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Guaifenesin
Abstract
Guaifenesin (93-14-1) is a drug that is classified as an expectorant. It is sold as a liquid or tablet and works by thinning mucus to make it easier to cough up excess mucus and clear the airways. Guaifenesin is consumed alone and combined with other drugs. It is of low toxicity but possible side effects include headache, nausea, and vomiting. High doses are occasionally linked with urinary tract stone formation. Guaifenesin is also a centrally acting muscle relaxant and is used in large-animal veterinary surgery.
New voltammetric and flow amperometric methods for the determination of guaifenesin (GFE) using a perspective screen-printed sensor (SPE) with boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) were developed. The electrochemical oxidation of GFE was studied on the surface of the oxygen-terminated BDDE of the sensor. The GFE provided two irreversible anodic signals at a potential of 1.0 and 1.1 V (vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl sat.) in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2), which was chosen as the supporting electrolyte for all measurements. First, a voltammetric method based on differential pulse voltammetry was developed and a low detection limit (LOD = 41 nmol L–1), a wide linear dynamic range (LDR = 0.1-155 μmol L–1), and a good recovery in the analysis of model and pharmaceutical samples (RSD < 3.0 %) were obtained. In addition, this sensor demonstrated excellent sensitivity and reproducibility in the analysis of biological samples (RSD < 3.2 %), where the analysis took place in a drop of serum (50 μL) without pretreatment and additional electrolyte. Subsequently, SP/BDDE was incorporated into a flow-through 3D printed electrochemical cell and a flow injection analysis method with electrochemical detection (FIA-ED) was developed, resulting in excellent analytical parameters (LOD = 86 nmol L–1, LDR = 0.1-50 μmol L–1). Moreover, the mechanism of electrochemical oxidation of GFE was proposed based on calculations of HOMO spatial distribution and spectroelectrochemical measurements focused on IR identification of intermediates and products.
The volumetric and acoustic properties of aqueous sucrose in the presence of muscle relaxant (MR) drugs such as guaifenesin/methocarbamol were investigated using a bicapillary pycnometer and an interferometer at various temperatures among T = (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K for guaifenesin/methocarbamol concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1.5 mol kg−1 for each MR molecule. Density and ultrasonic velocity data were utilised to determine the apparent molar volume (Vϕ) and apparent molar isentropic compression (Kϕ,s) of the given solute–solvent system. The partial molar volume of transfer (Δtr Vϕο) and isentropic compression of transfer (Δtr K 0ϕ,s) of the examined solutions were also calculated using these data. Analysis of the data includes consideration of solute–solvent interactions and the significant impact on sucrose hydration, when co-solute, i.e. MR drugs, were added to the mixture. An increase in the solvent’s electrostriction can also be observed when a drug is present in aqueous sucrose. Interactions between saccharides and added electrolytes modify the variety of physical as well as biological, catalytic, and medicinal properties. At least one of the mentioned MR drugs is injected in the blood stream so the obtained variation of the studied parameters mentioned above may be relevant in a medical, pharmaceutical point of view. The results of the experiment have been explained in terms of solute–solute and solute–solvent interactions along with the behaviour of the solutes in terms of making or breaking of structures.
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