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The impact of mycorrhizal fungi on Sangiovese red wine production: Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties
Abstract
The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of a microbiological consortium, in particular mycorrhizal fungi, on the phytochemical composition and on the antioxidant properties of Sangiovese wines with respect to wines from conventional agriculture, paying particular attention to their oxidative stability following oxygen exposure.We determined by spectrophotometric methods and HPLC-DAD the phytochemical composition and by ORAC assay the antioxidant activity of wines. Besides, in order to evaluate the beneficial effects of both symbiotic and conventional wines, we investigated on human erythrocytes the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and the hemolysis inhibition.Our results showed that symbiotic wines had both a better oxidative stability and a significantly higher level of bioactive compounds compared to the conventional ones. Despite the bioactive compounds variation, no difference in antioxidant capacity was found. However, erythrocytes pre-treated with symbiotic wines exhibited higher biological activities than the equivalent conventional one.In conclusion, the use of a microbiological consortium represents an ecologically and economically relevant solution in vineyard cultivation to get high-quality wines, with improved nutritional and nutraceutical value.
... Indeed, the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation induces a shift in plant photosynthetic performance and relative water content (RWC), with a positive impact on physiological and nutritional status (Krishna et al., 2005). Moreover, by modulating the biochemical processes, AMF biostimulants influence the hormone metabolism, increase chlorophyll and carotenoids, and promote the accumulation of N, P, Mg, and Fe (Gabriele et al., 2016;Torres et al., 2018a;Torres et al., 2018b;Antolıń et al., 2020;Karoglan et al., 2021). The possible effects of AMF on yield and nutritional parameters have been given great importance. ...
... Mycorrhizal inoculation leads to an increase in yield, cluster number per vine, and cluster weight, thus reducing the berry weight (Antolıń et al., 2020;Karoglan et al., 2021). The modulation of the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties has been also investigated, demonstrating a variation in polyphenols like anthocyanin, flavanols, phenolic acids, and flavan-3-ols as well in soluble solids following AMF inoculation (Gabriele et al., 2016;Torres et al., 2018b;Torres et al., 2018c;Antolıń et al., 2020;Karoglan et al., 2021). ...
... Curiously, mycorrhization did not significantly improve the levels of anthocyanins in our experiment. This agrees with the study of Gabriele et al. (2016), who exhibited significantly lower levels of anthocyanins in symbiotic wines than in conventional ones. Despite that, a remarkable variation in anthocyanin content could be observed for two treatments (namely T3 and T4), strengthening how important the fungal strain may be in modulating plant secondary metabolites . ...
The use of microbial biostimulants in agriculture is recognized as a sustainable approach to promoting crop productivity and quality due to improved nutrient uptake, enhanced stress tolerance, and improved ability to cope with non-optimal environments. The present paper aimed to comparatively investigate the effect of seven different commercial mycorrhizal-based treatments in terms of yield, phytochemical components, and technological traits of Malvasia di Candia Aromatica grape (Vitis vinifera L.) plants. Metabolomic analysis and photosynthetic performance were first investigated in leaves to point out biochemical differences related to plant growth. Higher photosynthetic efficiency and better PSII functioning were found in biostimulant-treated vines, reflecting an overall decrease in photoinhibition compared to untreated plants. Untargeted metabolomics followed by multivariate statistics highlighted a robust reprogramming of primary (lipids) and secondary (alkaloids and terpenoids) metabolites in treated plants. The analysis of berry yield and chemical components exhibited significant differences depending on the biostimulant product. Generally, berries obtained from treated plants displayed improved contents of polyphenols and sugars, while yield remained unchanged. These results elucidated the significant role of microbial biostimulants in determining the quality of grape berries and eliciting biochemical changes in vines.
... Various chemical, microbiological and physical factors can modify the structure and concentration of the phenolic composition of wine during fermentation, fining and storage (Gabriele et al., 2016;Giovinazzo & Grieco, 2015). How to preserve wine is one of the great difficulties faced by winemakers. ...
... To identify and quantify the analytes of interest, we followed the method proposed by Ibern-Gomez, Andres-Lacueva, Lamuela-Raventos, and Waterhouse (2002) and further optimized and validated, as reported in Gabriele et al. (2016). The quantification of analytes was performed by the external standard calibration method, whose details and validation are reported in Gabriele et al. (2016). ...
... To identify and quantify the analytes of interest, we followed the method proposed by Ibern-Gomez, Andres-Lacueva, Lamuela-Raventos, and Waterhouse (2002) and further optimized and validated, as reported in Gabriele et al. (2016). The quantification of analytes was performed by the external standard calibration method, whose details and validation are reported in Gabriele et al. (2016). ...
This study analyzed the effect of low sulfur dioxide concentrations on the chromatic properties, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Aglianico red wines with respect to wines produced from conventional winemaking. We determined the phytochemical composition by spectrophotometric methods and HPLC-DAD analysis and the in vitro antioxidant activity of different wine samples by the ORAC assay. The main important classes of fluorophore molecules in red wine were identified by Front-Face fluorescence spectroscopy, and the emission intensity trend was investigated at various sulfur dioxide concentrations. Lastly, we tested the effects of both conventional and low sulfite wines on ex vivo human erythrocytes under oxidative stimulus by the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay and the hemolysis test. The addition of sulfur dioxide, which has well-known side effects, increased the content of certain bioactive components but did not raise the erythrocyte antioxidant capacity.
... Similarly, the association between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant roots activates the antioxidant, phenylpropanoid, or carotenoid metabolic pathways and enhances the nutraceutical value of horticultural products [180]. Moreover, Gabriele et al. [181] observed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculated with fruit wines had better oxidative stability and a considerably higher level of bioactive compounds. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance the mineral nutrient uptake of stationary soil nutrients [182][183][184]; increase the concentrations of phosphorus, zinc, copper, and nitrogen in leeks; and increase the zinc, copper, and selenium content in the edible portion of various vegetable crops by approximately 20 percent [185], 35 to 60 percent more antioxidants, vitamins, and significant levels of ascorbic acid and lycopene were found under the organic system with mycorrhizal inoculation in different fruits and vegetables [32]. ...
... Similarly, the association betwe arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant roots activates the antioxidant, ph nylpropanoid, or carotenoid metabolic pathways and enhances the nutraceutical value horticultural products [180]. Moreover, Gabriele et al. [181] observed that arbuscu mycorrhizal fungi inoculated with fruit wines had better oxidative stability and a co siderably higher level of bioactive compounds. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhan the mineral nutrient uptake of stationary soil nutrients [182][183][184]; increase the concent tions of phosphorus, zinc, copper, and nitrogen in leeks; and increase the zinc, copp and selenium content in the edible portion of various vegetable crops by approximate 20 percent [185], 35 to 60 percent more antioxidants, vitamins, and significant levels ascorbic acid and lycopene were found under the organic system with mycorrhizal oculation in different fruits and vegetables [32]. ...
In the last sixty years, there has been an alarming decline in food quality and a decrease in a wide variety of nutritionally essential minerals and nutraceutical compounds in imperative fruits, vegetables, and food crops. The potential causes behind the decline in the nutritional quality of foods have been identified worldwide as chaotic mineral nutrient application, the preference for less nutritious cultivars/crops, the use of high-yielding varieties, and agronomic issues associated with a shift from natural farming to chemical farming. Likewise, the rise in atmospheric or synthetically elevated carbon dioxide could contribute to the extensive reductions in the nutritional quality of fruits, vegetables, and food crops. Since ancient times, nutrient-intense crops such as millets, conventional fruits, and vegetables have been broadly grown and are the most important staple food, but the area dedicated to these crops has been declining steadily over the past few decades and hastily after the green revolution era due to their poorer economic competitiveness with major commodities such as high-yielding varieties of potato, tomato, maize, wheat, and rice. The majority of the population in underdeveloped and developing countries have lower immune systems, are severely malnourished, and have multiple nutrient deficiency disorders due to poor dietary intake and less nutritious foods because of ignorance about the importance of our traditional nutrient-rich diets and ecofriendly organic farming methods. This critical review emphasizes the importance of balance and adequate nutrition as well as the need to improve soil biodiversity and fertility: those are main causes behind the decline in nutritional density. There is also emphasis on a possible way out of alleviating the decline nutritional density of food crops for the health and well-being of future generations.
... The vast majority of experiments with AM fungi effect on grapevines were conducted under controlled soil and/or climatic conditions, where grapevines were inoculated and planted in pots. There are only a few research works with AM fungi conducted under field (vineyard) conditions [23][24][25], and even fewer of them [8,[26][27][28][29] are concerned with the chemical composition of Vitis vinifera L. grapes and wines. To our knowledge, there are little known researches dealing with mycorrhizal fungi impact on grapevine physiology, vegetative growth, and grape quality in field conditions. ...
... Previous works reported that inoculation of grapevines with AM fungi improves grapes' phenolic composition, especially anthocyanins content [28,29]. Gabriele et al. [27] found that symbiotic Sangiovese wines had a significantly higher level of total polyphenols and flavonols when compared to conventional wines. However, the same authors found significantly lower levels of monomeric anthocyanins in symbiotic wines than in conventional ones. ...
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the application of mycorrhizal fungal inoculum on “Cabernet Sauvignon” (Vitis vinifera L.) leaf gas exchange, yield parameters, as well as grape berry composition, especially regarding phenolic compounds. The experiment was conducted over two years under natural vineyard conditions of the Zagreb wine-growing area, the continental region of Croatia. “Cabernet Sauvignon” grapevines were grafted on SO4 rootstock, both being commonly used in all wine production areas in Croatia. Results obtained demonstrated that symbiotic grapevines, in general, expressed improved leaf gas exchange parameters and higher yield parameters, especially regarding the number of clusters per vine. It should be emphasized that mycorrhizal fungi affected higher total flavan-3-ols, total anthocyanins, and total polyphenols in berry skin in both experimental years. Despite variation in some yield parameters, generally, it is possible to obtain higher yields together with the improved phenolic composition of grapes.
... According to Velásquez et al. (2020), AMF inoculation was found to improve the concentration of volatile organic compounds, which are closely related to improving grape quality. Symbiotic wines can also exhibit higher levels of bioactive compounds and improved oxidative stability, improving their nutritional and nutritional value (Gabriele et al., 2016). Furthermore, research has shown that mycorrhizal inoculation can significantly improve grape quality, particularly when plants are exposed to environmental challenges such as water deficit (Torres et al., 2021;Aguilera et al., 2022;Goicoechea et al., 2021Goicoechea et al., , 2023). ...
Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has long been recognized for its positive impact on plant health. Today, various companies market AMF-based commercial inoculants as biofertilizers or biostimulants for sustainable agriculture. However, their consistent efficacy in real-world field settings remains uncertain. This study investigated the influence of a commercial AMF inoculant on a newly planted vineyard featuring a local grape cultivar grafted onto a common rootstock (‘Ritcher 110’). Over two years, the physiological well-being, growth, and productivity of 20 inoculated vines compared to 20 control counterparts were monitored. The impact of inoculation on soil bacterial diversity and the infectivity of soil was assessed. Notably, AMF-inoculated plants exhibited consistently lower values in photosynthesis, growth, and grape production, although statistical significance was not always reached. Additionally, the total production remained unaffected, but there was a significant decrease in °Brix and pH values, suggesting delayed grape ripening in mycorrhizal plants, potentially promoting secondary metabolites accumulation. Regarding soil effects, the inoculation's impact was slight, with no substantial changes in soil mycorrhizal infectivity and only slight shifts in the microbial community's metabolic profile. Numerous studies highlight the context-dependent nature of AMF inoculation's effects, making it challenging to predict outcomes in field conditions. Failures found in trials like the present one provides valuable scientific information, contributing to determine the prerequisites for effective biofertilizer use in commercial viticulture. Ultimately, the effectiveness of AMF-based biofertilizers remains contingent on specific conditions, exposing the need for additional research to ensure their consistent and reliable application.
... Watering frequency, mycorrhiza and their interaction had no significant effect on the ORAC values of P. reniforme, however, marginal variability was observed in P. sidoides (Table 2). These results are supported by Gabriele et al. (2016) on Sangiovese grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) where a significant increase in bioactive compounds was observed but no difference was found in antioxidant capacity. ...
Pelargonium reniforme Curtis and Pelargonium sidoides DC are medicinally important plants of the large family Geraniaceae and indigenous to the southern areas of Africa. Both species are small shrublets or sub-shrubs whose tuberous roots contain essential metabolites used for the treatment of several diseases. The efficacy of these two species has been well documented, especially, their antioxidant potential. In this study, the antioxidant activity and accumulation of polyphenols in the root tubers of both species cultivated under varying irrigation regimes and arbuscular mycorrhiza applications were assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu’s (polyphenols), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The total phenols in the water frequency treatments were found to be significantly higher in P. sidoides compared to that of P. reniforme at P≤0.05. FRAP values of P. reniforme were found to be significantly higher in lower water frequency (P≤0.05) with mycorrhiza addition as compared to P. sidoides with no significance. The results showed that the addition of mycorrhiza improved the FRAP content in the dry root tuber material of P. reniforme. The water frequency, mycorrhiza and their interaction showed no significant difference in the ORAC values of both species. A strong correlation was evident in the lower water frequency treatments in both species between the total polyphenols and FRAP content.
... Wine produced from a vineyard with cv. Sangiovese had better oxidative stability and a significantly higher level of bioactive compounds such as gallic acid, resveratrol, caffeic acid and, quercetin, when treated with a consortium of Glomus species plus soil bacteria, fungi and, yeast to a lesser extent, compared to the wine produced by control vines (Gabriele et al., 2016). The protective role of AMF against warming effects on berries on three clones of Tempranillo was shown to improve their antioxidant properties and anthocyanin content (Torres et al., 2016). ...
In the Vine, the genotype of the rootstock determines the development of the scion and the resistance of the plant to biotic and abiotic pressures. Vine decline is a complex phenomenon, which results in a sudden or progressive decrease in productivity of the vine and eventuallyits death. The main strategy to overcome this lack of production is the replacement of non-productive or dead plants by new young plants. This process of decline is caused by many factors sometimes related to the quality of the vineyard soil and its microbiota. Indeed, the interaction between the roots and the soil microbiota plays an essential role in the control of telluric phytopathogens but also in the acquisition of mineral resources required for the vine growth. The rhizosphere, which is the portion of soil close to the roots, is at the core of these interactions. The objective of this work is to better understand the role of the soil and root microbiome in a context of vineyard decline. The inter-row soils of four vineyard plots in decline, which wasnot due to symptoms of mineral deficiencies or diseases, revealed a disruption of microbial diversity and enzymatic activity. Further analysis of the roots and rhizosphere of declining plants in one of these plots revealed a high presence of potentially pathogenic but also beneficial microorganisms. In a second step, a greenhouse experiment on young grapevines planted on the soil of a vineyard plot exhibiting signs of decline, showed that the rootstock modified the microbial composition of the roots and rhizosphere. An in vitrofunctional characterization of rhizobacteria from these plants allowed the identification of isolates modifying the aerial and root systems of vine plantlets. These results contribute to the understanding of vine-soil interactions, highlighting the role of the genetic dimension of the rootstock
... Wine produced from a vineyard with cv. Sangiovese had better oxidative stability and a significantly higher level of bioactive compounds such as gallic acid, resveratrol, caffeic acid and, quercetin, when treated with a consortium of Glomus species plus soil bacteria, fungi and, yeast to a lesser extent, compared to the wine produced by control vines [46]. The protective role of AMF against warming effects on berries on three clones of Tempranillo was shown to improve their antioxidant properties and anthocyanin content [47]. ...
Soil microbiota has increasingly been shown to play an integral role in viticulture resilience. The emergence of new metagenomic and culturomic technologies has led to significant advances in the study of microbial biodiversity. In the agricultural sector, soil and plant microbiomes have been found to significantly improve resistance to environmental stressors and diseases, as well as influencing crop yields and fruit quality thus improving sustainability under shifting environments. Grapevines are usually cultivated as a scion grafted on rootstocks, which are selected according to pedoclimatic conditions and cultural practices, known as terroir. The rootstock connects the surrounding soil to the vine’s aerial part and impacts scion growth and berry quality. Understanding rootstock and soil microbiome dynamics is a relevant and important field of study, which may be critical to improve viticulture sustainability and resilience. This review aims to highlight the relationship between grapevine roots and telluric microbiota diversity and activity. In addition, this review explores the concept of core microbiome regarding potential applications of soil microbiome engineering with the goal of enhancing grapevine adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress.
... The AMF can also induce amassing of secondary metabolites including phenolics in host plant roots (Yao et al., 2003). Similarly, the symbiotic impact of AMF have been reported to show variation in phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of wine plants (Gabriele et al., 2016). Funneliformis mosseae an AMF inoculation facilitates the absorption of nutrients by improving the structure of root system, thereby, promoting the growth of plants and increasing the bioactive components (Chen et al., 2017). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Different plants are used for the treatment of various ailments and Acorus calamus L. is one such plant found in Western Himalaya. Rhizome of this plants has ethnomedicinal significance. An attempt has been made to alter the phytochemicals and increase its antioxidant property in a sustainable way with the help of mycorrhizal inoculation.
Aim of the study:
Study of mycorrhizal (Funneliformis mosseae) impact on the biological activities and phytochemical profile of A. calamus L. rhizome and in silico studies of phytochemicals for their anti-inflammatory property.
Materials and methods:
F. mosseae was mass multiplied by single spore culture and then A. calamus rhizomes were inoculated with it. Antioxidant potential of rhizome extract was observed by DPPH and FRAP assays and the phytochemical profiling was done with GC-MS analysis. For observing antimicrobial activity disc diffusion method was employed. Dominant phytochemicals α-asarone and monolinolein TMS were chosen for molecular docking studies against four receptors (4COX, 2AZ5, 5I1B, 1ALU1).
Results:
There was increase in antioxidant activity of rhizome extract after mycorrhizal inoculation. However, no change in antimicrobial activity was observed in the plant after mycorrhizal inoculation. The comparison in phytochemicals was observed by GC-MS analysis which showed qualitative and quantitative variation in biochemical content in plants. The phytochemical, α-asarone and monolinolein TMS showed highest docking score and least binding energy against 1ALU1 and 4COX respectively for anti-inflammatory activity.
Conclusion:
Medicinal plants are potential source of increasing antioxidants in plants without addition of chemical fertilizers and also results in altering the phytochemical composition.
... Several studies reported that AMF may modulate the synthesis of secondary metabolites in host plants, including grapevines [19]. In fact, it has been shown that the phenolic and anthocyanin accumulation of berries was increased in AMF colonized plants [18,20], which could result in wines with improved nutritional and nutraceutical value [21]. These positive effects have been related to differential activity of diverse enzymes in mycorrhizal plants leading to the production of terpenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols [22][23][24]. ...
The exploitation of genetic diversity within agricultural plants, including grapevine, is
suggested as a valuable tool to cope with the negative impacts of climate change on yield and crop quality. In some winegrowing regions of Europe, there is a renewed interest in knowing the grapevine genetic resources available, focusing on the prospection, recovery, and study of ancient cultivars typical of every zone. Grapevines are naturally associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which provide some benefits to the host plant, although such effects depending on many factors, including variety. Therefore, the aim of this research was to characterize the potential fruit quality of eight old grapevine varieties recovered in Navarre (northeastern of the Iberian Peninsula), associated or not with AMF. The study was carried out on fruit-bearing cuttings grown under controlled conditions (greenhouse). Overall, AMF inoculation reduced bunch and berry mass, as well as phenolic content in fruits. In some varieties, AMF association improved some berry traits
by increasing the concentrations of soluble solids and anthocyanins; in others, berry colour, total phenolic and anthocyanin content were diminished in AMF-inoculated plants. The results, therefore, suggest that intraspecific diversity of old grapevines could include different abilities to respond to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.
... At present, the main research reports of phenolic compounds are gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, catechin, chlorogenic acid and epigallocatechin gallate. Their antioxidant [25][26][27] and free-radical scavenging activities [28][29][30] re excellent for a wide range of industrial applications, such as food additives and colorants, which can be attributed to the phenolic hydroxyl groups they possess. ...
A homogenate-assisted vacuum-cavitation extraction (HVE) method with a “green” solvent (a deep eutectic solvent, DES) was developed to extract phenolic compounds from rattan (Calamoideae faberii). In this study, the optimum molar ratio of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG) was 1:3, the optimum volume ratio of ChCl-EG:H2O was 6:4, the solid-liquid ratio of HVE was 1:15, and the extraction time of homogenate and vacuum-cavitation were 2.0 min and 25 min, respectively. Under the optimum parameters of HVE, the extraction yield of total phenolic content with ChCl-EG solution was 6.82 mg/g. The higher total phenolic content was detected in fruit tissues (seeds 81.24 ± 1.55 mg/g, episperm 43.21 ± 0.87 mg/g, and arillus 38.47 ± 0.74 mg/g), followed by in leaves (sheath 19.5 ± 0.38 mg/g and blade 17.81 ± 0.33 mg/g). In addition, the content of specific phenolic compounds in aqueous and DES extracts was determined. Chlorogenic acid was the most abundant phenol in most organs of the rattan plant. Gallic acid was mainly distributed in the arillus; protocatechuic acid was mainly distributed in the arillus, sheath, and blade; protocatechuic aldehyde was mainly distributed in the blade, seed, and sheath; (+)-catechins were mainly distributed in the episperm, seed, and sheath; and epigallocatechin gallate was mainly distributed in the blade. The recovery rates of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, (+)-catechins, chlorogenic acid, and epigallocatechin gallate were 93.77%, 94.09%, 97.32%, 97.83%, 94.41%, and 92.47%, respectively, by AB-8 resin.
... Thus, the adaptation of viticulture to climate change may benefit from AMF since root colonization increases grapevine growth and nutrition, tolerance to abiotic stresses, protects against biotic stresses, and increases soil stability [20]. Furthermore, AMF colonization induces changes in plant secondary metabolism leading to enhanced biosynthesis of polyphenols, carotenoids or flavonoids [21][22][23][24][25]. ...
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is a promising tool for improving the quality of grapes under changing environments. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine if the ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to enhance phenolic content (specifically, anthocyanins) in a climate change framework could be mediated by alterations in berry ABA metabolism during ripening. The study was carried out on fruit-bearing cuttings of cv. Tempranillo (CL-1048 and CL-1089) inoculated (+M) or not (−M) with AMF. Two experimental designs were implemented. In the first experiment +M and -M plants were subjected to two temperatures (24/14°C or 28/18°C (day/night)) from fruit set to berry maturity. In the second experiment, +M and -M plants were subjected to two temperatures (24/14°C or 28/18°C (day/night)) combined with two irrigation regimes (late water deficit (LD) and full irrigation (FI)). At 28/18°C AMF contributed to an increase in berry anthocyanins and modulated ABA metabolism, leading to higher ABA-GE and 7’OH-ABA and lower phaseic acid (PA) in berries compared to –M plants. Under the most stressful scenario (LD and 28/18°C), at harvest +M plants exhibited higher berry anthocyanins and 7´OH-ABA and lower PA and dihydrophaseic acid (DPA) levels than –M plants. These findings highlight the involvement of ABA metabolism into the ability of AMF to improve some traits involved in the quality of grapes under global warming scenarios.
... Mycorrhizal networks have also been shown to increase the tolerance of grapevines to abiotic stresses (drought, salinity or heavy metals), water stress and biotic stresses such as downy mildew (Trouvelot et al. 2015). Moreover, AMF symbiosis in grapevines affects nutrient uptake and wine quality (Bavaresco et al. 2003) leading to a better oxidative stability and a higher level of bioactive compounds compared to the ones without AMF (Gabriele et al. 2016). In the current study, we only determined overall AMF colonisation, but others found a total of 30 different fungal taxa associated with grapevines including taxa of the genus Glomus s.l. and different Glomeromycota taxa (Likar et al. 2013). ...
Herbicides are increasingly applied in vineyards worldwide. However, not much is known on potential side effects on soil organisms or on the nutrition of grapevines (Vitis vinifera). In an experimental vineyard in Austria, we examined the impacts of three within-row herbicide treatments (active ingredients: flazasulfuron, glufosinate, glyphosate) and mechanical weeding on grapevine root mycorrhization; soil microorganisms; earthworms; and nutrient concentration in grapevine roots, leaves, xylem sap and grape juice. The three herbicides reduced grapevine root mycorrhization on average by 53% compared to mechanical weeding. Soil microorganisms (total colony-forming units, CFU) were significantly affected by herbicides with highest CFUs under glufosinate and lowest under glyphosate. Earthworms (surface casting activity, density, biomass, reproduction) or litter decomposition in soil were unaffected by herbicides. Herbicides altered nutrient composition in grapevine roots, leaves, grape juice and xylem sap that was collected 11 months after herbicide application. Xylem sap under herbicide treatments also contained on average 70% more bacteria than under mechanical weeding; however, due to high variability, this was not statistically significant. We conclude that interdisciplinary approaches should receive more attention when assessing ecological effects of herbicides in vineyard ecosystems.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1007/s11356-018-2422-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
... Temperature ( (Gabriele et al., 2016). Similarly, Baslam and Goicoechea (2012) reported that AMF colonization improved the accumulation of anthocyanins in leaves of lettuce especially under water deficit conditions, which may be due to ability of AMF to stimulate the expression of key genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway (Bruisson et al., 2016). ...
The projected climate scenario for South Mediterranean Europe predicts lower precipitation and higher temperatures that will negatively affect viticulture in the region. The application of moderate deficit irrigation at crucial moments of berry ripening has been found to improve berry quality. Furthermore, grapevine association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may improve grapevine’s ability to cope with abiotic stresses. Therefore, the aims of this research were: (1) to characterize the response of three clones of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo to the combination of different water deficit programs and AMF inoculation under elevated temperatures, and (2) to determine whether AMF inoculation can improve berry antioxidant properties under these conditions. The study was carried out on three fruit-bearing cuttings clones of cv. Tempranillo (CL-260, CL-1089 and CL-843) inoculated (+M) or not (−M) with AMF and subjected to two temperature regimes (24/14 °C and 28/18 °C (day/night)) combined with three irrigation regimes during berry ripening. Irrigation treatments were: (i) water deficit from fruit set to veraison (early deficit, ED); (ii) water deficit from veraison to maturity (late deficit, LD); and (iii) full irrigation (FI). Although each Tempranillo clone seemed to have different abilities to respond to elevated temperatures and water supply, in general, at 24/14 °C the LD treatment performed better than ED. Differences among clones were attenuated at 28/18 °C. In addition, potential benefits of the LD treatment were improved by AMF inoculation. Thus, in all clones the loss of anthocyanins at 28/18 °C detected in −M plants after applying LD did not occur in the +M plants. Moreover, AMF inoculation increased must antioxidant capacity in CL-843 under these environmental conditions. Our results suggest that the implementation of measures to promote the association of grapevines with appropriate AMF for each variety could contribute to optimize effects of irrigation strategy on berry properties under future warming conditions.
... Il biota MICOSAT F ® è in grado di modificare la composizione fitochimica e le proprietà antiossidanti dei vini Sangiovese rispetto ai vini da viticoltura convenzionale, con particolare attenzione alla loro stabilità ossidativa a seguito di esposizione all'ossigeno. Una ricerca svolta al CNR di Pisa (Morena et al., 2016) ha impiegato metodi spettrofotometrici e HPLC-DAD per la composizione fitochimica e test ORAC per riscontrare l'attività antiossidante dei vini. I risultati hanno mostrato che i vini simbiotici avevano sia una migliore stabilità ossidativa che un significativamente più elevato livello di composti bioattivi rispetto al vino convenzionale. ...
Microbial consortia for viticulture
... Increased levels of secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties have also been found in fruits of mycorrhizal strawberry plants (Castellanos-Morales et al., 2010) and recent findings have shown that AMF inoculation of grapevines induced the accumulation of phenolics in berries and increased their antioxidant capacity under warm temperatures in the Tempranillo variety (Torres et al., 2016). Moreover, it has been reported that wines obtained from AMF-inoculated plants had both a better oxidative stability and a significantly higher level of bioactive compounds compared with non-mycorrhizal wines from Sangiovese variety (Gabriele et al., 2016). The ability of AMF to induce the accumulation of secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties is sometimes reinforced by the simultaneous incidence of some abiotic stresses. ...
Modern agriculture and horticulture must combine two objectives that seem to be almost mutually exclusive: to satisfy the nutritional needs of an increasing human population and to minimize the negative impact on the environment. These two objectives are included in the Goal 2 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations: 'End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture'. Enhancing the nutritional levels of vegetables would improve nutrient intake without requiring an increase in consumption. In this context, the use of beneficial rhizospheric microorganisms for improving, not only growth and yield, but also the nutrient quality of crops represents a promising tool that may respond to the challenges for modern agriculture and horticulture and represents an alternative to the genetic engineering of crops. This paper summarizes the state of the art, the current difficulties associated to the use of rhizospheric microorganisms as enhancers of the nutritional quality of food crops as well as the future prospects.
... Another aspect of environmental technological microbiology is advances in the knowledge and use of the symbiotic relationship between plants and mycorrhizal fungi as a strategy to increase plant biomass or increase the yields of products of agricultural or pharmacological interest (e.g., Boyer et al., 2016;Gabriele et al., 2016;Köhl et al., 2016). Such benefits are the product of the positive and multifunctional roles of mycorrhizal fungi in plant nutrition, pathogen protection, stress tolerance, and soil structure supply (Smith and Read, 2008). ...
Over thousands of years, modernization could be predicted for the use of microorganisms in the production of foods and beverages. However, the current accelerated pace of new food production is due to the rapid incorporation of biotechnological techniques that allow the rapid identification of new molecules and microorganisms or even the genetic improvement of known species. At no other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas such as agriculture and medicine, except as recognized villains. Currently, however, beneficial microorganisms such as plant growth promoters and phytopathogen controllers are required by various agricultural crops, and many species are being used as biofactories of important pharmacological molecules. The use of biofactories does not end there: microorganisms have been explored for the synthesis of diverse chemicals, fuel molecules, and industrial polymers, and strains environmentally important due to their biodecomposing or biosorption capacity have gained interest in research laboratories and in industrial activities. We call this new microbiology Technological Microbiology, and we believe that complex techniques, such as heterologous expression and metabolic engineering, can be increasingly incorporated into this applied science, allowing the generation of new and improved products and services.
Purpose
Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) is a relevant crop, which is associated to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that are influenced by agricultural practices. The hypothesis of this study is that organic/biodynamic management stimulates grapevine mycorrhizal colonisation and increases AMF diversity in Chilean vineyards. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of agricultural management on AMF association and AMF diversity in Chilean vineyards.
Methods
Mycorrhizal colonisation of grapevine roots from organic/biodynamic and conventional vineyards in Northern (Elqui Valley), Central (Casablanca and Cachapoal Valleys), and Southern Chile (Maule and Itata Valleys), was determined under a microscope. AMF diversity was analysed by morphological, and molecular characterisation of spores through SSU-ITS-LSU rRNA region sequence analyses.
Results
AMF colonisation of grapevine roots was influenced by vineyard management independent of the season. Higher mycorrhizal colonisation was detected in organic/biodynamic grapevine soils (20 − 35%), compared with conventional soils (6 − 31%). Twelve AMF species were identified in vineyards, belonging to five Glomeromycota families. Interestingly, organic/biodynamic vineyards showed higher AMF diversity. The three predominant morphotypes were Funneliformis verruculosum (GL1) , Septoglomus sp. (GL4) and Septoglomus constrictum (GL5). Molecular analyses of AMF spores highlighted the occurrence of Septoglomus, Acaulospora, Pacispora and Cetraspora genera in vineyards.
Conclusions
In this study, AMF diversity in Chilean vineyards is described for the first time. The diversity of AMF in vineyards in Chile was higher than the diversity reported in other wine-producing ecosystems. The understanding of agricultural practices on AMF activity and diversity may be crucial to improve the vineyard management.
Arundo donax L. and Miscanthus sinensis × giganteus (Geef et Deu) by microrelief method.
Shape and number of stomata on the adaxial and abaxial side leaves, morphometric features
and size of leaf area were evaluated on arable land in South-Western Slovakia. The statistical
analysis confirmed the dependence of the number of stomata on the adaxial and abaxial skin
surfaces (LSD0,05test ± 14.55; 29.02). Morphometric characteristics: length and width of the
stomata (μm) between the observed taxa and the number of stomata of the leaves on cardinal
points were different. Between the number of stomata (mm-2) and leaf area (mm-2) (r = 0.29;
0.29), between the length of the stomata and their width (r = 0.15; 0.10) were observed low
correlations for both observed taxa.
Abstract: The Cape fynbos is characterised by highly leached, sandy, acidic soils with very low nutrient concentrations.
Plant-available P levels range from 0.4 μg P g-1 to 3.7 μg P g-1 soil, and 1-2 mg N g-1 soil. Despite these low nutrient concentrations,
the fynbos is home to 9,030 vascular plant species with 68.7% endemicity. How native plant species survive such low levels of
available P is intriguing, and indeed the subject of this review. In the fynbos soils, P is easily precipitated with cations such as Fe and
Al, forming Al-P and Fe-P in acidic soils, or Ca-P in neutral-to-alkaline soils. The mechanisms for promoting P availability and
enhancing P nutrition include the development of mycorrhizal symbiosis (with 80%-90% of higher plants, e.g., Cyclopia, Aspalathus,
Psoralea and Leucadendron etc.) which exhibits 3-5 times much greater P acquisition than non-mycorrhizal roots. Formation of
cluster roots by the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) and their exudation of Kreb cycle intermediates (organic acids) for solubilizing P,
secretion of root exudate compounds (organic acids, phenolics, amino acids, etc.) that mobilize P. The synthesis and release of acid
and alkaline phosphatase enzyme that catalyze the cleavage of mineral P from organic phosphate esters in acidic and alkaline soils,
and the development of deep tap roots as well as massive secondary roots within the uppermost 15 cm of soil for capturing water and
nutrients. Some fynbos legumes employ all these adaptive mechanisms for enhancing P nutrition and plant growth. Aspalathus and
Cyclopia species typically form mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbiosis for improving P and N nutrition, produce cluster roots and acid
phosphatases for increasing P supply, and release root exudates that enhance P solubilisation and uptake.
Key words: Cape fynbos, Cyclopia, Aspalathus, phosphorus, mycorrhiza, phosphatases.
Within the apicultural products, the honey bee-pollen is growing in commercial interest due
to its high nutritional properties. For the first time, bee-pollen samples from Tuscany (Italy) were
studied to evaluate botanical origin, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity. The investigated
pollen loads were composed of three botanical families: Castanea, Rubus and Cistus.
The highest levels of proteins and lipids were detected in Rubus pollen. Castanea pollen contained
greater polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins content, while the highest flavonols level was
detected in Cistus pollen. These results were also confirmed by front-face fluorescence spectroscopy,
used here, for the first time, as a fast tool to characterize bee-pollens.
Mycorrhizal fungi greatly enhanced the ability of plants to take up phosphorus and other nutrients those are relatively immobile and exist in low concentration in the soil solution. Fungi can be important in the uptake of other nutrients by the host plant. Zinc nutrition is most commonly reported as being influenced by the association, although uptake of copper (Cu) , iron, N, K, Ca and Mg has been reported to be enhanced. Water uptake may be improved by mycorrhizal association, making more resistant to drought condition. Often both water and nutrient uptake are higher in drought stressed mycorrhizal plants than in non mycorrhizal plants. The fungal strands are capable of altering the water potential of plants and can only alleviate moderate drought stress and in more severe drought conditions they become ineffective.
The effects of irrigating daily or every three days on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with grapevine roots were determined in vineyard blocks of Merlot and Syrah on 3309 rootstock. After exposure to treatments for four growing seasons, root samples were analyzed for changes in AM fungal colonization, species richness, and community composition. AM fungal colonization was higher in response to irrigating every three days compared with daily irrigation, indicating a treatment effect on the physiology of the fungal communities. Using a pyrosequencing approach, no difference in AM fungal community composition was found in response to irrigation frequency. Species richness, identity and dispersion were consistent across the two treatments. A difference in AM fungal communities between the two varietal blocks was associated with differences in soil chemistry and plant physiological traits. In particular, soil carbon and extractable copper levels along with vine vigor and photosynthesis were correlated with community variation. This indicates environmental factors other than irrigation frequency influence the fungal community structure in vineyards.
The São Francisco Submedium Valley is located at the Brazilian semiarid region and is an important center for irrigated fruit growing. This region is responsible for 97% of the national exportation of table grapes, including seedless grapes. Based on the fact that organic fertilization can improve soil quality, we compared the effects of conventional and organic soil management on microbial activity and mycorrhization of seedless grape crops. We measured glomerospores number, most probable number (MPN) of propagules, richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species, AMF root colonization, EE-BRSP production, carbon microbial biomass (C-MB), microbial respiration, fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity (FDA) and metabolic coefficient (qCO2). The organic management led to an increase in all variables with the exception of EE-BRSP and qCO2. Mycorrhizal colonization increased from 4.7% in conventional crops to 15.9% in organic crops. Spore number ranged from 4.1 to 12.4 per 50 g-1 soil in both management systems. The most probable number of AMF propagules increased from 79 cm-3 soil in the conventional system to 110 cm-3 soil in the organic system. Microbial carbon, CO2 emission, and FDA activity were increased by 100 to 200% in the organic crop. Thirteen species of AMF were identified, the majority in the organic cultivation system. Acaulospora excavata, Entrophospora infrequens, Glomus sp.3 and Scutellospora sp. were found only in the organically managed crop. S. gregaria was found only in the conventional crop. Organically managed vineyards increased mycorrhization and general soil microbial activity.
The aim of this study was to determine the abundance and diversity of root endophytic fungi in organic versus conventional vineyards on the eastern Adriatic coast (Croatia). Samples were collected from four locations in the karst region along the coast. Each of these locations included both organically and conventionally managed vineyards of cv. ‘Plavac mali’ on Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris rootstock. The total root colonization ranged from 39% to 78% for the grapevines, and from 9% to 99% for the dominant weeds, with generally significantly higher fungal colonization in the organic than the conventional vineyards. Increased abundance of the smallest class of fungal spore (diameter, 40–100 μm) was observed in organic vineyards. There was a similar pattern for fungal diversity, with the overall dominance of Ascomycota, and an average of 8.5% of all sequences belonging to Glomeromycota. Our study confirms the initial hypothesis that the change in vineyard soil management toward more sustainable practices improves the abundance and diversity of endophytic fungi, thus suggesting their greater ecological importance in environments with significantly reduced inputs.
A new direct and rapid (18 min) reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the separation of phenolic compounds (benzoic acids, flavan-3-ols, cinnamic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins) in red wines is described. A column that allows for low pH conditions and high flow was used, with a gradient of two solvents: water and acetonitrile, both with 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid. To improve selectivity, each compound was monitored at its absorbance maximum. Precision, linearity, and sensitivity (limit of detection and limit of quantitation) were established. While this rapid method cannot resolve all wine constituents, it is appropriate for measuring major components and quantifying total amounts of particular classes of phenolic compounds. The method was applied to a set of new and aged red wines.
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) and two selected weeds from Mediterranean Croatian vineyards (Plantago lanceolata L. and Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch.Bip.) were examined in pot culture experiments, individually or when combined, to see whether multiple hosts influenced the formation of the symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The results after six-month period showed that plant identity and density significantly influenced development of mycorrhizal intra- and extraradical mycelium and/or sporulation. Grapevine and T. cinerariifolium individually and in combination resulted in a greater development of arbuscular mycorrhizae in terms of spore production, extraradical mycelium length and root colonization compared with pots containing P. lanceolata. Herbaceous weed species seemed to promote a different set of dominant AMF, potentially providing a wider spectrum of AMF for colonising grapevine roots. This indicates the value of encouraging host plant diversity in vineyards. AMF sequences obtained in this study are the first data reported for soils in Croatia.
The moderate consumption of red wines is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease and cancer. It is well known that red wines are a rich source of flavonoids, especially of flavonols. The data on flavonol content in Bulgarian food and beverages are extremely rare. Eleven red wines traditionally consumed in Bulgaria were analyzed for free and conjugated flavonols: myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol. They were determined before and after acid hydrolysis using RP-HPLC with UV detection. The results show that Gamza wines have very low flavonol level (
New supply chains incorporating quality production, often by means of organic or biodynamic farming, more direct sales to consumers and an expansion of agro-tourism have become established in Western European farming during the past 30 years. This paper examines evidence for such changes with respect to recent changes in winemaking in the middle Hérault valley in southern France and eastern Australia. The changes in winemaking in both countries conform closely to those described in the literature on alternative food networks in Europe with an emphasis on the production of locality-specific, quality wines, often using environmentally-sensitive cultivation practices.
Any reduction in soil quality as a consequence of production practices, through processes, such as erosion, salinisation, sodicity, acidity and structural decline, threatens the long-term sustainability of winegrape production. Monitoring of soil quality is thus needed to identify when degradation is occurring in order to allow management intervention. This review examines the suite of biological indicators available for this purpose and the potential for their adoption as part of a minimum dataset by industry. Physical and chemical indicators are discussed in a companion paper. Many groups of organisms and various biological processes have been used as indicators of soil quality in research programs. There is a lack of consensus, however, on which are the key indicators for extensive monitoring programs, and little information is available on threshold values to aid data interpretation. At present, only soil organic carbon (together with labile carbon), potentially mineralisable nitrogen and microbial biomass can be recommended for measuring the biological aspects of soil quality in Australian viticulture. Although newer molecular methods have been developed to elucidate the community structure and genetic profiles of groups in the soil biota, and thus supplement measurements of microbial biomass, these methods are not readily available through commercial laboratories. Moreover, with the exception of tests for some pathogenic organisms, these measurements have not yet been linked to soil functions influencing grapevine growth and nutrition and so are not suitable for routine monitoring of vineyard soil quality.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to determine the importance of the “organic” attribute for wine in relation to other attributes and to identify the most important determinants as far as the consumption of organic wine is concerned.
Design/methodology/approach
A survey based on interviews with 404 Swiss wine drinkers was conducted. The data were evaluated by means of conjoint and regression analyses.
Findings
The “organic” attribute was more important than the colour of the wine but less important than the price and the country of origin, foreign French wine being preferred to local Swiss wine. Urban and female consumers were relatively likely to consume organic wine, as were consumers who perceive organic wine as being healthy.
Practical implications
Marketing for organic wine in well‐developed markets should focus on the argument of image and health. Urban female consumers are the most important target group.
Originality/value
The paper presents the first results on the important attributes for marketing organic wine in developed organic food markets.
Management of the vineyard floor affects soil and crop productivity, as well as runoff
and sediment that leave the vineyard. In Monterey County, weed control is typically
conducted in a 4-foot-wide area under the vines, while cover crops are planted in
the middles between vine rows. This 5-year multidisciplinary study in a low rainfall
vineyard evaluated the impact of weed control strategies (cultivation, pre-emergence
and post-emergence herbicides) in the vine rows, factorially arranged with three cover-crop
treatments in the middles. We studied soil compaction, moisture and runoff; vine and
soil nutrition; soil microbial biomass and mycorrhizae; and grape yield and quality.
The late-maturing 'Trios 102' triticale used more water during the vine growing season
than the earlier maturing 'Merced' rye. Cover crops increased organic matter and microbial
biomass in the middles and reduced sediment loss. Weed control treatments did not
affect crop yield or soil nutritional and microbiological parameters, but cultivation
increased soil compaction at 4 to 7 inches deep. Weed control strategies and cover
crops must be chosen carefully to maximize benefits and minimize negative environmental
impacts.
The colonisation and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on roots of grapevines were investigated in production vineyards located along a 500-km-long stretch of karst along the coast of the Adriatic Sea. AMF communities on roots of grapevines were analysed using temporal temperature gel electrophoresis and sequencing of the 18S and internal transcribed spacer segments of the rDNA operon. The AMF colonisation of these grapevines roots was consistent along the whole of this east Adriatic karst region, at 64 to 82 % of fine roots. The comparison of the AMF communities on the roots of these grapevines showed that the fungal community associated with grapevine roots seems to be relatively stable, with inter-vineyard variability comparable to intra-vineyard variability. Some of the changes in the fungal communities were attributed to environmental factors (plant-available P) and location of the vineyard, although the latter could also have been influenced by an unmeasured environmental factor. A total of 27 taxa of fungi were identified, including taxa from Glomus group B, based on the sequencing of 18S rDNA. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer rDNA yielded 30 different fungal taxa, which comprised eight different Glomeromycota taxa, including Glomus sinuosum and Glomus indicum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of grapevine colonisation by G. indicum.
Gary Zucca1,2, David E Smith3,4, Darryl J Mitry5,61National University, Stockton, CA, USA; 2Owner and Winemaker, Zucca Mountain Vineyards, Vallecito, CA, USA; 3National University, Costa Mesa, CA, USA; 4Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Graduate School Faculty, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA; 6National University, San Diego, CA, USAAbstract: Producers in the wine industry are increasingly competing in the area of product differentiation. The focus of this article is product differentiation via sustainable viticulture and consumer perception. The authors report on their independent research, assess previous findings in the literature, and examine the industry trends. The study concludes with important observations on wine consumer perceptions of sustainable practices in the wine industry and implications for industry practices and product development.Keywords: California, biologique, organic, biodynamic, sustainable
Jaromír Lachman, Miloslav Šulc, Katerina Faitová, Vladimír PivecDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicAbstract: Phenolic compounds in wines, especially in red wines, possess strong antioxidant activity, have the largest effect in decreasing atherosclerosis by both hypolipemic and antioxidant mechanisms. The long-term uptake of red wine has a positive impact on antioxidant activity (AA) of blood plasma in rats in vivo and increases AA by 15%–20% compared to a control group. In the article the effect of total phenolics (TP), total anthocyanins (TA), individual anthocyanins, procyanidins and phenolics contained in red grapes, musts, grape seeds and skins and wines on the AA is discussed. Significant impact of varieties, viticultural regions and locations, climate conditions and vintage has been shown. Likewise, the ways and individual stages of the vinification technology process, and storage conditions affect color, TP, TA, and AA and health aspects of produced wines. Resveratrol, another free radical scavenger mainly contained in the skins of grapes, inhibits the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Higher amounts of trans-resveratrol (RES) have been found in wines from cool and wet climate regions and lesser amounts are typical for warm and dry regions. Changes in the TP content and AA affected by grape variety, vineyard location and winemaking process in white and blue varieties from different vineyards of the Czech Republic were studied. Significant differences in TP among varieties were found. Analysis of variance showed statistically high differences among red and white wines and growing locations. Wines differed significantly in TP content and AA increased significantly during the winemaking process. Statistically significant differences in AA values were found among growing areas, wines and varieties. Significant positive correlations between TP and AA were determined. Total antioxidant status (TAS) of white and red wines (white and blue vine varieties) determined by DPPH and ABTS assays revealed significant differences in AA between white and red wines. Moreover, differences were ascertained between individual varieties of red wine. The results obtained supported the assumption that variety plays a considerable role in TAS; the blue vine varieties showed a much higher TAS. Analysis of variance in AA showed statistically high significance between red and white wines. AA increased during the winemaking process, the highest increase was determined during fermentation and maturation stages of red wine.Keywords: wine, grape, antioxidants, antioxidant activity, DPPH, ABTS, extrinsic and intrinsic factors
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are mainly thought to facilitate phosphorus uptake in plants, but they can also perform several other functions that are equally beneficial. Our recent study sheds light on the factors determining one such function, enhanced plant protection from root pathogens. Root infection by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum was determined by both plant susceptibility and the ability of an AM fungal partner to suppress the pathogen. The non-susceptible plant species (Allium cepa) had limited F. oxysporum infection even without AM fungi. In contrast, the susceptible plant species (Setaria glauca) was heavily infected and only AM fungi in the family Glomeraceae limited pathogen abundance. Plant susceptibility to pathogens was likely determined by contrasting root architectures between plants, with the simple rooted plant (A. cepa) presenting fewer sites for infection.AM fungal colonization, however, was not limited in the same way in part because plants with fewer, simple roots are more mycorrhizal dependent. Protection only by Glomus species also indicates that whatever the mechanism(s) of this function, it responds to AM fungal families differently. While poor at pathogen protection, AM fungal species in the family Gigasporaceae most benefited the growth of the simple rooted plant species. Our research indicates that plant trait differences, such as root architecture can determine how important each mycorrhizal function is to plant growth but the ability to provide these functions differs among AM fungi.
There is evidence that a diet rich in fruit and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer and other degenerative diseases. However, potential health impact of bioactive phytochemicals is limited by their low amount and relatively poor bioavailability. It has been suggested that the health benefits associated with fruit and red wine consumption could be due to the whole antioxidant pool of the diet microcomponents. In this study, the antioxidant activities of trans-resveratrol, pterostilbene and quercetin, and the effect of their combination were investigated in human erythrocytes in vitro. H(2)O(2)-induced lipid peroxidation was assessed by measuring the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive species. Quercetin and pterostilbene protected erythrocyte membranes against lipid peroxidation (IC(50) values = 64 +/- 8.7 microM and 44.5 +/- 7.8 microM, respectively). Resveratrol was significantly less effective. However, the three compounds protected the erythocytes against hemolysis and GSH (reduced glutathione) depletion to the same extent. Combinations consisting of two compounds (molar ratio 1:1) influenced lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. At lower concentrations, resveratrol with quercetin or pterostilbene inhibited synergistically the oxidative injury of membrane lipids At higher concentrations, an additive effect was observed. These protective effects may partially explain the health benefit of these bioactive microcomponents when together in the diet.
This collaborative study was conducted to determine the total monomeric anthocyanin concentration by the pH differential method, which is a rapid and simple spectrophotometric method based on the anthocyanin structural transformation that occurs with a change in pH (colored at pH 1.0 and colorless at pH 4.5). Eleven collaborators representing commercial laboratories, academic institutions, and government laboratories participated. Seven Youden pair materials representing fruit juices, beverages, natural colorants, and wines were tested. The repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) varied from 1.06 to 4.16%. The reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) ranged from 2.69 to 10.12%. The HorRat values were < or = 1.33 for all materials. The Study Director recommends that the method be adopted Official First Action.
This collaborative study was conducted to determine the total monomeric anthocyanin concentration by the pH differential method, which is a rapid and simple spectrophotometric method based on the anthocyanin structural transformation that occurs with a change in pH (colored at pH 1.0 and colorless at pH 4.5). Eleven collaborators representing commercial laboratories, academic institutions, and government laboratories participated. Seven Youden pair materials representing fruit juices, beverages, natural colorants, and wines were tested. The repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) varied from 1.06 to 4.16%. The reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) ranged from 2.69 to 10.12%. The HorRat values were ≤1.33 for all materials. The Study Director recommends that the method be adopted Official First Action.
Specific methods of extraction, fractionation, spectrophotometric evaluation and HPLC/DAD analysis of polyphenols and polysaccarides in some Tuscan grapes and wines were developed. Samples of grapes (cv. Sangiovese) grown in three different sites of the Chianti region of Italy and their corresponding wines were analyzed. The results showed that grapes and wines from the Castagnoli area (Siena) contained higher amounts of polyphenols and polysaccharides. These classes of compounds are strongly related to the quality of red wines and play an important role in taste, flavour and ageing.
The effects of biodynamic production practices on composition and sensory attributes of Sangiovese wines were examined for 2years (2009 and 2010) in a vineyard that was converted from organic (ORG) to biodynamic (BDN) viticulture. During the first year (2009), the BDN wines were characterised by low alcohol strength, colour intensity, total polyphenols, monomeric anthocyanins and catechin. Conversely, the second year BDN wines differed from the organic wines in terms of total polyphenols and phenolic compounds, including polymeric pigments, co-pigmentation, tannins and iron-reactive polyphenols. The effect of management practices, harvest and their interaction was analysed for each compound. Positive interaction was observed for total acidity, volatile acidity, cyanidin-3-glucoside, protocatechuic acid, (+)-catechin, quercetin and trans-resveratrol. ORG wine initially showed a more complex aroma profile; however, the differences were almost indistinguishable during the second year. Trained panellists highlighted differences in colour intensity between ORG and BDN wines although no preference was found by consumers. The concentrations of ochratoxin A and biogenic amines were far below the health-hazardous threshold.
The phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from Monastrell variety grapes obtained by organic and conventional agriculture during the last month of ripening and the wines obtained from them were studied. Samples of grapes were collected from the last month of ripening to full maturity in each plot, and winemaking was carried out on the day of the final collection of grape samples, coinciding with the maturity of the grapes. The antioxidant activity a month before harvesting was higher in the organic grapes (5.7±0.03mM Trolox/g) than in the conventional ones (4.40±0.05mM Trolox/g), although these differences disappear in the moment of harvesting. Similarly the total amount of phenolic compounds a month before harvesting was higher in the organic grapes (974.2±54.4mg/kg) than in the conventional grapes (447.7±27.8mg/kg), although these differences disappear at the moment of harvesting. In wine, phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity were slightly higher in organic wine than in conventional wine, although the differences were not significant.
In the present study the content of 15 polyphenols was determined in 55 samples of red wines from different denominations of origin in the Canary Islands (Spain) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV and fluorescence detection. The most important differences in content among wines according to different categories (island, zone and denomination of origin) were established. In general, red wines from the Canary Islands had a content in polyphenols in the lower part of the range considered normal. The exception was quercetin, with a mean content (17.5 mg/l) higher than in other wines, which may be a peculiarity of these particular wines. The principal component analysis (PCA) technique was used to study the latent structure. A good differentiation among wines according to their production area was obtained using linear discriminant analysis (LDA).
In field conditions, grapevine roots normally are colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However, little is published, from either morphological or molecular studies, on the species composition of these symbionts in production vineyards. The AMF biodiversity of two Piedmont vineyards (at Neive and Lessona), characterized by different soil features, was investigated by morphological and molecular analyses. Several morphotypes were identified from the two vineyard soils. Community composition of AMF, both in soil and root samples, was then analysed with molecular approach to amplify a portion (550 bp) of AM fungal SSU rDNA. Phylogenetic analyses show a different distribution of sequences from the two sites in the main glomeromycotan groups. In the Neive site, the Glomeraceae group A is the only one well represented whereas more groups were found at Lessona. Among the more representative operational taxonomic units (OTUs), only one related to the Glomus irregulare phylotype was shared between the two vineyard soils. The data obtained in this work together with similar results in literature on this important fruit crop reinforce the concept that the general AMF assemblage structure and composition in vineyards might be influenced more by soil type than by host plant features (age, vegetative stages) or management practices.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Analyses of the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) type are convenient, simple, and require only common equipment and have produced a large body of comparable data. Under proper conditions, the assay is inclusive of monophenols and gives predictable reactions with the types of phenols found in nature. Because different phenols react to different degrees, expression of the results as a single number—such as milligrams per liter gallic acid equivalence—is necessarily arbitrary. Because the reaction is independent, quantitative, and predictable, analysis of a mixture of phenols can be recalculated in terms of any other standard. The assay measures all compounds readily oxidizable under the reaction conditions and its very inclusiveness allows certain substances to also react that are either not phenols or seldom thought of as phenols (e.g., proteins). Judicious use of the assay—with consideration of potential interferences in particular samples and prior study if necessary—can lead to very informative results. Aggregate analysis of this type is an important supplement to and often more informative than reems of data difficult to summarize from various techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that separate a large number of individual compounds .The predictable reaction of components in a mixture makes it possible to determine a single reactant by other means and to calculate its contribution to the total FC phenol content. Relative insensitivity of the FC analysis to many adsorbents and precipitants makes differential assay—before and after several different treatments—informative.
The oxidative potential of a polyphenolic grape seed extract, with the idea of using this extract as a nutritive supplement, was evaluated. Data presented in this work provide in vitro (primary leukocyte culture) UV–Vis spectral evidence, indicating that quinones, as oxidation products, are involved in the modulation of the antioxidant/prooxidant balance at cellular level in the case of catechin-type compounds (pure catechin (CS) and polyphenolic extract (PE)), in the absence or presence of lipoxygenase (pure (LS) or in raw soybean extract (LE)) as oxidative stress inducers. The study shows, to some extent, the grape seed extract tested, considered as an antioxidant nutritive supplement, may have prooxidant activity as well, depending on the dose, duration of administration, and other dietary components. The UV–Vis analysis confirms that the antioxidant activity of this extract might be mediated by prooxidant quinones and oxidation products of the polyphenols from grape seeds.
The present study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity, the polyphenol and metal content of conventionally and organically produced wines, which underwent similar winemaking processes. The wine grapes were grown under well-defined organic and conventional conditions from the two different wine-growing sub-regions of Croatia, Prigorje and Southern Dalmatia. The values of antioxidant activity, as evaluated by two free radical methods, ABTS and DPPH, was found systematically higher in organic wines compared to conventional ones. In a reversed phase HPLC analysis, used in order to characterise the phenol fraction of wines, higher concentrations of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, catechin, trans-resveratrol, all studied hydroxybenzoic acids and flavonols were found in the organically produced wines. No apparent trend was found in the metal contents of the wines, but ICP-MS analysis confirmed that both wine productions, organic and conventional, were well within the toxicological safety limits.
In the present work, human red blood cells (RBC) were used to determine cellular antioxidant activity (CAA-RBC) of pure phytochemicals and botanical extracts, with the aim to predict their bioavailability.Amongst the pure flavonoids, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin, myricetin, and kaempferol showed the highest activity in the CAA-RBC assay; whereas, with the “chemical” oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, the compounds that showed the highest activity were isorhamnetin, resveratrol, apigenin and catechin. When the CAA-RBC assay was applied to herbal extracts, the Vitis vinifera showed the highest value, a position that this extract maintained also when the ORAC assay was used. Other extracts showed a different order of effectiveness with the two methods.We also employed the CAA-RBC to assess synergistic or antagonistic effects of combinations of herbal extracts and we again compared the results with the ORAC assay. Punica granatum + Malus domestica synergized in the CAA-RBC assay, but not in the ORAC assay; Aspalathus linearis extract interacted positively with Vaccinium myrtillus, both in the ORAC assay and in the CAA-RBC assay. We concluded that the CAA-RBC assay, coupled with the ORAC assay, was useful for evaluating intracellular bioactivity and synergy amongst phytochemicals or extracts.
Tomato fruit has assumed the status of 'functional food' due to the association between its consumption and a reduced likelihood of certain types of cancers and CVD. The nutraceutical value of tomatoes can be affected by the cultivation conditions, e.g. the phytochemical content of the fruits may increase with the establishment of beneficial mycorrhizal symbioses in the plants. A multidisciplinary study was carried out to gain knowledge on the antioxidant, oestrogenic/anti-oestrogenic and genotoxic activity of tomato fruits produced by mycorrhizal plants. The present results showed that the symbiosis positively affected the growth and mineral nutrient content of tomato plants and enhanced the nutritional and nutraceutical value of tomato fruits through modifications of plant secondary metabolism, which led to increased levels of lycopene in fruits obtained from mycorrhizal plants, compared with controls. Moreover, such changes did not result in the production of mutagenic compounds, since tomato extracts induced no in vitro genotoxic effects. Fruit extracts, both hydrophilic and the lipophilic fractions, originating from mycorrhizal plants strongly inhibited 17-β-oestradiol-human oestrogen receptor binding, showing significantly higher anti-oestrogenic power compared with controls. The present study shows that beneficial plant symbionts, such as mycorrhizal fungi, can lead to the production of safe and high-quality food, which is an important societal issue strongly demanded by both consumers and producers.
The interest in possible health benefits of flavonoids has increased owing to their potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities observed in vitro. Nevertheless, the antioxidant efficacy of flavonoids in vivo is less documented and their prooxidant properties have been actually described in vivo. Due to their prooxidant properties, they are able to cause oxidative damage by reacting with various biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins and DNA. Hence, the aim of this review is to discuss both the antioxidant and prooxidant effects of flavonoids.
The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in 10 Oregon vineyards was assessed by examining spores in soil and amplifying mycorrhizal DNA from roots. Seventeen spore morphotypes were found in soil, including seven species in the Acaulosporaceae. Eighteen phylotypes were amplified from grape roots with AM1 and NS31 primers, and clones were dominated by Glomus spp. (> 99%). A few clones (< 1%) representing a single phylotype within Gigasporaceae, and a single clone within Archaeosporaceae were amplified from roots with AM1-NS31 primers. A separate experiment employing known proportions of grape roots colonized by Glomus intraradices or by Gigaspora rosea showed that fungi within Gigasporaceae might be underrepresented in clone abundance when Glomus spp. co-occur in roots. No clones representing fungi within the Acaulosporaceae were amplified from vineyards, although specific fungi within Acaulosporaceae were shown to colonize Pinot noir roots in sterilized soil and were amplified from these roots. Four Glomus phylotypes, including G. intraradices, were found in roots from all 10 vineyards, and these fungi accounted for 81% of clones. AMF phylotypes amplified from roots did not change during the growing season, although six phylotypes varied with soil type. The presence of three phylotypes was affected by vineyard age, and phylotype richness appeared to decline as vineyard age increased beyond 20 y. PCA analysis supported the hypothesis that the AMF community is different in red-hill soils than in valley soils and indicated certain phylotypes might be associated with lower soil and vine nutrient status. However, the changes in the AMF community in grape roots across vineyards were subtle because most root samples were dominated by the same three or four phylotypes. A separate analysis using primers to amplify AMF from the Archeasporaceae/Paraglomeraceae showed most root samples also were colonized by at least one Paraglomus or Archaeospora phylotype.
Background:
Wine polyphenols have antioxidant properties. Different polyphenols have various biological activities on atherogenesis and carcinogenesis.
Material and methods:
The composition on 5 polyphenols of 16 wines of Castilla (Spain) is determined by HPLC.
Results:
Polyphenols concentrations varied largely among the different wines. Most red wines had higher amounts of polyphenols than white wines.
Conclusions:
The diverse composition on polyphenols of each wine allows to suggest different biological effects.
Total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of 11 cultivars of fresh plums were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Identification and quantification of individual polyphenolics were performed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a diode array detector. The total phenolic contents of various cultivars widely varied from 125.0 to 372.6 mg/100 g expressed as gallic acid equivalents. The level of total flavonoids in fresh plums ranged between 64.8 and 257.5 mg/100 g expressed as catechin equivalents. Antioxidant capacity, expressed as vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC), ranged from 204.9 to 567.0 mg/100 g with an average of 290.9 mg/100 g of fresh weight. Cv. Beltsville Elite B70197 showed the highest amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids and the highest VCEAC. A positive relationship (correlation coefficient r (2)() = 0.977) was presented between total phenolics and VCEAC, suggesting polyphenolics would play an important role in free radical scavenging. The level of IC(50) value of superoxide radical anion scavenging activity of the plum cultivars ranged from 13.4 to 45.7 mg of VCEAC/100 g. Neochlorogenic acid was the predominant polyphenolic among fresh plums tested. Flavonols found in plum were commonly quercetin derivatives. Rutin was the most predominant flavonol in plums. Various anthocyanins containing cyanidin aglycon and peonidin aglycon were commonly found in all plums except for cv. Mirabellier and NY 101.
A cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay for quantifying the antioxidant activity of phytochemicals, food extracts, and dietary supplements has been developed. Dichlorofluorescin is a probe that is trapped within cells and is easily oxidized to fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF). The method measures the ability of compounds to prevent the formation of DCF by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP)-generated peroxyl radicals in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. The decrease in cellular fluorescence when compared to the control cells indicates the antioxidant capacity of the compounds. The antioxidant activities of selected phytochemicals and fruit extracts were evaluated using the CAA assay, and the results were expressed in micromoles of quercetin equivalents per 100 micromol of phytochemical or micromoles of quercetin equivalents per 100 g of fresh fruit. Quercetin had the highest CAA value, followed by kaempferol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), myricetin, and luteolin among the pure compounds tested. Among the selected fruits tested, blueberry had the highest CAA value, followed by cranberry > apple = red grape > green grape. The CAA assay is a more biologically relevant method than the popular chemistry antioxidant activity assays because it accounts for some aspects of uptake, metabolism, and location of antioxidant compounds within cells.
Two indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from the Mediterranean wine growing area in the Northeast of Spain were isolated and classified as Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith. Both native fungi were found to increase the growth of the vine rootstock 110 Richter under greenhouse conditions compared with G. intraradices (BEG 72) and a phosphorus (P) fertilization treatment. The effectivity of field inoculation of Cabernet Sauvignon plants grafted on Richter 110 with the former native fungi and with G. intraradices BEG 72 in a replant vineyard severely infested by the root-rot fungus Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Kummer was assessed. The native fungi were not effective at enhancing plant development, and only G. intraradices BEG 72, resulted in a positive response. Field inoculation with this selected fungus increased plant shoot dry weight at the end of the first growing season.
Variability of 1. Comparison between wines from conventional and mycorrhizal grape (symbiotic)
- W L A Alvarez-Sala
- B K Slowing
- C P Gomez-Serranillos
Alvarez-Sala, W. L. A., Slowing, B. K., & Gomez-Serranillos, C. P. (2000). Variability of
1. Comparison between wines from conventional and mycorrhizal grape (symbiotic).