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An updated description of Galianthe vaginata (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae), a species endemic to the Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar, Southeast Brazil

Authors:
João Martins do Carmo at Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE-CONICET)
João Martins do Carmo
  • Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE-CONICET)
Roberto Manuel Salas at National University of the Northeast
Roberto Manuel Salas
André O Simões at University of Campinas
André O Simões
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An updated description of Galianthe vaginata is here presented. This species is endemic to the Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar, Southeast Brazil, and occurs in remnants of the Atlantic forest phytogeographic domain, in the campos de altitude, rocky outcrops, and along trails in montane rainforest. Its bracts, short-styled flowers, fruits and seeds are described and illustrated for the first time. The conspicuously winged stems and the pubescent stipules constitute a combination of diagnostic characters useful for distinguishing G. vaginata from G. polygonoides. Its conservation status is reassessed based on recent collections.
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an updated description of galianthe vaginata (spermacoceae, rubiaceae), a species endemic to the serra da mantiqueira and serra do mar, southeast braz
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... During recent fieldwork carried out over the last five years as part of the taxonomic and biogeographic studies in Galianthe, we observed a continuous reduction of plant populations. To date, only 11 species of Galianthe have been evaluated from the point of view of conservation (Carmo et al., 2016;Florent ın et al., 2017aFlorent ın et al., , 2017bFlorent ın et al., , 2019Florent ın et al., , 2021Zappi et al., 2013). However, beyond their inherent value, the conservation of these species is also a concern because they have ethnomedicinal properties, chemical components and biological activities (Conserva & Ferreira, 2012), as well as the ability to accumulate heavy metals such as cadmium (Vilhalva, 2008) and aluminum (Jansen et al., 2000(Jansen et al., , 2003. ...
Areas of endemism and conservation status of Galianthe species (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae) in the Neotropics
Article
  • Feb 2022
Areas of endemism are a standard unit of biogeography and are commonly used for analytical biogeographic analyses as a criterion to identify areas for conservation. Galianthe is a genus of 56 species of mainly herbaceous plants from the family Rubiaceae found in the Neotropics, occurring in campos rupestres (quartzitic rock outcrops), cerrado (savanna), lowland grasslands, campos de altitude (highland grasslands), sasonally dry tropical forests (caatinga vegetation), and savanna hillsides. Currently, the conservation status assessment is only known for eleven species of Galianthe, and there have been no previous attempts to identify areas of endemism for the genus. In view of this, we used the NDM/VNDM software to analyze the distribution of the 56 species of Galianthe to identify areas of endemism and to recognize which species define each area. We also evaluated the conservation status of forty-five species for first time, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) guidelines. Our finding identified 12 areas of endemism with three cell sizes, mainly in the eastern part of Paraguay and southern Brazil. Illustrating the general biodiversity crisis, 41% of the Galianthe species (23 spp.), were evaluated as Endangered due to their degree of endemism and destruction of their habitat, while 31 species were evaluated as not threatened and two species had Insufficient Data. In turn, only five threatened species were found within or on the periphery of protected areas. We consider that although protected areas are designed to protect biodiversity, in recent decades they have experienced different degrees of threat. Due to the high risk of many species of the genus, it is necessary to consider restoration (as a complement to conservation) of the processes that maintain grasslands to conserve unique, endemic and threatened species. Key words: areas of endemism, conservation assessment, Neotropics, rare plants, Rubiaceae, threatened species
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... Only the 10 percent of the Galianthe species were assessed for conservation status (Zappi et al. 2013, Carmo et al. 2016, Florentín et al. 2017a, Florentín et al. 2017b, and considering that most of them are of restricted distribution in South America, they are in need of a conservation assessment which is thus here provided. ...
Four highland species of Galianthe (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae) with restricted distribution in South America: conservation assessment and complete descriptions
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2019
Full descriptions of four Galianthe species, complemented by new data on fruits and seed characters are presented. These species occur at 500-3000 m elevations: G. gertii and G. reitzii in southeastern Brazil; G. guaranitica in eastern Paraguay and central-western Brazil; and G. boliviana in the sub-Andean region of northern Bolivia and southern Peru. Conservation status, with comments on distribution, is provided for three of them and is reassessed for one. The lectotypification of G. guaranitica is discussed.
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... e species occur in campos rupestres (quartzitic rock outcrops), cerrado (savanna), low land grasslands, campos de altitude (highland grasslands), caatinga vegetation (seasonaly dry tropical forests) and savanna hillsides; in lateritic, sandy soils or with rock outcrops. Exceptionally, there are some shade-loving species, which occur in the understory of forests and woodlands, such as G. hispidula, G. brasiliensis, and G. laxa (Cabral & Bacigalupo 1997;Cabral 2009;Cabral & Salas 2015;Carmo et al. 2016). Galianthe comprises 50 species grouped in two subgenera: Galianthe subg. ...
A synopsis of Galianthe (Rubiaceae) in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, and a new endemic species from Serra Geral
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2017
Thirteen species of the genus Galianthe have been recorded for state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. e species are distributed among seven biomes, one of which contains all thirteen taxa-Subtropical Seasonal Forest. Herein a new endemic species, G. riograndensis J. Florentín & E.L. Cabral, is described, illustrated and di erentiated from all other species of the genus by having 3-4 verticillate leaves and a long bii d style. In addition, the pollen grain morphology and the seed micromorphology of the new species are described and illustrated, and the conservation status assessed according to IUCN criteria. Moreover, G. chodatiana is recorded for the rst time from the state, and a lectotype for G. equisetoides is designated. Most of the species of Galianthe are described and illustrated with detailed photos of living specimens. A taxonomic key for species identii cation, as well as comments on distribution, overall phenology and habitat, are also presented. e distribution of the new species is discussed in the context of the biogeographic region of the state, and maps and a table of species by biome are also provided.
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... Caracteriza-se por ser um subarbusto cespitoso de ramos fistulosos, e pelas estípulas fimbriadas, inflorescências em tirsos terminais e sementes comprimidas dorsiventralmente. do Mar, sendo considerada "em perigo" em sua avaliação mais recente de status de conservação (Carmo et al. 2016). Em Camanducaia foi coletada em afloramentos rochosos e trilhas em floresta ombrófila densa alto-montana, com flores de setembro a janeiro e frutos em abril. ...
Rubiaceae no Município de Camanducaia, Serra da Mantiqueira, Minas Gerais: sinopse e chave interativa
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2017
Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivos realizar o levantamento florístico da família no município de Camanducaia, Serra da Mantiqueira, extremo sul de Minas Gerais, onde extensos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica são encontrados, e elaborar uma Chave Interativa de Entradas Múltiplas (CIEM) para a identificação das espécies. O levantamento florístico foi realizado através de viagens de coleta e análise dos seguintes herbários: BHCB, ESA, HRCB, IAC, ICN, MBM, SP e UEC. Rubiaceae está representada em Camanducaia por 35 espécies, duas subespécies e duas variedades, classificadas em 17 gêneros. Borreria, Manettia e Psychotria foram os gêneros mais diversos (cinco espécies cada). Nove espécies, uma subespécie e uma variedade são endêmicas da Mata Atlântica. Duas espécies (Galianthe vaginata e Psychotria beyrichiana) são endêmicas da Serra da Mantiqueira e Serra do Mar. Psychotria beyrichiana é registrada pela primeira vez em Minas Gerais. Através da utilização da CIEM aqui proposta, a maioria dos táxons puderam ser identificados utilizando-se somente caracteres vegetativos.
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Galianthe holmneielsenii (Spermacoceae-Rubiaceae): A New Rheophilous Species from the Pacific Coast of Colombia and Ecuador
Article
  • Aug 2021
  • SYST BOT
A new species of Galianthe from the west coast of Colombia and Ecuador that has fruits with indehiscent mericarps is described and illustrated. Galianthe holmneielsenii is most similar to Borreria ocymifolia and G. spicata, but differs in floral, fruit, and seed traits. An illustration of the diagnostic characters, a distribution map, information about the conservation status of the new species, and a key to the Galianthe species in Colombia and Ecuador are provided.
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Carajasia (Rubiaceae), a new and endangered genus from Carajás mountain range, Pará, Brazil
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2015
Carajasia is described as a new genus of Rubiaceae. It is so far known only from the mountain summits of Serra dos Cara-jás (Pará, Brazil), where it is part of a shrubby vegetation surrounded by tropical rainforest. The new genus belongs to the tribe Spermacoceae and is positioned within it to the Spermacoce clade. Carajasia is unique within the clade in having a very particular combination of characters: flowering branches with two axillary flowers per node, homostylous flowers, corollas with a fringe of moniliform hairs, pubescent styles with distinct stigma lobes, bilobed nectariferous discs covered by triangular papillae, pollen with a double reticulum and fruits with a peculiar type of dehiscence. A detailed description of Carajasia is presented, including observations of the fruit and pollen, along with distribution maps and images of the plant in its habitat. A dichotomous key to distinguish Carajasia from other genera with deeply divided stigmas is provided. A molecular phylogenetic study was carried out using ITS and ETS sequences to determine the phylogenetic position of the new genus within the Spermacoce clade. The results of the combined analyses demonstrated that Carajasia is sister to Galianthe with moderate to high support. Both genera form a weakly supported clade with Schwendenera. This clade is sister to the other genera of the Spermacoce clade studied in this work. Galianthe and Schwendenera share with Carajasia pollen with a double reticulum, but they are clearly differentiated by suffruticose habit, heterostylous flowers and the pattern of fruit dehiscence. To clarify the phylogenetic position of Carajasia, some morphological characters are discussed based on the molecular results: division of the stigma, pollen types and floral syndrome.
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Especies y combinaciones nuevas de Rubiaceas en México y Mesoamerica
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2004
  • Acta Bot Hung
The genus Randia L. (Rubiaceae) is outstandingly represented with 24 species in the flora of the state Guerrero (Mexico). The authors give an overview of this richness with an analytical key, and a detailed revision of the polymorphic Randia laevigata complex, describing 5 species new to science: R. coronata, R. denticulata, R. laevigatoides, R. multiflora, R. ovalifolia.
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Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2011
GeoCAT is an open source, browser based tool that performs rapid geospatial analysis to ease the process of Red Listing taxa. Developed to utilise spatially referenced primary occurrence data, the analysis focuses on two aspects of the geographic range of a taxon: the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO). These metrics form part of the IUCN Red List categories and criteria and have often proved challenging to obtain in an accurate, consistent and repeatable way. Within a familiar Google Maps environment, GeoCAT users can quickly and easily combine data from multiple sources such as GBIF, Flickr and Scratchpads as well as user generated occurrence data. Analysis is done with the click of a button and is visualised instantly, providing an indication of the Red List threat rating, subject to meeting the full requirements of the criteria. Outputs including the results, data and parameters used for analysis are stored in a GeoCAT file that can be easily reloaded or shared with collaborators. GeoCAT is a first step toward automating the data handling process of Red List assessing and provides a valuable hub from which further developments and enhancements can be spawned.
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Revision del Genero Galianthe Subg. Ebelia Stat. Nov. (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae)
Article
  • Jan 1997
A new subgenus, Ebelia (Rchb.) E. L. Cabral & Bacigalupo, is proposed within the genus Galianthe (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae). The species included therein are characterized by their fruits with indehiscent mericarps. Nine species are recognized: Galianthe bogotensis (Kunth) E. L. Cabral & Bacigalupo, Galianthe brasiliensis (Spreng.) E. L. Cabral & Bacigalupo, Galianthe cymosa (Cham.) E. L. Cabral & Bacigalupo, Galianthe dichasia (Sucre & C. G. Costa) E. L. Cabral, Galianthe dichotoma (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) E. L. Cabral & Bacigalupo, Galianthe hispidula (A. Rich. ex DC.) E. L. Cabral & Bacigalupo, Galianthe polygonoides sp. nov., G. humilis sp. nov., and G. vaginata sp. nov.; the last three are found in Brazil. All the species are described and illustrated.
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Revisión Sinóptica de Galianthe Subgen. Galianthe (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae), con una Sección Nueva1,2
Article
  • Apr 2009
The species of the genus Galianthe subg. Galianthe Griseb. are revised. The group comprises 39 species from South America and is characterized by its fruits of dehiscent mericarps, plump or complanate seeds with wing-like margins, usually wide, thyrsoid or pleiothyrsoid inflorescences, an erect habit generally with xylopodium, and a basic chromosome number x = 8. Two sections are recognized: section Galianthe (30 species) and the new section Laxae E. L. Cabral (nine species, including two subspecies). A key to the sections and their species are provided. The species published recently are not described in this work. Neotypes are here designated for four names: Borreria angustifolia Cham. & Schltdl. [= G. angustifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) E. L. Cabral], B. equisetoides Cham. & Schltdl. [= G. equisetoides (Cham. & Schltdl.) E. L. Cabral], B. thalictroides K. Schum. [= G. thalictroides (K. Schum.) E. L. Cabral], and B. valerianoides Cham. & Schltdl. [= G. valerianoides (Cham. & Schltdl.) E. L. Cabral]. Lectotypes are designated here for five names: B. centranthoides f. glabrior Chodat & Hassl. [= G. centranthoides (Cham. & Schltdl.) E. L. Cabral], B. ericoides Cham. & Schltdl. [= Galianthe peruviana (Pers.) E. L. Cabral], B. leiophylla K. Schum. [= G. fastigiata Griseb.], G. hassleriana (Chodat) E. L. Cabral, and G. verbenoides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Griseb.
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The phylogenetic utility of plastid and nuclear DNA markers and the phylogeny of the Rubiaceae tribe Spermacoceae
Article
  • Dec 2008
  • MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL
The phylogenetic utility of chloroplast (atpB-rbcL, petD, rps16, trnL-F) and nuclear (ETS, ITS) DNA regions was investigated for the tribe Spermacoceae of the coffee family (Rubiaceae). ITS was, despite often raised cautions of its utility at higher taxonomic levels, shown to provide the highest number of parsimony informative characters, in partitioned Bayesian analyses it yielded the fewest trees in the 95% credible set, it resolved the highest proportion of well resolved clades, and was the most accurate region as measured by the partition metric and the proportion of correctly resolved clades (well supported clades retrieved from a combined analysis regarded as “true”). For Hedyotis, the nuclear 5S-NTS was shown to be potentially as useful as ITS, despite its shorter sequence length. The chloroplast region being the most phylogenetically informative was the petD group II intron.We also present a phylogeny of Spermacoceae based on a Bayesian analysis of the four chloroplast regions, ITS, and ETS combined. Spermacoceae are shown to be monophyletic. Clades supported by high posterior probabilities are discussed, especially in respect to the current generic classification. Notably, Oldenlandia is polyphyletic, the two subgenera of Kohautia are not sister taxa, and Hedyotis should be treated in a narrow sense to include only Asian species.
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Rehabilitación del género Galianthe (Rubiaceae)
  • Jan 1991
  • 235-249
  • E L Cabral
Cabral, E.L. (1991) Rehabilitación del género Galianthe (Rubiaceae). Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 27: 235-249.
Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Prepared by the IUCN species survival commission
  • Mar 2014
IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2014) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11 (February 2014). Prepared by the IUCN species survival commission. IUCN Council, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 87 pp. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 25 May 2015)