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Non-Verbal Communication
Abstract
All verbal communication is affected by the non-verbal communication that accompanies it. On the telephone the tone of voice conveys nuances of meaning. Face to face, expression, gestures and posture also play an important part. We use demonstrations and models to supplement words, visual aids to clarify lectures, and maps, diagrams, charts and graphs (see Chapter 14) enhance both spoken and written communication.
... This perfect collaboration suggests that the two participants must share the same projection of the upcoming transition to the writing business of the meeting. The coordination is so fine-tuned that it is impossible to be the result of an imitating mechanism; it can only be a display of the participants' shared construction of the structural organization of the meeting (Kempton, 1980;Streeck, 1995). ...
... The above analysis of a longitudinal series of interactions by an ESL learner with her teacher has shown that over time, the learner displayed observable signs of increased collaboration with the teacher in achieving the transition from social chat to business. 14 Kempton (1980) provided the following insight that can shed light on the findings in this study: ...
... It is used as a non-verbal communication with a social message to the viewers. As expressed in Rahmat (2005), nonverbal messages can be grouped as kinesik message that uses body movement. However, in the focus group discussion, responses indicated that cultural perceptions of gender roles can influence the interpretation of gestures in advertisements. ...
In language and communication, multimodality refers to using various modes of signification to convey meaning. These modes transcend language to engage with audiences at multiple sensory levels. Over time, communication has evolved to reflect a paradigm shift towards a multimodal perspective. This leads to a complex interplay between different modes of shaping interpretations and constructing meaning in discourse, which has attracted little research. This paper explores the concept of multimodality as used in the television advertisement discourse of Raha premium maize meal, using the Multimodal Discourse Analysis Theory. The objective is to investigate how viewers interpret and perceive different modes of signification employed in the advertisement. A descriptive research design with a qualitative approach is used in the collection and analysis of data. The findings reveal that each mode of signification has a unique role, some of which television viewers hardly denote their meaning. Further, politics, religion, and culture influence the perception of some modes of signification used in the advertisement. We recommend that the advertisements be tailored with modes of signification that resonate with the expectations of television viewers. The findings of this paper are intended to enrich linguistic theory concerning the analysis of the representation of meaning in a text and perceptions of modes of signification used.
Keywords:
Multimodality; Modes of signification; Advertisement; Communication; Interpretation
... If a teacher is often dressed up, he will distract students and may become a topic of discussion for some students, affecting the effect of teaching and the teacher's prestige. 4 Cultural misunderstandings and even cultural errors sometimes occur between Chinese and English teachers on clothing. Some people do not understand cultural differences, and often unconsciously use their cultural practices to measure the dress of others. ...
... The sound of our voice, including pitch, tone and volume are also forms of non-verbal communication. The clothing we wear and the way we design our living space are also forms of non-verbal communication that frequently shape people's judgments about others, regardless of whether or not the perceptions are true (Lucas, 2017) In the science of communication, there is a study that is able to touch verbal and nonverbal communication in a holistic view, i.e. ethnographic study of communication. The ethnography of communication was introduced and developed by Dell Hymes. ...
Indonesia is a large and socially heterogeneous country because it covers more than 1,340 ethnic groups. The country is rich of various cultural traditions. The diversity of cultural traditions in Indonesia is interestingly studied both as a material of scientific study and as an source to formulate appropriate socio-economic development policy approaches. One of the regions/islands in Indonesia is Papua, which is located in the eastern part of Indonesia. In this region there are more than 500 ethnic groups. Ethnic groups in Papua, is the most traditional ethnic group compared to those in Indonesia. One tradition that is still strongly held in Papua is tribal war. Therefore it is a very interesting phenomenon studied in terms of social science, especially communication science. The symbolic interactionism perspective as a communication approach is used in this study to explain how the communication process occurs in traditional war process between tribes, both in the internal communication of tribes and communications between tribes. This study describes the phenomenon of war between tribes according to the view or the consciousness and subjective meaning of traditional/indeginuous people in Timika, in accordance with the phenomenology tradition that is used in this research. The findings of this study are illustrates the process of communication, beginning from preparation of war, the implementation of war, as well as post-war process. Communication processes that occur either through verbal or non-verbal language are full of distinctive symbols. The conclusion of this finding is that tribal war as a social phenomenon is a communication process, and can be solved by the parties by means of communication. These findings could have implications for the importance of policies to develop communication approaches among traditional tribes in Papua, in order to increase the understanding among them, which in turn will reduce the level of conflict between them.
... The sound of our voice, including pitch, tone and volume are also forms of non-verbal communication. The clothing we wear and the way we design our living space are also forms of non-verbal communication that frequently shape people's judgments about others, regardless of whether or not the perceptions are true (Lucas, 2017) In the science of communication, there is a study that is able to touch verbal and nonverbal communication in a holistic view, i.e. ethnographic study of communication. The ethnography of communication was introduced and developed by Dell Hymes. ...
Indonesia is a large and socially heterogeneous country because it covers more than 1,340 ethnic groups. The country is rich of various cultural traditions. The diversity of cultural traditions in Indonesia is interestingly studied both as a material of scientific study and as an source to formulate appropriate socio-economic development policy approaches. One of the regions/islands in Indonesia is Papua, which is located in the eastern part of Indonesia. In this region there are more than 500 ethnic groups. Ethnic groups in Papua, is the most traditional ethnic group compared to those in Indonesia. One tradition that is still strongly held in Papua is tribal war. Therefore it is a very interesting phenomenon studied in terms of social science, especially communication science. The symbolic interactionism perspective as a communication approach is used in this study to explain how the communication process occurs in traditional war process between tribes, both in the internal communication of tribes and communications between tribes. This study describes the phenomenon of war between tribes according to the view or the consciousness and subjective meaning of traditional/indeginuous people in Timika, in accordance with the phenomenology tradition that is used in this research. The findings of this study are illustrates the process of communication, beginning from preparation of war, the implementation of war, as well as post-war process. Communication processes that occur either through verbal or non-verbal language are full of distinctive symbols. The conclusion of this finding is that tribal war as a social phenomenon is a communication process, and can be solved by the parties by means of communication. These findings could have implications for the importance of policies to develop communication approaches among traditional tribes in Papua, in order to increase the understanding among them, which in turn will reduce the level of conflict between them.
... ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ? ?????? .?????????? ?????????? .???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? Cox et al. 1981aCox et al. , 1981bRutter and Cox 1981; Gittel Ekman et al. 1972;Mehrabian 1972 ...
This is a translation of Skills for Communicating with Patients, Second Edition
© 2005 Jonathan Silverman, Suzanne Kurtz and Juliet Draper
Arabic translation © 2009 Jonathan Silverman, Suzanne Kurtz and Juliet Draper
... Sometimes the tongue even protrudes from the mouth." Wikipedia (2009) stated, "Facial expression results from one or more motions or positions of the muscles of the face. These movements convey the emotional state of the individual to observers. ...
The major objective of the study was to explore teachers' perceptions about the importance of facial expression in the teaching-learning process. All the teachers of government secondary schools constituted the population of the study. A sample of 40 teachers, both male and female, in rural and urban areas of district Peshawar, were selected through a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing ten items regarding facial expressions. It was concluded that teachers deemed the technology of facial expressions very essential and important, not only for themselves, but also for the attainment of students' learning outcomes.
... Infants display several common rhythms [64], which are used to seek attention from their parents or other adults. This use of rhythmic patterns is both frequent and essential [65] in the communication between infant and adult, communication that is dictated by a pulse common to all parties. Indeed, the variation or absence of such rhythmic components is observed to engender disinterest and negative responses from the child involved [66]. ...
Conveying data and information using non-speech audio is an ever growing field of research. Existing work has been performed investigating Sonification and its applications, and this research seeks to build upon these ideas while also suggesting new areas of potential. In this research, initial work focused on the Sonification of DNA and RNA nucleotide base sequences for analysis. A case study was undertaken into the potential of rhythmic parsing of such data sequences, with test results indicating that a more effective method of representing data in a Sonification was required. Sonification of complex data such as DNA and RNA was found to require more verbose methods than pitch to parameter mappings, and so investigation was made into musical pattern Sonification. Existing low level pattern design methods were next evaluated in an experiment concerning the use of musical patterns to represent data. This experiment suggested that while a musical pattern may be made distinct, it does not necessarily follow that it is memorable. This experiment also suggested that concurrent pattern representation was difficult to process, and so improved methods were required. Improvements to pattern design were made with the introduction of contour icons, which allow detectable and memorable musical patterns to be designed using simple shapes. Testing showed contour icons to be significantly more effective than low level patterns in a Sonification, and as such form the basis of the novel contribution of this thesis. Improvements in concurrent representation were considered by the use of harmonic combination, a method of defining intersections in a data set as harmonies of a single common musical pattern. Significant improvements were observed over non-harmonic concurrent representation, although limitations were observed due to constraints in the number of combinations available using a specific value. Harmonic combination has potential for futher development, and is a novel contribution of this thesis. The organisation and grouping of data in a Sonification using rhythmic parsing was also investigated. Rhythmic parsing uses rest notes within a musical framework to define sub-groupings in a data Sonification. Tests showed rhythmic parsing significantly improved the comparison of values and intersections between groups in a data Sonification, and is another novel contribution of this thesis.
... The experiment followed standard practice for expression recognition experiments by preparing the six universal emotions as pictures of avatar faces of photographs of real human faces and showing these to participants who are asked to say what emotion they think each photograph or picture portrays [57]. Photographs were selected from the databank "Pictures of Facial Affect" solely based on their high recognition rates. ...
The use of avatars with emotionally expressive faces is potentially highly beneficial to communication in collaborative virtual environments (CVEs), especially when used in a distance learning context. However, little is known about how, or indeed whether, emotions can effectively be transmitted through the medium of CVE. Given this, an avatar head model with limited but human-like expressive abilities was built, designed to enrich CVE communication. Based on the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), the head was designed to express, in a readily recognisable manner, the six universal emotions. An experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy of the model. Results indicate that the approach of applying the FACS model to virtual face representations is not guaranteed to work for all expressions of a particular emotion category. However, given appropriate use of the model, emotions can effectively be visualised with a limited number of facial features. A set of exemplar facial expressions is presented.
... We have not noted distinct instances of this type of vocalization in our experiments. Future Falls, 1969;Thorpe, 1972). When vocalizations are employed as an independent variable, sound spectrograms can provide objective descriptions of the stimulus materials employed. ...
Two types of vocalizations of White Carneaux pigeons were identified in experiments on schedule-induced aggression and were given pictorial representation in sound spectrograms. Characteristics of these vocalizations are examined in the context of previous descriptions of vocalizations of several varieties of pigeons during aggressive and sexual encounters in naturalistic settings. These earlier descriptions portrayed vocalizations with mnemonic phrases and the symbolds of dictionary pronunciationmdata are presented that indicate that the analysis of social encounters between pigeons during schedule-induced aggression may be aided by employing these and other vocalizations as dependent variables.
... The experiment followed standard practice for expression recognition experiments by preparing the six universal emotions as pictures of avatar faces of photographs of real human faces and showing these to participants who are asked to say what emotion they think each photograph or picture portrays [57]. Photographs were selected from the databank "Pictures of Facial Affect" solely based on their high recognition rates. ...
The use of avatars with emotionally expressive faces is potentially highly beneficial to communication in collaborative virtual environments (CVEs), especially when used in a distance learning context. However, little is known about how, or indeed whether, emotions can effectively be transmitted through the medium of CVE. Given this, an avatar head model with limited but human-like expressive abilities was built, designed to enrich CVE communication. Based on the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), the head was designed to express, in a readily recognisable manner, the six universal emotions. An experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy of the model. Results indicate that the approach of applying the FACS model to virtual face representations is not guaranteed to work for all expressions of a particular emotion category. However, given appropriate use of the model, emotions can effectively be visualised with a limited number of facial features. A set of exemplar facial expressions is presented. Keywords: avatar, collaborative virtual environment, emotion, facial expression Fabri, M., Moore, D.J., Hobbs, D.J (2004) Mediating the Expression of Emotion in Educational Collaborative Virtual Environments: An Experimental Study, in International Journal of Virtual Reality, Springer Verlag, London Received: 3 September 2002 Accepted: 2 October 2003 Published online: 5 February 2004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10055-003-0116-7 2 1
In this paper, I propose to extend the approach to second-person social cognition by incorporating its communicative dimension. To this end, I examine the role of verbal and nonverbal signals in their primary niche of use: the dynamics of spontaneous conversation in dyadic interactive contexts. According to my proposal, the use of language in coordination and complementarity with the use of nonverbal signals rests on cognitive-pragmatic capacities that give rise to a paradigmatic form of second-person communication. On these bases, I argue that second-person social cognition and pragmatic-conversational abilities are components of the same interactional competence. RESUMEN En este trabajo me propongo extender el enfoque de segunda persona de la cogni-ción social, incorporando su dimensión comunicativa. Para ello examino el papel de las señales verbales y no verbales, en su nicho primario de uso: la dinámica de la conversación espontánea en los contextos interactivos diádicos. De acuerdo con mi propuesta, el uso del lenguaje en coordinación y complementariamente con el uso de las señales no verbales, descansa en capacidades cognitivo-pragmáticas que originan una forma paradigmática de comunicación de segunda persona. Sobre esas bases, sostengo que la cognición social de segunda persona y las capacidades pragmático-conversacionales son componentes de una misma competencia interactiva. PALABRAS CLAVE: segunda persona, cognición social, conversación espontánea, competencias cognitivo-pragmáticas.
This systematic review sought to determine the evidence on how the Tomatis® Method, a sound stimulation intervention for improving listening, compares to other self-regulation interventions with tertiary students. We searched studies from the following data bases ‘Academic FileOne, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Communication & Mass Media Complete, eBook (EBSCOHost), HeinOnline, OAPEN Library, PsychARTICLES, PsychINFO, SocINDEX, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar; and the North-West University repository’ and for the period spanning 2003 to 2013. Studies included for the analysis met these criteria: Published between 2003 and 2013; published and written in English, student participant samples from tertiary institutions such as a universities or colleges; programmes or interventions developed and implemented with a positive effect on well-being or self-regulation; application of the Tomatis® Method in a student population, irrespective of an experimental design. A total of 35 articles met the inclusion criteria. The evidence was thematically analysed using narrative analysis. Findings suggest the Tomatis® Method to be superior to alternative self-regulation approaches in decreasing psychosocial and emotional stressors, as well as enhancing well-being of students. The Tomatis® Method was as effective as alternative approaches in promoting self-awareness and self-monitoring. Alternative methods were more effective than the Tomatis® Method in aspects of critical thinking. The Tomatis® Method appears to compare well with other interventions for the promotion of self-regulation among tertiary students.
Political transition in Albania during the last 10 years of the past century brought about the collapse of communist system and opened the way to democratic developments for the country. The transition towards democracy was accompanied with new social, economic and political events which brought with them a lot of issues however. The transition from a centralized economy to free market economy progressed rapidly, but these processes did not comply with the right banking legislation. The National Bank of Albania dominated the banking market;. This was one of the main reasons for the establishment and expansion of pyramid schemes in Albania. They operated largely from 1992 – 1997. This descriptive - analytical study reviews the activity of pyramid schemes in Albania, their expansion dimensions; the survey analyzes the reasons for their expansion, the attitude of the Government toward the event and the causes of their decline. In conducting this study, reports and analyses from the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Bank of Albania, several media reports and studies from national and international researchers have been taken into consideration. Through this study we aim to explore the reasons for pyramid schemes’ expansion and the mutual relation between the financial and political crisis in Albania.
Recently we observe an enormous grow of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). But it proves that the dropout rates of MOOCs are very high. One of the main causes are missing of necessary capabilities of students, inability of students to manage their study and a missing appropriate didactic model. In this paper we compare the dropout rates of MOOCs, regular courses and courses using new didactical approaches as blended learning and flip the classroom. We introduce a new teaching learning model to explain high dropout rates of students in distant learning courses. Finally we discuss possible ways how to teach 21st century skills as cooperative working, learning, creativity, networking and how to solve real life problems in a context sensitive approach. Our research findings are based on educational experiments at Delft University of Technology (DUT).
p> Paralanguage is considered as an influential factor in foreign language teaching and learning that plays an essential role in language teaching and enhancing language learners’ performance. The paper states to explore the effect of using paralanguage on teaching and learning English language to EFL learners. It is going to investigate the relationship between learners’ awareness of learning concept and teachers’ paralanguage; the standardized testing relational aspect between students’ learning and teachers’ paralanguage; and the learners’ credible teaching perceptions depend on the teachers’ paralanguage. The participants in this research are teachers and students of English language in the College of Science and Arts, Almandaq Branch in Albaha University. The study has concluded that paralanguage strategies assist in communicating effective meanings. It is recommended that EFL teachers and learners should use paralanguage strategies in their teaching and learning processes to convey meaning effectively. </p
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among instructor`s non-verbal communication, emotional reaction, and self-efficacy. By using convenience sampling method of non-provability sampling, 258 student athletes from S and D cities were selected for a questionnaire survey. The 184 returned surveys were analyzed with structural equation modeling through SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0 statics program. The study results are summarized as follows. First, instructor`s non-verbal communication has a positive influence on emotional reaction of high school student athletes. Second, high school student athletes experiencing emotional reactions by instructor have a positive influence on self-efficacy. Third, instructor`s non-verbal communication does not influence self-efficacy of high school student athletes directly. Fourth, emotional reactions of high school student athletes experienced by instructor`s non-verbal communication have a mediating effect on self-efficacy. Fifth, neither gender nor exercise period has a moderating effect on the relationship between non-verbal communication, emotional reactions, and self-efficacy.
Cancer treatment requires a holistic approach that includes empathy for the patient and their family. Communication between physicians and patients plays a central role in this approach to patient care, as it is essential for a beneficial physician-patient relationship and important for therapeutic success. But in the busy, everyday life of a pediatric oncology ward, it is difficult to fulfill all needs of the patients and patient-centered communication is often neglected. The additional requirements of patients using CAM can challenge and frustrate the pediatric oncologist as well as the patient, and thereby, further impair communication. Thus, a holistic approach to cancer treatment requires good skills in communication as well as in explaining the patient’s health situation and its appropriate therapies. This chapter presents an overview of the latest literature on how patients/parents deal with questions concerning CAM and which expectations they have towards their physicians. The advantages of including discussions about CAM in oncologist-patient communication in pediatric oncology are listed, and recommendations for effective discussion of CAM in oncological consultations are summarized to six core functions of physician-patient communication. This chapter will increase the reader’s attention to a patient-centered communication and the reader’s communication skills for a better patient-physician relationship.
A man, coming to the world in a family community, reaches maturity and in most cases sets a family of his own. Traditional transition from the family of origin to family of procreation combines with engagement followed by marriage as a family subsystem. These periods characterize with high dynamics of changes taking place within the marital subsystem. Bride and groom, and later married couple face the need to discuss family matters, negotiate marital roles, develop compliance and their identity, regulate marriage intimacy, solve conflicts, as well as, run their household. Undoubtedly, planning and organizing life requires developed communication skills. The author, guided by these premises, has sought to present some aspects of communication for engaged couples and spouses with many years of experience. Isolated groups were not accidental. Main reason was the ability to analyze the results in terms of convergence and divergence of views and assessments shown by brides and married couples at different stages of marriage - family life. Therefore, structure of this text was built by the following variables’ categories: frequency of conversations in the family and their themes, communication barriers between spouses and fiancés, ways of improving the flow of information between partners.
Women are often depicted on Romano-British mosaics either as non-specific allegorical characters without personalities, such as personifications of seasons, fortune, learning, and so on, or as figures representative of the forces of nature, such as Medusa or the seasons. Medusa, often identified with chaos, is depicted already neutralised through the nature of her representation; while the seasons are frequently coupled with a male mythological figure such as Bacchus, related to the contrast between nature and culture. Other scenes of male association with culture include scenes from the hunt. Idealised portrayals of Roman social interests focus on male-oriented activities; activities of specifically female interest are not known. These representations are interpreted in light of Sherry Ortner's social attributes of a 'universal subordination of women'.
Leslie Greenberg and Joanna Macy are progenitors of two approaches to accessing and transforming emotional experience to promote integration, empowerment, and deeper communion with aspects of the self and the world. Greenberg has spent decades researching emotional processes in psychotherapy (Emotion-Focused Therapy, EFT). Macy has over the same time developed an experiential group process model designed to unleash human intention for change in light of existential threats to peace and environmental sustainability (the Work That Reconnects, WTR). In this paper, I discuss EFT and WTR as models of human functioning and highlight the emotional and change processes inherent to each model. Broadly speaking, EFT operates on the principle that engagement in and experience of emotional memories makes problematic emotions receptive to new, adaptive input and better functioning. Similarly, WTR operates on the principle that the expression of emotions associated with human interconnectedness with all life inspires intention and engagement regarding environmentally sustainable behaviors and ways of being. In both models, adaptive change is fostered through the promotion of safety, empathy, enactment, and engagement. Greenberg and Macy agree that "dark" emotions are a source of empowerment and change when accessed and processed with intention. Exploring EFT and WTR in tandem suggests new directions for the growth and development of both approaches.
My research is aimed to explore how two players improvising jazz can co-ordinate the spectrum of their mental time patterns in such a way as to communicate their performances, and their self-expression, in a single musical narrative. It takes inspiration from studies of the natural history of human action and communication, and assumes that the ability to enter a shared frame of time is at the heart of our communicative nature. It also assumes that, that while time-sharing skills are certainly refined throughout our lives, they are with us from birth. Acoustic analysis of adult-infant interactions confirms that the social world of the infant is fabricated out of the rhythms of a sensitive innate “communicative musicality” (Malloch et al., 1997), as has been claimed by psychologists who have made micro-analytic studies in recent decades of film and video data of mother-infant play. As we develop in skill and knowledge, the intrinsic vital sense of time remains the basis for elaborate multi-layered systems of communication and interaction. The mature and practised musician is the subject of this investigation of temporal coordination, which employs analysis of “blind” improvisations – improvisations mediated by instrumental sound alone.
Communication is crucial to establishing trust with patients, gathering information, addressing patient emotions, and assisting
patients in decisions about care. The quality of communication in cancer care has been shown to affect patient satisfaction,
decision making, patient distress, and even malpractice litigation. Communication is now recognized as a core clinical skill
in medicine and in cancer care. In using a patient-centered approach, and open communication can be a base to address complementary
and integrative medicine (CIM) in cancer treatment. An approach that involves honest and informed discussion on the use of
CIM can empower the patient and can benefit both the patient and physician and is described in this chapter. This approach
requires collaboration of patients, physicians, and CIM practitioners as essential element in building effective communication.
In this way, physicians can fulfill the roles of caring, comforting, and healing, even when cure is not possible.
Imotion as a Category of InputEmotion as Subjective ExperienceEmotion as a Phase of a ProcessEmotion as a Bodily State, Intervening Variable and/Or Factor in BehaviourEmotion as a ResponseConclusion
AcknowledgementsReferences
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