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New Space Analogues
Abstract
There is scientific proof that the study of past analogues can help us to judge the development cycles of future projects. Faster transport of goods and persons has always been a major concern for humans in view of conquering next frontiers. It is therefore obvious that the development process of past transport means has a strong analogy with the developments of New Space nowadays and in the near future. We will therefore make an analysis of past sea, train, and aeronautical transport developments and financing processes in order, by analogy, to try to formulate conclusions for present New Space developments and their future evolution. We will also point out that each new development has encountered strong skepticism by experts. There is little or no hope that this will improve in the future.
... As we can note from a survey of analogue historical activities, we can conclude that such transfer happened also in the past in other areas such as shipping, railroad transport, and commercial aviation. 5 Indeed, this scenario is closely linked to the dual use of these activities. The Indian railway system was initially developed to rapidly deploy British troops all over the country. ...
The term New Space and New Space Economy is very frequently used but not fully defined scientifically. The article attempts to propose such definition with emphasis on the entrepreneurial perspectives.
... As we can note from a survey of analogue historical activities, we can conclude that such transfer happened also in the past in other areas such as shipping, railroad transport, and commercial aviation. 5 Indeed, this scenario is closely linked to the dual use of these activities. The Indian railway system was initially developed to rapidly deploy British troops all over the country. ...
The concept of new space activities has gained a lot of public interest and is frequently used in discussions. However, the boundary between these new space activities and commercial space activities is not well defined and creates some confusion. Emphasis here is, therefore, placed upon a considerable difference between both, namely the entrepreneurial character of new space and equity funding. To stimulate further discussion, a definition of new space activities is proposed, putting emphasis on this entrepreneurial perspective.
If we consider space tourism as a first step towards regular passenger space transport, it is important to evaluate from the start onwards the systematic steps which will lead to such new commercial endeavour. In order to build up reliability and technological readiness, a four step approach is suggested. In parallel with commercial air transportation, space tourism is considered as a first step. Payload transfer, using similar suborbital vehicles seems a natural extension as a second step. For the third step, cargo transport on a Point-to-Point (P2P) basis is assumed to be a logical extension. Finally, on the basis of the acquired experience, commercial P2P transport of passengers is considered as the fourth step. This, in parallel with air-transport, is considered to lead to a new economic sector. In order to illustrate this evolution, a timeline is suggested in this article.
While many are familiar with the enticing of American transcontinental railroad construction through land grants from national, state, and local governments, there was a range of other stimulative efforts to facilitate railroad development. These included tax breaks, investment credits, and otherwise favorable decisions supporting these business interests. They also involved, in some instances, direct subsidies; monopolies not only on railroad operations but also in ancillary and even tertiary industries; and changes to regulations to ease requirements for labor, safety, and other factors. This article examines the analogue between railroad development in the U.S. and that of space exploitation specific to access to space, involving space launch technology development, drawing several key findings from the railroad experience. It suggests that there is a broad range of options that have been pursued in the past to stimulate investment in infrastructure—in this case in railroads—that have application for future space access operations. Not all of these options were successful—some failed outright and others had detrimental unintended consequences—and that is discussed as well.
The X PRIZE is an international competition for the practical demonstration of the first reusable craft capable of taking three people to the edge of space (100 km, or 62 miles) and back. the X PRIZE is modeled after the great aviation prizes of the 1920’s and 1930’s. a particular example is the Orteig Prize of $25,000 which resulted in Charles Lindbergh’s landmark flight from New York to Paris in 1927. This flight transformed aviation from the category of “stunts” to the beginnings of the multi-billion dollar aviation industry which has linked the world.
A transutilitarian rationale is proposed for assessing human spaceflight that is based on objectives for these endeavors and ethical norms of conduct. Specific attention is given to: presupposed/tacit reasons for including man in spaceflight and the restricted notion of rational/justifiable activity. It is shown that economic rationale is insufficient and unsuitable as a means for assessing manned spaceflight, and transutilitarian objectives are compiled that contribute to the motivation for manned flight. The transutilitarian motivations include: pioneering uncharted territory, enhancing national prestige, establishing space-related autonomy, promoting international cooperation, and enhancing science and the quality of human life.
At the beginning of the 15th century a systematic programme of maritime exploration masterminded by prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal sparked the technological, scientific and cultural revolutions that connected Europe to the rest of the world. What made the Portuguese initiative different from their contemporaries’—and from the dawn of the space age—is a limited set of explicit, broad rationales. We have assessed some maritime and space exploration programmes against these rationales, and we infer that these programmes are successful when they are driven by a balanced combination of these rationales. With the appropriate caution linked to transposing historical parallels, this exercise may help bring into focus some factors that may help shaping a lunar initiative to open up the solar system.
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