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Towards the syntax of the ideophone in Zulu
... The term ideophone has been used in the literature to define a lexical unit with a high degree of syntactic rigidity formed by a noun and a qualitative, a verb and a predicate, or an adverb commonly related to colors, sounds, smells, actions, states, or intensity (Araujo 2009;Bartens 2000;Costa 2017;Doke 1935;Voeltz 1971;Westermann 1907). Bartens (2000, p. 14) argued that ideophones 3 Auroux (1992) grammatization "is the process by which all the fluxes and flows [flux] through which symbolic (that is, also, existential) acts are linked, can be discretized, formalized and reproduced. ...
... (3) moli mogogogo 10 Some authors (Brindle 2011;Friesen 2016;Voeltz 1971; Yakpo 2019) have stressed the onomatopoeic character of ideophones, but in Santome, there are linguistic motivations other than the mimetic character of a sound. Nevertheless, some ideophones, though not all, may be related to onomatopoeia: All examples are from de Araujo and Hagemeijer (2013). ...
... For ideophones in Santome, see de Araujo (2009) and Costa (2017). All examples were translated from Portuguese. 9 Although rare, it is not impossible for an ideophone to be used with semantically unrelated lexical units, as can be seen in kulu dĩĩĩ 'very dark, deep night' and da son din 'falling flat' (Costa 2017, p. 51 Some authors (Brindle 2011;Friesen 2016;Voeltz 1971; Yakpo 2019) have stressed the onomatopoeic character of ideophones, but in Santome, there are linguistic motivations other than the mimetic character of a sound. Nevertheless, some ideophones, though not all, may be related to onomatopoeia: 5 All examples are from Araujo and Hagemeijer (2013). ...
In this work, we discuss how Araujo & Hagemeijer’s Santome/Portuguese bilingual dictionary defines and describes ideophones and realia lemmata. We show that ideophones were listed individually along with their expression counterparts. Realia lemmata (words and expressions for culture-specific items) or specialized lexical units were presented in their Santomean forms, followed by a description of their endemic specificities. Many realia items from Santome can also be found in Portuguese. We conclude that the authors contribute to the lexicographic record of ideophones, lexical items that did not exist in Portuguese, but relevant to the language and culture of Santome. On the other hand, with the documentation of realia entries, they collaborate for the validation of lexical units (originating in Santome) in the local vernacular variety of São Tomé and Príncipe’s Portuguese, a common historical practice in Portuguese lexicography.
... According to Beck, ideophones do not license affixation, either of inflectional or derivational morphemes. There are, however, exceptions to this morphological generalization, as Voeltz (1971) and Doke (1963) demonstrate that in Zulu, ideophones inflect for the grammatical categories of tense and aspect. However, Ameka (2001, 26) notes that the morphological claim of ideophones not accepting affixation is only valid for languages that have a rich morphological system (inflecting ones), not for a language that is an "isolating language (with agglutinative features)" as is the case of Ewe. ...
... The term ideophone has been used in the literature to define a lexical unit with a high degree of syntactic rigidity formed by a noun and a qualitative, a verb and a predicate, or an adverb commonly related to colors, sounds, smells, actions, states, or intensity (ARAUJO, 2009;BARTENS, 2000;COSTA, 2017;DOKE, 1935;VOELTZ, 1971;WESTERMANN, 1907). Bartens (2000, p. 14) argued that ideophones typically present sounds and combinations of sounds not found in the phonological inventory of the language. ...
In this work, we discuss how Araujo Hagemeijer’s Santome/Portuguese bilingual dictionary (ARAUJO; HAGEMEIJER, 2013) defines and describes ideophones and realia entries. We show that ideophones were listed individually along with their collocation counterparts. Realia entries (words and expressions for culture-specific items) were presented in their Santomean forms, followed by a description of their endemic specificities. Many realia items from Santome can also be found in Portuguese. We conclude that the authors contribute to the lexicographic record of ideophones, lexical items that did not exist in Portuguese, but relevant to the language and culture of Santome. On the other hand, with the documentation of realia entries, they collaborate for the validation of lexical units (originated in Santome) in the local vernacular variety of São Tomé and Príncipe’s Portuguese, a common historical practice in Portuguese lexicography.
... 5 It is important to add that there are languages, e.g. Zulu, in which ideophones inflect for both tense and aspect (see Voeltz 1971, Doke 1963 The ideophone tat-tat-tat in (23) creates a strong mental representation of the act of movement. The ideophone farr-farr in (25) means 'very white' with the stem 'farr' meaning 'bright or clean'. ...
Ideophones, also referred to as 'expressives', have in recent years received massive attention in the literature from linguists across the globe. What still remains undoubted is the fact that ideophones are unique on a language specific basis and as such the need to uncover their nature using individual language analyses. Thus, this paper sets out to study ideophones in Ku sa a l, a Mabia (Gur) language spoken in the Upper East Region of Ghana. This article advances the claim that ideophones in s l exhibit syntactic links with adjectives and adverbs yet they show distinctive morphological, phonological and semantic properties that set them apart from all other lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives in the language.
... It is no exaggeration, then, that in Bantu lexicography ideophones are a lexicographer's worst nightmare. This is so, not because of their peculiar linguistic properties -be these phonological, morphological or syntactic (see for example, with specific reference to Zulu: Fivaz (1963), Voeltz (1971), Von Staden (1974, 1977, Taljaard and Bosch (1993: 162), Childs (1996), Poulos and Msimang (1998: Chapter 8), or Msimang and Poulos (2001)) -but because of their semantic import that is hard to pinpoint, describe and represent lexicographically. ...
The ideophone, a word class not unique to but highly characteristic of the Bantu languages, presents particular challenges in both monolingual and bilingual lexicography. Not only is this part of speech without a counterpart in most other languages, the meaning of ideo-phones is highly elusive. In this research article these challenges are studied by means of an analy-sis of the treatment of ideophones in a corpus-driven Zulu–English school dictionary project.
Keywords: lexicography, dictionary, bilingual, corpus, frequency, bantu, zulu (isizulu), english, ideophone, semantic import, paraphrase, part-of-speech mismatch
... It is no exaggeration, then, that in Bantu lexicography ideophones are a lexicographer's worst nightmare. This is so, not because of their peculiar linguistic properties -be these phonological, morphological or syntactic (see for example, with specific reference to Zulu: Fivaz (1963), Voeltz (1971), Von Staden (1974, 1977, Taljaard and Bosch (1993: 162), Childs (1996), Poulos and Msimang (1998: Chapter 8), or Msimang and Poulos (2001)) -but because of their semantic import that is hard to pinpoint, describe and represent lexicographically. ...
The ideophone, a word class not unique to but highly characteristic of the Bantu languages, presents particular challenges in both monolingual and bilingual lexicography. Not only is this part of speech without a counterpart in most other languages, the meaning of ideo-phones is highly elusive. In this research article these challenges are studied by means of an analy-sis of the treatment of ideophones in a corpus-driven Zulu–English school dictionary project.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of current research in African languages, drawing on insights from anthropological linguistics, typology, historical and comparative linguistics, and sociolinguistics. Africa is believed to host at least one-third of the world’s languages, usually classified into four phyla—Niger-Congo, Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, and Khoisan—which are then subdivided into further families and subgroupings. This volume explores all aspects of research in the field, beginning with chapters that cover the major domains of grammar and comparative approaches. Later parts provide overviews of the phyla and subfamilies, alongside grammatical sketches of eighteen representative African languages of diverse genetic affiliation. The volume additionally explores multiple other topics relating to African languages and linguistics, with a particular focus on extralinguistic issues: language, cognition, and culture, including color terminology and conversation analysis; language and society, including language contact and endangerment; language and history; and language and orature.
p>Abstract: The ideophone, a word class not unique to but highly characteristic of the Bantu languages, presents particular challenges in both monolingual and bilingual lexicography. Not only is this part of speech without a counterpart in most other languages, the meaning of ideophones is highly elusive. In this research article these challenges are studied by means of an analysis of the treatment of ideophones in a corpus-driven Zulu–English school dictionary project.
Keywords: LEXICOGRAPHY, DICTIONARY, BILINGUAL, CORPUS, FREQUENCY, BANTU, ZULU (ISIZULU), ENGLISH, IDEOPHONE, SEMANTIC IMPORT, PARAPHRASE, PART-OF-SPEECH MISMATCH
Samenvatting: De lexicografische behandeling van ideofonen in Zoeloe. De ideofoon, een woordklasse die niet uniek maar wel heel karakteristiek is voor de Bantoetalen, is een echte uitdaging in zowel de monolinguale als bilinguale lexicografie. Niet enkel heeft deze woordklasse geen equivalent in de meeste andere talen, de betekenis van ideofonen is heel moeilijk vast te leggen. In dit onderzoeksartikel worden deze uitdagingen onderzocht aan de hand van een analyse van de behandeling van ideofonen in een corpus-gedreven Zoeloe–Engels schoolwoorden-boekproject.
Sleutelwoorden: LEXICOGRAFIE, WOORDENBOEK, TWEETALIG, CORPUS, FRE-QUENTIE, BANTOE, ZOELOE, ENGELS, IDEOFOON, SEMANTISCHE LADING, PARAFRASE, VLOEKENDE WOORDKLASSEN</p
Kirk Hazen is a Woodburn Professor and Associate Professor in the Department of English at West Virginia University. He specializes in variationist sociolinguistics. His interests include Appalachian English, African-American English, and varieties of Southern US English. His teaching goal is to foster better understanding of language variation.
(a) Phonologically, some minor differences in respect of phoneme variants exist, whilst a few peripheral phonemes are also found, especially in onomatopoeic ideophones. There is a strong tendency towards identical vowels (assonance) in all syllables, whilst one or more syllables are often omitted and (non‐morphological) repetition of syllables often occurs. Metathesis is applicable in several cases. Phonemic fluctuations occur to a great measure; it can be interpreted in terms of the presence or absence of distinctive features and is to some extent explicable on account of dialectal and stylistic differences or onomatopoeia. On the prosodic level, in addition to high and low tonemes, a falling toneme, which is not always acknowledged for Zulu, can clearly be distinguished. Some allotones of /H/ and /L/ are absent, especially those which apply to sentence phonemes. (Sentence and word group phonemes seem to have no influence on ideophones.) The majority of ideophones take the low toneme on all syllables.
This paper has three related yet partially independent aims. In the first place I want to argue for a particular analysis of Shona adjectives, showing that at a rather deep syntactic level they are closely related to nouns. Secondly, I want to show that this analysis tends to vindicate the hypothesis of a syntactically and semantically defined level quite close to Chomsky's (1965) deep structure. Thirdly, I hope that the paper may serve as a ind of prolegomenon to a theory of lexical classes -- an important yet almost totally neglected aspect of the theory of natural language. In developing the argument for the analysis of adjectives, which is the central part of the paper, I shall deal primarily with some problems in the concord system. It will be necessary to demonstrate that a phonological solution is inappropriate although apparently possible within current theory. Some general restrictions are proposed on the use of morphological features or syntactic brackets in phonological rules, and it is argued briefly that the lexicon must probably include some of the rules which are now treated as phonological -- i.e. some of the P-rules.
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