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Ecophysiological Variability of Forest Arabica Coffee Populations in Hydraulic Characteristics along a Climatic Gradient in Ethiopia: Morphological and physiological variability
... Consequently, coffee seedlings from a total of 12 accessions: Harenna (I-1, I-2, I-3), Bonga (II-1, II-2, II-3), Berhane-Kontir (III-1, III-2, III-3) and Yayu (IV-1, IV-2, IV-3), were ex-situ established and assessed under common nursery settings at Jimma Research Centre in 2005. The potting medium was prepared from blends of topsoil and decomposed coffee husk compost at the respective ratio of 3:1 (v/v) as recommended by Taye et al. (2004). Black plastic pots (volume = 5.8 liter) were perforated at the bottom, firmly filled with the growing medium and arranged on seedbeds. ...
... The coffee accessions from Berhane-Kontir had highly significantly lowest root partitioning as compared to the Harenna seedlings, which had the highest root share (Taye, 2006). The present root growth performance is in consistent with the variations in the shoot growth response of the same coffee accessions (Taye et al., 2004), indicating the interplay between root and shoot growth system. According to Taye (2006), the coffee accessions were grouped into three broad dissimilarity classes. ...
Root characteristics of coffee seedlings were studied with the main objective to compare the variations among twelve Coffea arabica germplasm accessions under contrasting nursery environments at Jimma Research Center, southwest Ethiopia.
Coffee seedlings from four wild coffee populations, namely, Harenna, Bonga, Berhane-Kontir and Yayu were ex-situ established under common nursery settings. The treatments included coffee germplasm accessions, shadings (moderate
shade and full sunlight) and irrigation levels (well-watered and water-stressed). One-year-old coffee seedlings were used to record root growth traits from five central seedlings per plot and the data were analyzed using SAS software. Coffee accessions significantly differed in most root characteristics. The longest and
shortest lateral roots were obtained from Yayu and Harenna seedlings, respectively. Berhane-Kontir accessions had significantly the lowest root volume as opposed to the highest value for the Harenna seedlings. Significantly higher root
dry biomass was obtained from unshaded than from shaded seedlings. The difference between watering regimes was also significant for root dry biomass and it was higher for water-stressed than for well-irrigated seedlings. Coffee accessions
were significantly differed in root proliferation and dry biomass and consequently, the lowest and highest average values were obtained from Berhane-Kontir and Harenna seedlings, respectively. The Harenna seedlings had a higher root mass
than the others, particularly the Berhane-Kontir accessions. The ratios of root to shoot dry biomass of the seedlings were significantly differed among coffee accessions, but not between shade and irrigation levels. The significantly lowest and highest root to shoot values was determined for the Berhane-Kontir and
Harenna accessions, respectively. Hence, Harenna genotypes can be considered as parents in coffee improvement programs under limiting water conditions.
... The results of the morphological growth indicated that Harenna coffee trees were tall with open crown architectures as opposed to the more compact coffee types in Yayu forest, which supports the report by Taye and Burkhardt (2004a). The coffee trees from Berhane-Kontir and Bonga had intermediate canopy nature. ...
... According to Taye and Burkhardt (2004a), the Ethiopian wild coffee populations differ in morphological characteristics and grouped according to their geographical areas and the most similarities are noticed between and within the south-western areas, particularly between Bonga and Yayu natural forests both of which are identified and approved as UNESCO biosphere reserves in 2010. On the other hand, Bonga and Harenna coffees had the furthest distance (least similarity), reflecting the relatively more humid and drier characteristics of the two forest areas, respectively. ...
The montane rainforests of Ethiopia are the only places of origin and genetic diversity for Coffea arabica species. These natural forest areas with the occurrence of wild coffee gene pools are however under constant threats, largely due to anthropogenic activities. The study aims to determine the variability in plant compositions and growth of wild Coffea arabica trees in the natural forests of southeastern and Southwestern Ethiopia. The data were collected at twelve study sites. The dominant plants were broadly classified into three forest canopy strata with varying vegetation coverage among and within the study forests. The average abundance of large shade trees, wild coffee plants and shrubs was highest at Berhane-Kontir, Yayu and Bonga natural forests, respectively. The frequency of the respective plant forms was highest at Birhane-Kontir (61%), Harenna (53%) and Bonga (68%). The occurrence of the semi-domesticated spices crops was higher in the Bonga and Berhane-Kontir forests. The average plant density followed the descending order of Bonga>Yayu>Birhane-Kontir>Harenna forest, largely reflecting anthropogenic impacts. There was negative association between the growth of the coffee trees and the undergrowth shrubs. In contrast, the upper canopy large trees and coffee plants had direct relationships. However, the vegetative and reproductive growth responses of wild coffee plants were impaired, partly due to the multiple stresses in the dense forest ecology. Consequently, more than 70% of the total surface area of coffee trees did not bear crops and altogether coffee yield was low. The highest and lowest reproductive efficiencies were obtained from the Harenna and Yayu wild coffee populations, demonstrating the levels of coffee forest management practices. Overall, our findings indicated great variations in the patterns of plant co-existences and growth natures of wild coffee trees and underlines in multiple benefits of coffee forest environments, among others, as natural coffee gene pools. This depicts the need for multi-site in situ conservation and environmental management planning for sustaining biodiversity conservation and maintaining ecosystem goods and services in Ethiopia and worldwide.
... Since the Kaffa biosphere reserve represents a wider altitudinal range (500-3300 m.a.s.l.), coffee quality differences are expected (Obso, 2006;Yadessa et al., 2009). In addition, in some areas, coffee harvesting is conducted without proper management (NABU, 2016). ...
In-depth forest coffee cup quality assessments have not been conducted yet on Kafa Biosphere coffees. Hence, the influence of location, elevation gradient, and processing methods on coffee bean physical and sensorial qualities, and the relationship between soil and coffee quality variables were studied in 2017. Districts (Gimbo, Gawata, and Decha), elevation gradient ranges (low-<1600, mid-1600-1800, and high->1800 m a.s.l), and processing methods (wet, semi-wet, and dry) were taken as factors. Preliminary coffee quality assessment data was collected from cup quality analysis of coffee beans obtained from the combination of the three factors where four replicate samples were taken for each of the combinations. The effect of location was only significant for bean moisture content and there was no significant (P>0.05) difference among locations for above 14 screen retention and preliminary cup quality variables (odor, raw, acidity, body, flavor, cup, total, and grade). The elevation gradient had a significant (P<0.001) effect on the scores of above 14 screen retention and most of the cup quality variables, but not on moisture content and odor. The effect of the coffee processing method was not significant (P>0.05) on most of the preliminary cup quality variables, but it was significant for moisture content (P<0.001), odor (P<0.05), and overall raw (P<0.01) scores. Screen retention was decreased with increasing elevation gradient but with better quality. High elevation coffees processed with the dry method gave better raw (38.5-40%) and cup (48.00-51.75%) quality scores. Except for high soil molybdenum and clay percentage, reduced amounts of most of the soil nutrients, pH, and silt percentage were important for better forest coffee quality. Since each sampled forest had diverse shade types and densities, a further investigation that includes the component of shade is strongly recommended in future studies.
... This indicates that root growth response might be controlled by the soil fertility conditions and moisture regimes in the soil-plantatmosphere continuum. This corroborates with the shoot growth of Arabica coffee materials in Ethiopia (Edjamo et al., 1996;Kufa et al., 2004b). ...
The study was carried out with the objective to compare the variations in root growth characteristics of wild
Coffea arabica populations in Ethiopia. A total of 24 wild coffee trees were used for in-situ root growth measurements
under four natural coffee forests, viz., Harenna, Bonga, Birhane-Kontir and Yayu. Analysis of variance was performed to
compare the variability among and within wild coffee population in root growth parameters. The results depicted
significant variations among the wild coffee populations in the size and length of larger lateral roots (p < 0.01), taproot
fresh and dry weights as well as taproot volume (p < 0.05). The populations also exhibited significant differences (p <
0.05) in total root fresh and dry weights. There were also significant site variations in the number of large and fine
laterals as well as in the length of medium laterals. The frequency of small laterals varied significantly among sub-sites.
In addition, sites significantly differed in the moisture contents of taproot (p < 0.05) and total root growth (p < 0.01).
Meanwhile, significantly (p < 0.05) high proportions of coarse laterals were found in Bonga and Berhane-Kontir, whilst
the proportions of fine and medium laterals were high in the Yayu and Harenna populations. In addition, the surface
plate laterals were significantly (p < 0.01) thick and longest at Harenna and the next longest recorded at Berhane-Kontir.
The significantly (p < 0.05) longest fine lateral roots was from the Berhane-Kontir population. Similarly, both lateral root
fresh and dry weights were maximum at Berhane-Kontir and lowest at Yayu, intermediate at Herenna and Bonga
forests. The results also depicted root variations within sites, largely due to the possible effects of varying intensities of
human disturbance on site factors and plant growth response. The extent of variations in root growth also varied across
geographical areas, demonstrating the strong link between coffee genetic and climatic factors. Hence, the present
findings imply the need to consider root traits in developing coffee technologies and to support sustainable management
of natural forest environments.
... Amaravenmathy and Srinivasan, assessed nine arabica progenies for phenotypic and genotypic variation and plant architecture and reported greater than 20 percent phenotypic coefficient variation in the progenies for number of primaries plant -1 , primary length and fruiting nodes primary -1 [4]. Kufa et al., reported the variations in plant phenotypes according to the change in the climatic conditions when coffee planted under different areas [5]. This showed differences in the vegetative characters such as bush span, leaf area, inter-node length and seed growth. ...
In this paper, the spatial distributions and temporal changes of electrical conductivity (EC) and pH in the Sungun mining area (in the East Azarbayjan province, Iran) were assessed. These variables were measured in 2005 in three parts of the mine considered for: the mining pit, waste dump, and tailings dam. A follow-up study was devised in 2016 with a new sampling round, at almost the same locations to examine the environmental status of the study area and its changes during this time interval. First, the general statistical evaluations were conducted. After distribution assessments and spatial variability modeling, the EC and pH were predicted at unsampled locations using three geostatistical methods of kriging, Sequential Gaussian Simulation, and Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME). BME can also efficiently take the soft information into account. Moreover, the predicted variables and their estimation variances were mapped using these methods. The hazardable zones on these maps were also noted.
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