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A systematic review and data analysis of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) in the delay discounting paradigm

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b. The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) is a validated model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Here, the model is evaluated through a systematic review of delay discounting, which is a measure of impulsivity. Preliminary results show that the SHR is not an accurate reflection of ADHD behavioural deficits, as overall the SHRs do not differ in performance compared to controls. This may suggest that the rats are unsuitable as a model of ADHD in this specific paradigm. However, when holding trial length constant, SHRs express impulsive behaviour, similar to ADHD children. Different explanations are discussed, one of which is that SHRs’ performance in delay discounting depend on the details of the methodology employed.
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Systematisk analyse av
SHR modellen av ADHD
ESPEN SJØBERG, HØGSKOLEN I OSLO OG AKERSHUS
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR)
SHR rottene er foreløpig den beste dyremodellen for ADHD
(Sagvolden & Johansen, 2012; Sagvolden, 2000).
Eller i hvert fall den mest brukte (Sontag et al., 2010)
Med WKY rotter som kontroll viser SHR rotter lignende avvik fra
normal atferd som ADHD barn gjør sammenlignet med kontroll.
SHR rotter er avlet til å ha høyt blodtrykk - med andre ord ikke
avlet spesifikt for ADHD studier (Okamoto & Aoki, 1963).
Men deres atferdsavvik sammenlignet med kontroll etterligner
atferdsavikene vi ser i ADHD pasienter.
Dette er dermed en god modell for atferdsavvik sett i ADHD.
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Systematisk data analyse:
delay discounting
Dette reviewet fokuserer på fenomenet delay discounting.
Paradigmet handler om å velge én av to alternativer.
Umiddelbar, liten forsterker (SS Small Soon)
Forsinket, større forsterker (LL Large Later)
Dette er et mål for impulsivitet.
Ofte er den store forsterkeren det optimale valget,
men dette innebærer venting.
Impulsivitet er et kjennetegn for ADHD men det er ikke et
kriterium i seg selv (men heller f.eks. vansker for å vente på tur).
Moschak & Mitchell (2014)
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Systematisk data analyse:
delay discounting
ADHD barn, når utsatt for dette paradigmet, har en tendens til å bytte preferanse til liten
forsterker raskere enn kontrollbarn (Sonuga-Barke et al., 1992; 1996).
Det er foreslått at dette er fordi barna er sensitive til lengden på trials.
Når delay mellom respons og forsterker økes, økes også trial lengden, pga. inter-trial-interval.
Dette gjør da at delay gradienten er brattere (Sagvolden et al., 2005).
Denne tendensen til å velge mindre forsterkere for å redusere tid brukt kalles for delay aversion.
Sagvolden et al. (2005)
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Systematisk data analyse:
delay discounting
SHR, som er en modell av ADHD, bør
uttrykke impulsivitet under delay
discounting, på samme måte som
ADHD barn.
Hypotesen er dermed:
Jo mer respons-forsterker delay øker, jo
lavere bli preferansen for stor forsterker
(LL).
SHR rotter vil vise en sterkere effekt enn
kontrollrotter (WKY).
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Preferanse for stor forsterker
Respons-Forsterker Delay (RRD) ->
Preferanse for stor forsterker
som funksjon av respons-forsterker delay
Kontroll
SHR
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Analyse
Totalt 11 studier har brukt SHR rotter i delay discounting:
1. Adriani et al. (2003)
2. Adriani et al. (2004)
3. Bizot et al. (2007)
4. Fox et al. (2008)
5. Garcia & Kirkpatrick (2013)
6. Hand et al. (2009)
7. Íbias & Pellón (2011)
8. Íbias & Pellón (2014)
9. Pardey et al. (2009)
10. Sutherland et al. (2009)
11. Wooters & Bardo (2011)
Signifikant forskjell
Ingen forskjell
Mangler WKY kontroll
Blandet resultat
NC
NC
MIX
NC
MIX
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
x 81 SHR
x 82 WKY
Data Analyse
Mål:
LL preferanse i forhold til Response-Reinforcer Delay (RRD)
Effekt av rotteavler
LL preferanse i forhold til størrelse på forsterker (Magnitude/Potency)
LL preferanse i forhold til forsterkermaksimering.
Forsterkermaksimering (eller Utility) er et sammensatt begrep som beregner langtidsverdien av
valgene, hvis vi antar at paradigmet fortsetter uendelig.
Det tar i betraktning delay, magnitude og inter-trial interval (ITI), og skal dermed ikke ses på som et uavhengig mål, men heller et
mål som gir innsikt innenfor optimalitet.
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Kalkulering av forsterkermaksimering
Den alternative hypotesen om forsterkermaksimering tar for seg den relative langtidsverdien av hvert
tilgjengelige valg, noe som kalkuleres i form av odds.
Illustrasjon
Inter-trial-interval (ITI): 60 sekunder
Valg 1 (SS): 1 food pellet, 0 sekunders delay Valg 2 (LL): 3 food pellets, 30 sekunders delay
Med henhold til verdi, eller optimalitet, kan disse valgene omformuleres:
Valg 1 (SS): 1 food pellet per 60 sekunder (0 delay + 60 ITI) = 1/60 = 60
Valg 2 (LL): 3 food pellets per 90 sekunder (30 delay + 60 ITI) = 3/90 = 30
I dette tilfelle er Valg 2 dobbelt så verdifullt som Valg 1:60 / 30 = 2
0 sec 30 sec
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Data analyse
Data ble samlet inn fra de publiserte studiene, og forfattere ble kontakter for å få tilgang til rådata.
Studier inkludert i analysen (k= ):
Adriani et al. (2003)
Adriani et al. (2004)
Fox et al. (2008)
Garcia & Kirkpatrick (2013)
Hand et al. (2009)
Íbias & Pellón (2011)
Íbias & Pellón (2014)
Pardey et al. (2009)
Ekskludert:
Bizot et al. (2007)
Sutherland et al. (2009)
Wooters & Bardo (2011)
ITI ikke spesifisert, og de brukte T-maze
Variabelt forsterkningsskjema
Forskjellig målesystem, med MAD scores (mean adjusted delay)
Tilfeller hvor kun én betingelse hadde data (f.eks. delay på 2 sekunder Pardey et al., 2009) ble ikke inkludert.
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
x 64 SHR
x 65 WKY
Resultater: Respons-forsterker delay
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
013610 12 20 24 30 60
% of LL choices
Response-Reinforcer Delay
Percentage of LL choices as a function of strain and RRD
SHR WKY
Ingen signifikante forskjeller
Bortsett fra ved 12
sekunder
Stor variasjon
Spesielt hos SHR
%LL korrelerer med delay for
SHR (r= -.49) og WKY (r= -.69)
N = 114 Rotter: 61 SHR, 53 WKY
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Resultater: Delay og vendor strain
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
010 20 30 40 50 60
% of LL choices
Response-Reinforcer Delay
Percentage of LL choices as a function of vendor strain and RRD
SHR/Crl-Italia
SHR/Crl-Portage, MI
SHR/Crl-Wilmington
SHR/Crl-Lyon
SHR/ARC-Aus
WKY/Crl-Italia
WKY/Crl-Portage, MI
WKY/Crl-Wilmington
WKY/Crl-Lyon
WKY/ARC-Aus
Rottene kjøpt fra forskjellige
avlere.
I hovedsak er det ingen
vesentlige forskjeller, bortsett
fra:
SHR og WKY fra Charles
River, Lyon (Ibias &
Pellon, 2011;2014)
SHR fra Portage, Michigan
(Fox et al., 2008; 2009)
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Resultater: Magnitude
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
234
%LL preference
LL reinforcer magnitude (no. of pellets)
Percentage of LL choices as a function of strain
and reinforcer magnitude
WKY SHR
Kun 1 studie har sett på
forsterkerstyrke (Garcia &
Kirkpatrick, 2013).
Ingen signifikante effekter.
Merknad: ekstrem variasjon!
WKY hadde mellom 1%
og 92% preferanse for LL
ved Magnitude 2.
For SHR var dette mellom
4% og 71%.
N = 54 Rotter: 9 SHR, 9 WKY
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Resultater: Forsterkermaksimering
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
% of LL choices
Utility
Percentage of LL choices as a function of strain and flexible utility
SHR WKY
Ingen forskjell mellom WKY og
SHR.
Svært liten effect size
(d= 0.034).
Preferanse for LL korrelerer
med utility (r= 57, SHR r=
.50, WKY)
N = 78 Rotter: 43 SHR, 35 WKY
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Forskjeller?
Data analysen viser at det ikke er noen vesentlig forskjell mellom SHR og WKY rotter ang.
impulsivitet.
Dette tyder på at SHR ikke er en ideel modell for ADHD innenfor eksperimenter med delay
discounting.
Men, det var ett unntak…
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Resultater: Delay med utility konstant
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 3 6 12 24
% of LL choices
Response-Reinforcer Delay
Percentage of LL choices as a function of strain and delay,
with constant utility
SHR WKY
Utility ( = 3) holdes konstant ved
å redusere ITI i henhold til delay.
Signifikant forskjell mellom SHR
og WKY helhetlig.
Post-hoc signifikant
forskjell ved 12 og 24
sekunder.
Men hvordan vet vi at vi måler
delay, og ikke inter-trial interval?
Data her er kun fra 2 studier (Fox
et al., 2008; Hand et al., 2009).
N = 44 Rotter: 27 SHR, 28 WKY
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
ITI 30s 29s 27s 24s 18s 6s
Konklusjon
Ingen vesentlig forskjell mellom WKY og SHR i delay discounting.
Begge stammer har stor variasjon i fremførelse.
Begrenset datasett, med forskjellig avlere, laboratorium og oppsett.
Fox et al. sine eksperimenter kan tyde på at SHR er mer sensitive for respons-forsterker delay.
Men dette er data fra kun to studier, fra samme laboratorium.
Det kan også være at vi måler ITI, ikke delay.
Allikevel er dette i tråd med funn fra ADHD barn, hvor det er lengden på trials som dikterer
impulsiv atferd.
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Andre variabler i prosjektet
Data presentert her er del av et større review prosjekt.
Andre variabler som vil bli etterforsket (i delay discounting og andre paradigmer):
Avler
Hvilket lab/forskergruppe som gjorde forsøket
Årstall publisert
Hvorvidt rottene er naive
Revers vs. standard nattsyklus
Journal publisert i
Alder på rottene
Kjønn på rottene
Double-blind vs single blind
Vi kan også etterforske om det finnes publication bias i litteraturen, dvs. om kun resultater som viser
en forskjell mellom SHR og WKY blir publisert.
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
Takk for oppmerksomheten.
ESPEN SJØBERG, HIOA - ESPEN.SJOBERG@HIOA.NO - 23.APRIL 2016 - NAFO, STOREFJELL
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Article
Full-text available
Showing that an animal is hyperactive is not sufficient for it to be accepted as a model of ADHD. Based on behavioral, genetic, and neurobiological data, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) obtained from Charles River, Germany, (SHR/NCrl) is at present the best-validated animal model of ADHD. One Wistar Kyoto substrain (WKY/NHsd), obtained from Harlan, UK, is its most appropriate control. Another WKY substrain (WKY/NCrl) obtained from Charles River, Germany, is inattentive, has distinctly different genetics and neurobiology, and provides a promising model for the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD (ADHD-I) if one wants to investigate categorical ADHD subtypes. In this case, also, the WKY/NHsd substrain should be used as control. Although other rat strains may behave like WKY/NHsd rats, neurobiological results indicate significant differences when compared to the WKY/NHsd substrain, making them less suitable as controls for the SHR/NCrl. Thus, there are no obvious behavioral differences among the various SHRs, but there are behavioral and neurobiological differences among the WKY strains. The use of WKY/NCrl, outbred Wistar, Sprague Dawley, or other rat strains as controls for SHR/NCrl may produce spurious neurobiological effects and erroneous conclusions. Finally, model data yield support to independent hyperactivity and inattention dimensions in ADHD behavior.
Article
Several studies have examined impulsive choice behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) as a possible pre-clinical model for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, this strain was not specifically selected for the traits of ADHD and as a result their appropriateness as a model has been questioned. The present study investigated whether SHRs would exhibit impulsive behavior in comparison to their control strain, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. In addition, we evaluated a strain that has previously shown high levels of impulsive choice, the Lewis (LEW) rats and compared them with their source strain, Wistar (WIS) rats. In the first phase, rats could choose between a Smaller-sooner (SS) reward of 1 pellet after 10 s and a Larger-later (LL) reward of 2 pellets after 30 s. Subsequently, the rats were exposed to increases in LL reward magnitude and SS delay. These manipulations were designed to assess sensitivity to magnitude and delay within the choice task to parse out possible differences in using the strains as models of specific deficits associated with ADHD. The SHR and WKY strains did not differ in their choice behavior under either delay or magnitude manipulations. In comparison to WIS, LEW showed deficits in choice behavior in the delay manipulation, and to a lesser extent in the magnitude manipulation. An examination of individual differences indicated that the SHR strain may not be sufficiently homogeneous in their impulsive choice behavior to be considered as a viable model for impulse control disorders such as ADHD. The LEW strain may be worthy of further consideration for their suitability as an animal model.
Article
Previous research using free-operant procedures have reported that the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) is more impulsive and inattentive than the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat. Recently these behavioural differences have been suggested to be a consequence of differences in the overall activity of these strains. This study compared SHRs to WKYs on locomotor activity and delay sensitivity using a delayed reinforcement (DR) and extinction (EXT) task. SHRs maintained higher locomotor activity than WKYs, however no significant group differences were found on the total lever presses in the DR or EXT tasks. During the DR task, SHRs shifted to selecting the immediate small reinforcer significantly faster than WKYs as the delay increased. WKYs predominantly selected the lever previously associated with the delayed large reinforcer throughout the EXT task, while the SHRs showed no such preference. The significant group differences found on lever selection during the DR and EXT tasks suggests that SHRs are more sensitive to delays, therefore providing further support for the face validity of the SHR as an animal model of ADHD.
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Impulsivity is one of the core symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a putative animal model of ADHD, has been used to investigate the neurobiology of impulsivity, although this model has been questioned over concerns that use of Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) as a comparison strain may exaggerate effects. The present study compared SHR, WKY and standard, outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats on a delay discounting task where the primary measure was mean adjusted delay (MAD), or the indifference point (in sec) between choice of an immediate delivery of 1 grain-based pellet versus 3 pellets delivered after varying delays. The acute dose effects of the ADHD medications amphetamine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) and methylphenidate (1.0-10 mg/kg) were then determined; in addition, the effect of the dopamine receptor antagonist fluphenazine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) was also assessed for comparison with the indirect agonists. While there were no strain differences in the rate of task acquisition or stabilization of baseline MAD scores, SHR had significantly lower MAD scores than WKY but not SD due to the greater individual variability of MAD scores in SD. Although amphetamine did not alter MAD scores in any strain, methylphenidate selectively increased MAD scores in WKY and fluphenazine selectively increased MAD scores in SHR. WKY were also more sensitive than SHR and SD to the response-impairing effects of each drug. The finding that SHR showed a decrease in impulsivity following fluphenazine, but not following either amphetamine or methylphenidate, suggests that delay discounting in SHR may not represent a valid predictive model for screening effective ADHD medications in humans.
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The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been shown to exhibit three of the behavioral characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: hyperactivity, attention deficit and impulsivity. This study used SHRs and a control strain to assess the effects of the commonly prescribed psychomotor stimulant, d-amphetamine, on impulsivity, defined as choice for a small, immediate over a large, delayed reinforcer. d-Amphetamine (1.0, 3.2 and 5.6 mg/kg) was administered to SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY; their progenitor strain) before sessions of a choice task involving small, immediate and larger, delayed food reinforcers. As reported earlier, SHRs were more impulsive than WKYs (they preferred the smaller, immediate reinforcer). d-Amphetamine had no effect on preference for the SHRs, but increased choices for the small, immediate reinforcer for the WKYs at the 1.0 and 3.2 doses. Thus, d-amphetamine did not reduce impulsivity in the already impulsive SHRs, but did increase impulsivity in rats that were not already impulsive.