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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Abstract
This chapter describes the concept, electrochemical reactions, and fabrication of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The chapter initially describes how SOFC systems differ from other electrical devices and how they differ from other types of fuel cells; for example, they are all solid state (ceramics), run at high temperature and have the potential for directly running off hydrocarbon fuels. The chapter then studies the basic principles of the fuel cell, and describes each of the components in more detail (the anode, cathode, and electrolyte). The discussion then moves on to how single SOFC’s can be stacked in a number of ways, to form systems, and what the advantages and disadvantages of each is. Finally, the chapter discusses one such SOFC system in more detail, that of the microtubular SOFC. Here the chapter examines how these microtubes are made, what they are made from, and how they have the potential for running at low temperature for small applications such as auxiliary power units (APU), for example. The paper then concludes with some micro and macro-modeling on the microtubular SOFC, describing issues such as mass and thermal transport, the effect of altering a number of parameters, and how the modeling results compare to real data. The chapter concludes with some future directions on solid oxide fuel cells.
... Ion oksida hasil reduksi kemudian mengalir melalui komponen elektrolit untuk bereaksi dengan ion positif atau molekul bahan bakar di anode untuk menghasilkan air dan/atau CO 2 . Agar ion oksida dapat bergerak dalam material elektrolit dan reaksi katalitik berlangsung dengan cepat maka dibutuhkan suhu operasional yang sangat tinggi (1000 o C) (Alaswad, Baroutaji, Rezk, Ramadan, & Olabi, 2020;Sammes et al., 2012) Gambar 1. Prinsip Operasi SOFC (Alaswad et al., 2020) Terdapat 3 komponen utama penyusun SOFC yaitu, elektrolit dan elektrode (katode dan anode). ...
COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) has spread throughout the world. The need of power supply for hospitals are one of the concerns during pandemic. Power requirement can be fulfilled by SOFC through an electrochemical process to generate electricity. SOFC efficiency up to 85% which can be an alternative that providing an environmentally friendly (low emission) and efficient to generate electricity. SOFC components which fulfilled various aspects, are expected to produce good electrochemical performance in order to form high efficiency when combined with CHP, APU, or UPS to help overcoming the electricity supply in hospitals and health centre during the COVID-19 pandemic.
... Different fuel cells are classified based on the nature of the electrolyte [48,49], which enables transfer of ions between the electrodes while being electrically insulating. SOFCs are named after their solid, ceramic, oxide electrolyte which enables the conduction of oxygen ions at relatively elevated temperatures (typically, greater than 500 °C) [2,50]. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t SOFC electrodes (reproduced from [51]). ...
Electrode microstructure plays an important role in the performance of electrochemical energy devices including fuel cells and batteries. Building a clear understanding of how the performance is affected by the electrode microstructure is necessary to design the optimal electrode microstructure, to achieve better device performance. 3D microstructure modelling enables us to perform simulations directly on a 3D electrode microstructure and thus link structure with performance. This paper provides an extensive review on the current state of the art in 3D microstructure modelling of transport and electrochemical performance for four promising electrochemical energy technologies: solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), redox flow batteries (RFBs) and lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Each technology has different electrode microstructures and processes, and thus presents different challenges. The most commonly used modelling methods including the finite element method (FEM) and the finite volume method (FVM) are reviewed, together with the developing lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), with the advantages and disadvantages of each method revealed. Whilst FEM and FVM have been extensively applied in simulating SOFC and LIB electrodes where the methods are capable of dealing with single phase (gas or liquid) transport, they face challenges in simulating the multiphase phenomenon present in PEMFC and some RFB electrodes. LBM is, on the other hand, well suited in simulating gas–liquid two phase flow and applications in PEMFCs and RFBs, as well as single-phase phenomenon in SOFCs and LIBs. The review also points to current challenges in 3D microstructure modelling, including the simulations of nanoscale gas transport and phase transition, moving interfaces associated with structural changes, accurate reactions kinetics, experimental validation, and how to make 3D microstructure modelling truly impactful through the design of better electrochemical devices.
This unique book concerning fuel cells and their applications fills the gap which currently exists between the theoretical aspects and the detailed practical data available. It describes a technology that dates from the early classical discoveries of the 1850s which predicted that direct energy conversion of chemical energy into electricity with fuel cells would be far more efficient at lower temperatures than with combustion processes. The importance of fuel cells for energy saving purposes is emphasised. Their applications are wide-ranging with use found in local stations and power plants, in industry for the highly efficient conversion of waste and biomass materials and in carbon dioxide reduction in all fossil-fuel-burning processes. Unique features highlighted include their importance in spacecrafts and their development for affordable implementation in electric cars. The most recent scientific publications and manufacturer's brochures have been screened in order to bring together the state- of-the-art technology of fuel cells. Readers at all levels including chemists, physicists, chemical engineers ry technologists and students will appreciate this comprehensive overvie ind the clarity of numerous graphs and tables highly valuable. © VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-69451 Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 1996. All rights reserved.
The conductivity of porous Ni/ZrO/sub 2-/Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ cermets at 1000/sup 0/C was determined as a function of Ni content between 15 and 50 volume percent (v/o) of total solids for two different zirconia particle sizes (23 and 47 m/sup 2//g). Below Ni contents of 30 v/o, ionic conduction through the zirconia phase dominated. At 30 v/o Ni, a greater than three order of magnitude increase in the conductivity was observed, corresponding to a change in mechanism to electronic conduction through the Ni phase. The conductivity of cermets made with a Ni content greater than 30 v/o Ni was found to decrease with increasing temperature between 700/sup 0/ and 1000/sup 0/C. While the conductivity of the cermets with the larger particle size zirconia was higher by more than a factor of four, all the samples studied had the same activation energy, 5.7 +- 0.1 kJ/mol. The increase in conductivity with zirconia particle size is attributed to improved Ni particle-to-particle contact, resulting from the Ni phase being able to cover more completely the surface of the zirconia matrix where it resides.