D)). Moderate injuries
are seen in rat pre-treated with HSSO (500 mg/kg)
(Figure 4.2 (E)). For the rats pre-treated with 500
mg/kg HSSE, erosion injuries on the gastric mucosa
are milder compared to the injuries seen in negative
control rats (Figure 4.2 (F)).
Cold restraint water immersion stress induced ulcer
The cytoprotective activity of HCSO and
HCSE was examined on cold restrained water
immersion stress rats. This is because HCSO and
HCSE portrayed the best protection percentage in
ethanol induced ulceration and NSAID induced
ulceration, respectively. Cold restrained water
immersion stress provides both emotional stress
as well as physiological stress to the animals. It is
one of the best methods for inducing stress-induced
gastric lesions in rats. Some of the factors known to
play a role in inducing gastric lesions are by auto-
digestion of gastric mucosal barrier, accumulation of
hydrochloric acid and generation of oxygen derived
free radicals. Stress-related mucosal bleeding has
known to be the cause of morbidity and mortality
in critically ill patients (Metz 2004). Therefore,
necessary prevention steps are important to avoid
stress-related ulceration. Arakawa et al. (1997) stated
that stress causes increases in plasma norepinephrine
and epinephrine levels, whereas stress-induced
syndromes are reduced by inhibitors of adrenaline
receptors or sympathetic nerve excitation.
Cold restrained water immersion stress produced
visible gastric lesions in all rats after three hours
as anticipated. In the cold restraint stress induced
gastric ulcer rats, a signicant reduction (14.00 ±
1.00 and 15.00 ± 1.00) in ulcer index was observed
in rats treated with 500 mg/kg of HCSO and HCSE
in comparison with negative control group (Group
I) (Table 1). The average ulcer index in negative
control group (Group I) was very high (35.33 ± 2.52).
The ulcers produced are most likely mediated by
production of histamine followed by acid secretion
and reduction in mucus production. The blood ow
reduces drastically in cold stress immobilisation
leading to local hypoxia and ischemia (Hase and
Moss, 1973). Lesions observed were clearly visible
and were spread throughout the stomach area. The
percentages of protection against ulcer were 60.38 ±
0.33, 57.54 ± 0.38 and 95.33 ± 1.44 for groups treated
with HCSO, HCSE and omeprazole, respectively.
Thus, omeprazole had more antiulcer effect in cold
restrained water immersion stress induced rats
followed by HCSO and HCSE.
According to Table 1, animal treated with
omeprazole portrayed the highest gastric pH of 6.74
± 0.22, followed by HCSE and HCSO with gastric
pH of 4.83 ± 0.33, 3.52 ± 0.33, respectively in
comparison to negative control (Group I) with the
lowest pH (Table 1). There is a correlation between
pH and % protection as shown in Table 1. As gastric
pH increases, % protection increases. The blood ow
may decline when stress is present and this would
enhance the production of certain substance present
in the stomach such as acid, bile and pepsin. Thus,
the gastric pH dropped due to the over production
of gastric acid and this would cause gastro-duodenal
Figure 3. Macromorphological presentation of the gastric
mucosa in cold restraint water immersion stress induced
ulcer in rats. (A) 10 mL/kg distilled water (negative
control). (B) Omeprazole (30 mg/kg). (C) HCSO (500 mg/
kg). (D) HCSE (500 mg/kg)
Nyam et al./IFRJ 23(3):1164-1172 1170
ulceration. Rats fed with omeprazole (Group II)
portrayed a signicant (p < 0.05) increase in gastric pH
of 6.74 ± 0.22 and increase in protection percentage
of 95.33 ± 1.44 compared to negative control group.
Results showed that rats pre-treated with HCSO
and HCSE before stressing had signicantly reduced
in ulcer index compared to rats pre-treated with
distilled water (negative control, Group I). It was
observed that the protection of gastric mucosa was
more prominent in rats pre-treated with 500 mg/
kg HCSO as demonstrated in Table 1. The plant
oil and extracts are used to stimulate the mucosal
defence mechanism of the stomach by increasing the
amount of mucus production to protect and facilitate
in repairing of damaged epithelial cells (Goel and
Sairam, 2002). HCSO signicantly acts as a rst
line defence against cold restraint stress-induced
gastric ulcers by showing cytoprotective property.
There may be some antioxidant properties present in
HCSO that provides some protection towards the rats
induced with cold restrained water immersion stress.
Rats fed with omeprazole (Group II) showed
a signicantly (p < 0.05) lower ulcer index (1.67
± 0.58) compared to negative control group. As
according to Brzozowaski et al. (2000), proton pump
inhibitors and histamine H2-receptor antagonists are
known for speeding up the healing process of gastric
lesions and in inhibiting mucosal injury. Therefore,
gastric ulcer was signicantly inhibited showing a
protection percentage of 95.33 ± 1.44. The stomach
surface remained pink, showing there was neither
inammation nor bleeding (Figure 3). The pH of
gastric contents in HCSO was signicantly lower
compared with HCSE (pH 3.52 ± 0.33 vs. pH 4.83
± 0.33). Omeprazole showed the highest gastric pH
of 6.74 ± 0.22. The auto digestion of gastric mucosal
barrier caused by the overproduction and build-up
of gastric acid is known to be the most important
reason for the formation of gastric lesions caused by
stress (Sairam et al., 2003). This decreases the gastric
mucus in reducing the mucosal damage of stomach.
Apart from that, the gastric acid secretion plays an
important role in the progression from an erosive
mucus layer to a gastric lesion.
The protective activity against cold restraint
stress may be due to the antioxidant activity present
in HCSO, which helps in strengthening the rats’
physiological competence to reduce stress induced
ulcers. The results obtained indicate that the HCSO
had the ability to maintain the cell membrane integrity,
to protect the gastric mucosa against oxidative
damage and to strengthen the mucosal barrier, which
acts as the rst line defense against ulcer agents. The
diagrams in Figure 3 show the excised stomach of
respective groups and the severity of ulcer on the
lining.
Figure 4.3 shows that the (A) Rat pretreated
with 10 mL/kg distilled water (negative control)
suffered from severe injuries in the gastric mucosa.
Cold restrained water immersion stress produced
brownish-black coloured lesions with mucus. Not
much gastric ulcer was formed in rat pre-treated
with 10 ml/kg omeprazole (30 mg/kg) however,
there were a few small dots on the surface of the
stomach [Figure 4.3 (B)]. Dotted erosions are seen
in the gastric mucosa of rat pre-treated with HCSO
(500 mg/kg) and HCSE (Figure 4.3 (C) and 4.4 (D)).
HCSO and HCSE reduced the formation of gastric
lesions induced by cold restrained water immersion
stress.
Conclusion
Both plant (H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa)
seed oils and extracts reduced the ulcer index and
increased percentage of protection against ulceration,
suggesting their role in protecting against gastric
ulcer. This suggests the potential of H. cannabinus
and H. sabdariffa in strengthening the stomach
defense against inammation and further progress to
gastric ulcer. All samples showed protective activity
against ethanol, NSAIDs and cold restrain induced
ulcer activities. However, H. cannabinus samples
produced better protection against ulcer compared
to H. sabdariffa samples. HCSO showed the highest
protection against ethanol and cold restrained stress
ulcer, whereas HCSE exhibited the highest protection
against NSAID ulcers. Hence, this result has revealed
that H. cannabinus seed is a superior potential of an
antiulcer agent.
Acknowledgement
Financial support of this work by internal funding
from CERVIE UCSI University (Proj-In-FAS-022) is
gratefully acknowledged.
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... As a result, the discoveries supported the use of kenaf seed oil as a natural anti-cancer agent. On the other hand, Nyam et al. (2016) [49] ; Chong et al. (2018) [75] in their research determined kenaf seed oil in water Nano emulsion's potential to scavenge radicals free in the body of human and reduce the risk of developing peptic ulcer illness. Phenolic chemicals have been shown to limit nitric oxide activity, which enhances pathological and physiological responses for example chronic irritation (Joseph et al., 2009;Kim et al., 2014) [76,38] . ...
... As a result, the discoveries supported the use of kenaf seed oil as a natural anti-cancer agent. On the other hand, Nyam et al. (2016) [49] ; Chong et al. (2018) [75] in their research determined kenaf seed oil in water Nano emulsion's potential to scavenge radicals free in the body of human and reduce the risk of developing peptic ulcer illness. Phenolic chemicals have been shown to limit nitric oxide activity, which enhances pathological and physiological responses for example chronic irritation (Joseph et al., 2009;Kim et al., 2014) [76,38] . ...
... As a result, it established a substantial link between oxidative stress and hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, phyto-sterol aids in the reduction of triglycerides in the body, the rise of high density lipo-protein, and the prevention of dietary cholesterol absorption. In ulcer-induced rats, Nyam et al. (2016) [49] evaluated the antiulcer efficacy of rossele and kenaf seed oil. Treatment with oil of kenaf seeds (500 mg/kg) provided 54.5% protection in induced ethanol ulcer mice's, 75.0% ...
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Kenaf plant is a valuable industrial crop from Malvaceae family. It's considered as dual purpose crop, in which its best and core fibers used in paper, pulp industry and livestock feed. Recently, kenaf seeds and leaves used in medicine because of their beneficial chemical composition that include phenolic compounds, antioxidants, phytosterols, fatty acids, steroid, flavonoid and kaempferol which have many health benefits. Therefore, this review aims in determining possible medicinal uses of kenaf seeds and leaves. The oil of kenaf seeds were reported by several studies which used as anti-oxidant activity, anti-cancer activity, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic activity and anti-hyper-cholesterolemic activity. As well as, kenaf leaves can be used as freshly or dried leaves as tea for treating blood, bilious, coughs, diabetes, throat problems and lowering blood pressure. Kenaf leave extract can also be used in cosmetic as lotion for skin as anti-aging, dryness of skin, pigmentation, skin whitening and hair damage. Kenaf seeds and leaves have other uses including biofuel, lubricants, edible oil, making breads, cakes, etc. There are few researches on kenaf leaves furthermore studies is required for examining kenaf leaves health impacts. Introduction Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a seasonal herbaceous plant, which belongs to the family Malvaceae. Cultivated broadly in Asia and Africa, that mostly cultivates in tropical and temperate regions (Zhao et al., 2014) [73]. Ramesh (2016) [56] who reported that in the United States agriculture department determined kenaf as a high potential crop for use as a source of fiber in pulp and paper industry. Ayadi et al. (2017) [9] defined kenaf as a substitute crop which might be a sustainable cellulose supply, and environmentally friendly and economically practical. Therefore, kenaf plant is sowed for its fiber, but its leaves and seeds that have been used in traditional medicine in Africa and India for a variety of diseases. As well as, kenaf is a major ligno-cellulosic feedstock for production of bioenergy. Chu et al. (2021) [18] who declared that derivatives of kenaf such as leaves and seeds were institute to exhibit high bio-active chemicals and prospective effect of skin whitening, indicating its potential for cosmetic submissions. Kenaf seeds and leaves might be situated as promising source of bio-active chemicals and phytonutrient. Since, a study conducted by Sim and Nyam (2019) [61] reported about the phrase "return to nature" have been widely employed in cosmetic industry, utilization of botanical extracts resulted in consumer acceptability. KLE (kenaf leaves extract) showed promising anti-oxidant and anti-tyrosinase capabilities, and it has the potential to be exploited as an added value to component in creation products for cosmetic. It's critical to produce safe and stable formulation incorporating KLE, since it includes a high concentration of polyphenol chemicals that have been shown to have skin whitening and anti-aging characteristics (Garbossa and Maia, 2016) [24]. In addition, (WHO) World health organization (2019) [69] reports according to one study approximately 80 % of the people in the world populations utilizes herbal plants to treat human illnesses. Ryu et al. (2017) [58] indicated that kenaf is an active plant biologically, were its seeds and leaves had extensive pharmacological submissions for example anti-oxidant and anti-infammatory activities. Earlier, extracted cellulose from kenaf was used to produce AgNPs, the sucrose were utilized as a dropping agent and NPs showed strong anti-bacterial properties against E. coli (Reddy and Kim, 2016)
... As a result, the discoveries supported the use of kenaf seed oil as a natural anti-cancer agent. On the other hand, Nyam et al. (2016) [49] ; Chong et al. (2018) [75] in their research determined kenaf seed oil in water Nano emulsion's potential to scavenge radicals free in the body of human and reduce the risk of developing peptic ulcer illness. Phenolic chemicals have been shown to limit nitric oxide activity, which enhances pathological and physiological responses for example chronic irritation (Joseph et al., 2009;Kim et al., 2014) [76,38] . ...
... As a result, the discoveries supported the use of kenaf seed oil as a natural anti-cancer agent. On the other hand, Nyam et al. (2016) [49] ; Chong et al. (2018) [75] in their research determined kenaf seed oil in water Nano emulsion's potential to scavenge radicals free in the body of human and reduce the risk of developing peptic ulcer illness. Phenolic chemicals have been shown to limit nitric oxide activity, which enhances pathological and physiological responses for example chronic irritation (Joseph et al., 2009;Kim et al., 2014) [76,38] . ...
... As a result, it established a substantial link between oxidative stress and hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, phyto-sterol aids in the reduction of triglycerides in the body, the rise of high density lipo-protein, and the prevention of dietary cholesterol absorption. In ulcer-induced rats, Nyam et al. (2016) [49] evaluated the antiulcer efficacy of rossele and kenaf seed oil. Treatment with oil of kenaf seeds (500 mg/kg) provided 54.5% protection in induced ethanol ulcer mice's, 75.0% ...
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Kenaf plant is a valuable industrial crop from Malvaceae family. It's considered as dual purpose crop, in which its best and core fibers used in paper, pulp industry and livestock feed. Recently, kenaf seeds and leaves used in medicine because of their beneficial chemical composition that include phenolic compounds, antioxidants, phytosterols, fatty acids, steroid, flavonoid and kaempferol which have many health benefits. Therefore, this review aims in determining possible medicinal uses of kenaf seeds and leaves. The oil of kenaf seeds were reported by several studies which used as anti-oxidant activity, anti-cancer activity, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic activity and anti-hyper-cholesterolemic activity. As well as, kenaf leaves can be used as freshly or dried leaves as tea for treating blood, bilious, coughs, diabetes, throat problems and lowering blood pressure. Kenaf leave extract can also be used in cosmetic as lotion for skin as anti-aging, dryness of skin, pigmentation, skin whitening and hair damage. Kenaf seeds and leaves have other uses including biofuel, lubricants, edible oil, making breads, cakes, etc. There are few researches on kenaf leaves furthermore studies is required for examining kenaf leaves health impacts. Introduction Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a seasonal herbaceous plant, which belongs to the family Malvaceae. Cultivated broadly in Asia and Africa, that mostly cultivates in tropical and temperate regions (Zhao et al., 2014) [73]. Ramesh (2016) [56] who reported that in the United States agriculture department determined kenaf as a high potential crop for use as a source of fiber in pulp and paper industry. Ayadi et al. (2017) [9] defined kenaf as a substitute crop which might be a sustainable cellulose supply, and environmentally friendly and economically practical. Therefore, kenaf plant is sowed for its fiber, but its leaves and seeds that have been used in traditional medicine in Africa and India for a variety of diseases. As well as, kenaf is a major ligno-cellulosic feedstock for production of bioenergy. Chu et al. (2021) [18] who declared that derivatives of kenaf such as leaves and seeds were institute to exhibit high bio-active chemicals and prospective effect of skin whitening, indicating its potential for cosmetic submissions. Kenaf seeds and leaves might be situated as promising source of bio-active chemicals and phytonutrient. Since, a study conducted by Sim and Nyam (2019) [61] reported about the phrase "return to nature" have been widely employed in cosmetic industry, utilization of botanical extracts resulted in consumer acceptability. KLE (kenaf leaves extract) showed promising anti-oxidant and anti-tyrosinase capabilities, and it has the potential to be exploited as an added value to component in creation products for cosmetic. It's critical to produce safe and stable formulation incorporating KLE, since it includes a high concentration of polyphenol chemicals that have been shown to have skin whitening and anti-aging characteristics (Garbossa and Maia, 2016) [24]. In addition, (WHO) World health organization (2019) [69] reports according to one study approximately 80 % of the people in the world populations utilizes herbal plants to treat human illnesses. Ryu et al. (2017) [58] indicated that kenaf is an active plant biologically, were its seeds and leaves had extensive pharmacological submissions for example anti-oxidant and anti-infammatory activities. Earlier, extracted cellulose from kenaf was used to produce AgNPs, the sucrose were utilized as a dropping agent and NPs showed strong anti-bacterial properties against E. coli (Reddy and Kim, 2016)
... At high doses, AEHSC provided almost the same ulcer protection as the conventional antiulcer drug used. This agrees with the findings of Nyam et al., [35] in a study using seed oil and seed extracts of both H. sabdariffa and Hibiscus cannabinus on different ulcer models. Furthermore, as demonstrated by Alqasoumi, Al-dosari [28] that ethanolic extract of HS reduces gastric acid secretion and increases the production of gastric wall mucus; AEHSC in the present study might have prevented the development of NSAID-induced gastric ulcer by the similar mechanisms because increased mucus secretion was observed in histologic slides of gastric tissues of rats treated with AEHSC compared with control. ...
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... Synthetic drugs such as proton pump inhibitors, antacids (aluminium hydroxide and magnesium trisilicate), histamine-H2-receptor blockers (cimetidine and ranitidine), proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole and lansoprazole), cytoprotective agents (sucralfate and the prostaglandin analogue misoprostol), muscarinic antagonists (pirenzepine), and antimicrobial agents (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) are commonly used for treatment of peptic ulcer disease [7], [8]. However, these drugs have numerous side effects such as diarrhoea, headache, constipation, arrhythmia, hypomagnesemia, hypersensitivity, impotence and gynecomastia [9], [10]. Additionally, some of these drugs are expensive [11]. ...
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Peptic ulcer disease is a gastrointestinal disorder of high mortality and morbidity. Therapy of this disease condition with conventional drugs presents therapeutic challenge due to incidents of unwanted side effects, and the high cost of these medications. The use of products from natural sources will provide useful alternatives due to their minimal side effects, being inexpensive, and readily available, especially in resource-challenged nations of the continent of Africa and other developing economies. Oils derived from plants are increasingly being used in management of several disease conditions. This study aims at evaluating the antiulcer activity of extra virgin avocado oil in rodents using ethanol-induced, and indomethacin-induced ulcer models. Test group was given extra virgin avocado oil (1ml per 250g weight) for 7 days before induction of ulcer. Positive controls received omeprazole 30 mg/kg, while negative control animals were given distilled water (10ml/kg) for 7 days respectively, before induction of ulcer. The stomachs were excised and their histopathological examinations carried out. Avocado oil significantly reduced the ulcer index in both models when compared to the negative control group, and histopathological findings corroborate that the oil ameliorates ulcerations in both models. The present study has demonstrated that extra virgin avocado oil possesses significant antiulcer activity.
... Synthetic drugs such as proton pump inhibitors, antacids (aluminium hydroxide and magnesium trisilicate), histamine-H2-receptor blockers (cimetidine and ranitidine), proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole and lansoprazole), cytoprotective agents (sucralfate and the prostaglandin analogue misoprostol), muscarinic antagonists (pirenzepine), and antimicrobial agents (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) are commonly used for treatment of peptic ulcer disease [7], [8]. However, these drugs have numerous side effects such as diarrhoea, headache, constipation, arrhythmia, hypomagnesemia, hypersensitivity, impotence and gynecomastia [9], [10]. Additionally, some of these drugs are expensive [11]. ...
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ABSTRACT Peptic ulcer disease is a gastrointestinal disorder of high mortality and morbidity. Therapy of this disease condition with conventional drugs presents therapeutic challenge due to incidents of unwanted side effects, and the high cost of these medications. The use of products from natural sources will provide useful alternatives due to their minimal side effects, being inexpensive, and readily available, especially in resource-challenged nations of the continent of Africa and other developing economies. Oils derived from plants are increasingly being used in management of several disease conditions. This study aims at evaluating the antiulcer activity of extra virgin avocado oil in rodents using ethanol-induced, and indomethacin-induced ulcer models. Test group was given extra virgin avocado oil (1ml per 250g weight) for 7 days before induction of ulcer. Positive controls received omeprazole 30 mg/kg, while negative control animals were given distilled water (10ml/kg) for 7 days respectively, before induction of ulcer. The stomachs were excised and their histopathological examinations carried out. Avocado oil significantly reduced the ulcer index in both models when compared to the negative control group, and histopathological findings corroborate that the oil ameliorates ulcerations in both models. The present study has demonstrated that extra virgin avocado oil possesses significant antiulcer activity. Key words: Avocado oil, extra virgin, peptic ulcer disease, ulcer index.
... There is no study on RLE antiulcer activity. Nyam, Tang & Long (2016) studied showed that KSO showed better protection percentage towards ethanol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cold restrain stress induced ulcers than RSO. The KSE also exhibited an exceptionally high ulcer protection of 74.98 ± 0.78% against NSAIDs induced ulcer than RSE. ...
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The electronic database was searched up to July 2020, using keywords, kenaf and roselle, chemical constituents of kenaf and roselle, therapeutic uses of kenaf and roselle. Journals, books and conference proceedings were also searched. Investigations of pharmacological activities of kenaf revealed that this edible plant exhibits a broad range of therapeutic potential including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antityrosinase, anticancer, antihyperlipidemia, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. Kenaf also showed versatile utility as a functional ingredient in food, folk medicine, and animal nutritions, as well as in nanotechnology processes. The exploitation of underexploited kenaf by-products can be a significant part of waste management from an economic and environmental point of view. In addition, kenaf showed comparable nutritional, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties with Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle). This review has important implications for further investigations and applications of kenaf in food and pharmaceuticals industry.
... It is also use to treat male infertility and skin infection (Foyet et al., 2011). Studies has shown that H. asper leaves have anti-oxidative property (Lucian et al., 2014); also some other species of hibiscus possess antiulcerogenic effect (Nyam et al., 2016;Srivastava et al., 2013). This research was aimed at determining the antiulcer activity of methanol fraction of Hibiscus asper leaves on acidified ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. ...
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Hibiscus asper, a herb used in folklore medicine has demonstrated strong and diverse therapeutic potentials, such as, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-depressant, and widely used in the management of diseases. Despite the ethno-pharmacological value of this plant, no study has been conducted to evaluate its anti-ulcerogenic activity. Methanol fraction of Hibiscus asper leaves (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was used to investigate anti-ulcerogenic activity in acidified ethanol-induced ulceration model, whereas, Omeprazole was used as the standard drug; both were administered orally. Pre-treatment of rats with the plant fraction significantly inhibited development of gastric ulcers by oral administration of acidified-ethanol in a dose-dependent manner, presenting protection to ulceration of 46.6 % to 81 % as doses increased from 100 to 400 mg/kg. No significant difference was observed in gastric protection presented by Omeprazole pre-treated control group (87.6 %) and the fraction, at doses of 200 (76.3 %) and 400 mg/kg (81 %). More so, histological examination performed revealed that the gastric mucosa of rats pre-treated with fraction, exhibited reduced gastric lesions and sub-mucosal oedema relative to the positive control, which comparatively showed gastric mucosal protection. Therefore, the study suggests that Hibiscus asper might possess some protective and healing potentials in rats which might be due to the stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis.
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Objectives: In this study, we determined the gastroprotective and ulcer-healing effects of extracts (aqueous and methanolic) of Nauclea pobeguinii stem-back. Methods: Gastroprotective and healing activity were evaluated following a HCl/ethanol and an indomethacin-induced acute ulcers models; acetic acid, pylorus-ligature, pylorus ligature/histamine and pylorus ligature/acetylcholine-induced chronic ulcers models. Results: It emerges from this study that, at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, the extracts significantly reduced the various ulceration parameters. Compared to negative control male rats, the aqueous (100 mg/kg) and methanolic (400 mg/kg) extracts of Nauclea pobeguinii inhibited the ulcers induced by HCl/ethanol by 80.76 % and 100 % respectively, as well as ulcers induced by indomethacin by 88.28 % and 93.47 % respectively. Animals that received 200 mg/kg of both extracts showed a significant reduction in the levels of monocytes, lymphocytes, nitric oxide, MDA and a significant increase in the activities of SOD and catalase. Histological analysis showed repaired mucous epithelium at all doses of both extracts. Aqueous and methanol extracts inhibited ulceration indices by 89.33 % and 88.53 % for pylorus ligature, 83.81 % and 61.07 % for pylorus ligature/acetylcholine and 87.29 % and 99.63 % for pylorus ligature/histamine respectively. Both extracts protected the stomach lining with percentages inhibition of 79.49 % and 81.73 %, respectively in the ethanol test. The extracts induced a significant increase in mucus mass (p<0.001). Conclusions: The aqueous and methanol extracts of Nauclea pobeguinii healed ulcers thanks to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-secretory and cytoprotective properties.
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The methanol extract of the stem bark of Amphipterygium adstringens (Julianiaceae) showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Fractionation of this extract, guided by gastroprotective activity in rats, led to four active fractions rich in triterpenoid compounds. These fractions showed higher antiulcer activity than bismuth subsalicylate, used as a positive control. 3-Hydroxy-masticadienonic acid was isolated from the active fractions, however, this compound showed lower antiulcer activity than the positive control.
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Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil has high potential to be used as edible oil. Despite the high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, one of the major complications in commercialisation kenaf seed oil is its rapid oxidation, which leads to the production of undesirable toxic substances such as peroxides. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of total solids content (TSC) on the oxidative stability of microencapsulated kenaf seed oil (MKSO) and to compare its oxidative stability with bulk kenaf seed oil upon accelerated storage. Microcapsules with 20%, 30% and 40% total solids content were prepared. Physical properties, such as the emulsion characteristics and microcapsules characteristics were also studied. Results showed that bulk kenaf seed oil was oxidised to a greater extent compared to the microencapsulated samples. The results showed that 40% total solids content microcapsules had the lowest peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (AnV), total oxidation (TOTOX) value and free fatty acid (FFA) value, which were 3.70 ± 0.83 meq O2/kg oil, 16.12 ± 0.19, 23.52 ± 1.67 and 2.54 ± 0.06%, respectively. The microencapsulation of kenaf seed oil showed protective effect against lipid oxidation.
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The methanol extract of the stem bark of Amphipterygium adstringens (Julianiaceae) showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Fractionation of this extract, guided by gastroprotective activity in rats, led to four active fractions rich in triterpenoid compounds. These fractions showed higher antiulcer activity than bismuth subsalicylate, used as a positive control. 3α-Hydroxy- masticadienonic acid was isolated from the active fractions, however, this compound showed lower antiulcer activity than the positive control. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a fibre plant native to east-central Africa. The potential for using kenaf seeds as a source of edible oil is often overlooked when considering kenaf as a fibre and feed crop. The aim of this research was to study and compare the fatty acid composition and oil content of eight commercial kenaf varieties from various countries. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acid were the predominant fatty acids in all cultivars. Percentages of fatty acids varied greatly among different kenaf varieties. Gregg had the highest percentage of linoleic acid whilst El Salvador had the lowest. El Salvador had the highest percentage of oleic acid and Endora had the highest percentage of palmitic acid. Stearic acid and palmitic acid were positively correlated, as well as stearic and linoleic acid. Increasing stearic and linolenic acid and reducing palmitic acid at the same time therefore might be difficult through conventional breeding. The oil content was 19.84% on average and there was not much difference between the varieties. The relatively high oil content and the unique fatty acid composition, suggested that kenaf seed could be used as a source of edible oil. Kenaf oil can be considered nutritionally healthy because of the relatively high amount of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.