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Bevor ich über moderne Tendenzen in der Elektrophotographie rede, gebe ich eine kurze Situationskizze der Elektrophotographie in ihrem heutigen Stand (1). Vor vierzig Jahren wurde die Elektrophotographie von Carlson erfunden. Heutzutage beherrscht diese Technologie das Kopieren und Duplizieren im Büro vollkommen ; die Gegenwart im Mikrofilmsektor, im graphischen Sektor und im Röntgensektor ist sehr klein. Im Amateur- und Kinefilmsektor ist sie noch unbekannt (Figur 1). Die Erklärung dieser Lage kann uns Hinweise über die Entwicklung in den kommenden Jahren geben.
Der Beitrag soll verdeutlichen, daß beim heutigen Stand der optischen Nachrichtentechnik unter Laborbedingungen PCM-Signale mit übertragungsgeschwindigkeiten bis in den 2 Gbit/s-Bereich über viele Kilometer übertragen werden können. Die Möglichkeiten solcher hochratiger Systeme werden durch die vielkanalige Übertragung digitalisierter Fernsehsignale demonstriert.
Now entering its 20th year in industrial materials processing, the laser has experienced slow but steady acceptance as an alternative to conventional manufacturing operations.
Laser induced chemistry at surfaces is a new trend in laser chemistry which is likely to meet many needs in materials research and processing. In this contribution some background is given and one specific example - platinum film deposition on different substrate materials - is discussed.
Die Lasertechnik berührt und integriert eine Vielzahl von Industrie- und Wissenschaftsgebieten, wie
Maschinen- und Werkzeugmaschinenbau
Elektrotechnik und Elektronik
Datenverarbeitung und numerische Steuerungen
Optik, Feinmechanik und Meßtechnik
Werkstoffwissenschaften und Fertigungstechnik
Nachrichtentechnik
Will man diese Frage beantworten, d.h. die Stellung und Bedeutung der Lasertechnik innerhalb der industriellen Fertigungstechnik - d.h. dem gesamten Wertschöpfungsprozeß vom Rohteil bis zum Fertigprodukt - näher untersuchen, so sind als Prämisse zunächst die Zielsetzungen eines heutigen Produktionsbetriebes zu betrachten. Diese können im wesentlichen unter den Begriffen „Flexibilität“, „Qualität“ und „Wirtschaftlichkeit“ zusammengefaßt werden und konzentrieren sich darauf, mit minimalem Aufwand eine marktgerechte Produktqualität bei sinkenden Losgrößen und steigender Variantenzahl zu erreichen.
The application of a focussed, scanning laser beam for data storage and retrieval is referred to as optical recording. The concept of this ‘bit- oriented’ optical storage has been under development since the early seventies. The Laser Vision video-disk system (1) as well as the more recently introduced digital audio-disks (2) offer areal information densities up to about 100 Mbit/cm2, one to two orders of magnitude higher than in magnetic recording media. Both are playback (read-only) systems, offering combined video and audio and high-quality audio, respectively. One major advantage of the optical disk is its contactless read-out. A laser is focussed into a small spot (full width half maximum 0.8 (µm) on the disk, thus reading the information. The distance between the objective lens and the information carrying layer is several millimeters; this allows for a transparent substrate of approximately 1 mm thickness to be situated between the storage layer and the reading head. The information layer is located inside a substrate sandwich. Small scratches or dust do not affect the reading quality, since the outer surface is out of focus.
25 Jahre nach Erfindung des Lasers kann kein Industrieland auf den industriellen Einsatz des Lasers verzichten. Wenn heute die Lasertechnik mit Wachstumsraten von 30 % und höher in einen schnell wachsenden Markt vordringt, wenn die Bedeutung des Lasers verglichen wird mit anderen Schlüsseltechnologien, so ist das auch ein Ergebnis intensiver staatlicher Förderung von Forschung und Entwicklung in nahezu allen Industriestaaten in der Vergangenheit (1) (2).
Der Excimerlaser ist einer der wenig „wirklich guten“ Laser. Was sind nun gute Laser? Als Definition gilt, daß sie kommerziell erfolgreich sind und Eigenschaften besitzen, die von größerer als wissenschaftlicher Bedeutung sind, die, wenn es um industrielle Anwendungen gehrt, eine gewisse elektrische Effizienz aufweisen und die in der Leistung skalierbar sind.
Global polypropylene (PP) markets are moving towards applications where engineering and commodity plastics, and non-plastics, have been used. Global availability of PP have enabled an exceptional growth in many of the applications. The global markets for PP are flexible and rigid packaging followed by automotive, E+E and appliances. PP's global consumption grew from 4.8 in 1980 to 32.2 m.t. in 2001, with an annual growth of rate of 9.5%. It offers cost performance or value added properties compared to other resins and materials used. It's advantages include density, temperature range, transparency, filler acceptance, flexibility, stiffness, low prices and global availability.
Of all the application areas of laser and optics technology, laser printers are among the fastest-moving. In terms of markets, the exploding growth of information processing and particularly personal computer products has been a key factor. With respect to technology, advances in manufacturing low-cost optics, laser sources, photoconductors, and imaging electronics have all played a hand. Topics include market size and segments and high end products.
Machine vision is a major discipline derived from artificial intelligence research. With appropriate simplifying constraints, it is providing a powerful sensory tool for robot control and for important applications to automated inspection.
Two groups of desirable applications are described. In the first group, machine vision, supplemented as required by force and torque sensing, can greatly enhance the performance of first generation robots presently limited to operations based on fixed, predetermined actions. The new capabilities include the identification of workpieces, the determination of their position and orientation, and the provision of real-time visual feedback for effecting adaptive corrections of the robot’s trajectories. In the second group, machine vision can replace or aid a human worker in performing visual inspection for quality control, for minimizing production of scrap (by increasing yield), and for safety.
In each group, typical applications selected from real problems in industry will be described, including some which can be implemented within the present state-of-the-art and others which are still in the research stage.
This paper briefly reviews analog and discrete optical computing systems; it then concentrates on binary digital optical computers in which photons are the primary information medium. A critical review of various techniques for optically implementing combinatorial and sequential logic by individual devices and arrays of devices are given. The problems of communications, interconnections and input-output among logic devices (gates), among arrays of devices (chips) and among processors are discussed. A particular optical system architecture that uses a computer-generated hologram to interconnect a planar array of logic gates in a third dimension is presented. Some of these architectures offer the potential of parallel processing, including non von Neumann digital computers. Some existing limitations and needs of optical logic devices and computing systems are discussed.
WISARD, an image processor design is introduced that offers recognition and judgment capabilities approaching that of a trained human, while maintaining the consistency of machine vision. This is achieved without the need for high-level applications programming by using statistical pattern classification techniques, implemented in hardware to give real-time performance. The system is not primarily intended for applications where measurements are necessary. However, it can be used to locate objects and assess their position or orientation. An interesting adaptation of the technique allows objects to be tracked in a way similar to human visual system. A discriminator network which covers the whole image, but has a steerable central high-resolution region is used. Positional feedback is applied to track the object rather like the way the foveal region of the retina centers on objects of interest.
Utilizing traditional machinery, sheet metal parts are usually produced in large hatches, decreasing lot sizes and fast changing demand calls for highly flexible production systems. In spite of their rather high system cost, high power laser production systems could prove profitable on account of their big advantages in terms of flexibility. A uniquely flexible manufacturing system was planned for a broad spectrum of 3-dimensional sheet metal parts. Throughout the planning and conceptual phase, different system structures were analysed, particularly material flow through the whole system, then handling of different parts, jigs and fixtures along with their inherent flexibility and. of course, the laser systems themselves. Unconventional solutions were put forward as an answer to a unique problem. A laser may be easily acquired, but not a turn-key working station and in no case a complete flexible manufacturing system for widely varied tasks.
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