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De-Identification in Learning Analytics
Mohammad'Khalil'and'Martin'Ebner'
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ABSTRACT@ L*25.,.6(2.247/,18(>28( 5*8*5Q*-(,/8(?38,/,3.(28(2.(,R?35/2./(0,*4-( ,.(/>*( *-K12/,3.24(
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30(2.3.7R,Y2/,3.(8/52/*6,*8(2.-(4*25.,.6(2.247/,18(/*1>.,^K*8'(
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Keywords:'L*25.,.6(2.247/,189(2.3.7R,Y2/,3.9(-*+,-*./,0,12/,3.9(*/>,189(?5,Q217
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1 INTRODUCTION
L*25.,.6(2.247/,18(,8(2.(21/,Q*( 25*2( 30(/>*(5*8*251>( 0,*4-(30(3.4,.*( *-K12/,3.(2.-(I*1>.34367(W.>2.1*-(
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2 BACKGROUND
2.1 Personal Information and De-Identification
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2.2 De-Identification Legislation
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2.3 Drivers of De-Identification in Learning Analytics
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2K/>35,Y2/,3.'(iK5/>*5R35*9()521>84*5(2.-(X5*44*5(13Q*5*-(/>*(/3?,1(30(2.3.7R,Y2/,3.(,.(/>*,5()WLDPMIW(
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4,.O(/>*,5(5*8K4/8(053R(4*25.,.6(2.247/,18(2.-(*-K12/,3.24(-2/2(R,.,.6(N,/>(,.-,Q,-K24(8/K-*./8(,.(35-*5(/3(
S*.*0,/(/>*(8/K-*./8'( )*+,-*./,0,12/,3.( /*1>.,^K*8( >2Q*( S**.( 5*Q,*N*-(28( 2(5,6>/( 30( 211*88( ?5,.1,?4*(,.(
4*25.,.6(2.247/,18(-*?437R*./(!j25-3(_(E,*R*.89("#$h&'(D.(2--,/,3.9(j25-3(2.-(E,*R*.8(0K5/>*5(8K66*8/(
/>2/(8*R2./,1(2.2478,8(R,6>/(S*(5*^K,5*-(/3(-*/*1/(,-*./,0,2S4*(5*135-8(,.(2.3.7R,Y*-(-2/2(8*/8'(
(
3 PROPOSED APPROACH
'
D.( />,8( 8*1/,3.9( N*( ?53?38*( 2( 13.1*?/K24( -*+,-*./,0,12/,3.;4*25.,.6( 2.247/,18(052R*N35O( 28( 8>3N.( ,.(
i,6K5*( $'( I>*( 052R*N35O( S*6,.8(N,/>( 4*25.*58( ,.Q34Q*-( ,.( 4*25.,.6( *.Q,53.R*./8'( PK55*./479( 2( 4256*(
.KRS*5(30( 4*25.,.6( *.Q,53.R*./8( 8K??35/( 3.4,.*( 4*25.,.69( 8K1>( 28( deePE9( L*25.,.6( d2.26*R*./(
E78/*R8( !LdE&9( DRR*58,Q*( L*25.,.6( E,RK42/,3.8( !DLE&9( R3S,4*( 4*25.,.69( 2.-( j*583.24,Y*-( L*25.,.6(
W.Q,53.R*./8( !jLW&'( I>*8*( ?42/035R8( 300*5( *.Q,53.R*./8( N,/>( 5,1>9( Q28/( 2R3K./8( 30( -2/2( />2/( 12.( S*(
^K2./,/2/,Q*47A^K24,/2/,Q*47(2.247Y*-(/3(S*.*0,/(4*25.*58(2.-(*.>2.1*(/>*(4*25.,.6(13./*B/'(
!"#$%&'()*+,-*./,0,12/,3.(,.(4*25.,.6(2.247/,18'(!"#$%&'(")(*+&$%,%-(.%&'/0,129(3!$&9($":;$<='(>//?@AA-B'-3,'356A$#'$=%#=AC42'"#$%'<$'=(
(
DEEF($:":+GGH#(!3.4,.*&'(I>*(J3K5.24(30(L*25.,.6(M.247/,18(N35O8(K.-*5(2(P5*2/,Q*(P3RR3.8(L,1*.8*9(M//5,SK/,3.(+(F3.P3RR*51,24+F3)*5,Q8(<'#(T.?35/*-(!PP(UV+FP+F)(<'#&(
433(
'
Figure'1:'The'proposed'conceptual'de-identification–learning'analytics'framework'
I>*( .*B/( 8/*?( ,8( />*( -*+,-*./,0,12/,3.( ?531*88( N>*5*( /*1>.,^K*8( /3( 13.Q*5/( ?*583.24( 2.-( ?5,Q2/*(
,.035R2/,3.( ,./3( 2.3.7R,Y*-( -2/2(/2O*( ?421*'( )*+,-*./,0,12/,3.( /*1>.,^K*8( ,.14K-*( 8K1>(R*/>3-8(28(
2.3.7R,Y2/,3.9(R28O,.69(S4K55,.69(2.-(?*5/K5S2/,3.'(I>*(428/(8/*?(,.14K-*8(/>*(-*+,-*./,0,*-(-2/2(4,.O*-(
N,/>( 2( K.,^K*( -*815,?/35( />2/( R27(S*(*B2R,.*-( S7( 4*25.,.6( 2.247/,18(5*8*251>*58(2.-( S*.*0,/(
8/2O*>34-*589(SK/(K4/,R2/*47(RK8/(S*(K8*-(3.47(/3(/>*(2-Q2./26*(30(8/K-*./8'(
'
3.1 De-Identification Techniques
D.(3K5(?53?38*-(-*+,-*./,0,12/,3.;4*25.,.6(2.247/,18(13.1*?/K24(052R*N35O9(/>*5*(25*(8*Q*524(/*1>.,^K*8(
2Q2,42S4*( /3( -*+,-*./,07(8/K-*./( -2/2( 5*135-8'( i,6K5*( <(4,8/8( 8*Q*524(R*/>3-8( 30( -*+,-*./,0,12/,3.(2.-(
?53Q,-*8( *B2R?4*8( !S28*-( 3.( M5/,14*( ":( )2/2( j53/*1/,3.( f35O,.6(j25/79( "#$hg( P35R3-*( _( E5,Q28/2Q29(
"##:g(WK538/2/9($::%g(j*/*58*.9("#$"&'(
(
.%"%/B,C&0,"%(
)2/2(2.3.7R,Y2/,3.(/*1>.,^K*8( >2Q*( 5*1*./47( S**.( O**.47( 5*8*251>*-(,.( -,00*5*./( 8/5K1/K5*-( -2/2(
5*135-8(N,/>(/>*(6324(30(6K252./**,.6(/>*(?5,Q217(30(8*.8,/,Q*(,.035R2/,3.(262,.8/(K.,./*.-*-(-,81438K5*(
2.-( 2( Q25,*/7( 30( 2//21O8(!P35R3-*( _( E5,Q28/2Q29( "##:&'( e>R( !"#$#&( -*0,.*-( 5*283.8( S*>,.-(
2.3.7R,Y2/,3.(N>*.(3562.,Y2/,3.8(N2./( /3( 5*4*28*(/>*(-2/2(/3(/>*(?KS4,19(8*44(/>*( ,.035R2/,3.( /3( />,5-(
?25/,*89(35(8>25*(/>*(,.035R2/,3.(N,/>,.(/>*(82R*( 3562.,Y2/,3.'(I>*(-,00*5*.1*(S*/N**.(2.3.7R,Y2/,3.(
!"#$%&'()*+,-*./,0,12/,3.(,.(4*25.,.6(2.247/,18'(!"#$%&'(")(*+&$%,%-(.%&'/0,129(3!$&9($":;$<='(>//?@AA-B'-3,'356A$#'$=%#=AC42'"#$%'<$'=(
(
DEEF($:":+GGH#(!3.4,.*&'(I>*(J3K5.24(30(L*25.,.6(M.247/,18(N35O8(K.-*5(2(P5*2/,Q*(P3RR3.8(L,1*.8*9(M//5,SK/,3.(+(F3.P3RR*51,24+F3)*5,Q8(<'#(T.?35/*-(!PP(UV+FP+F)(<'#&(
43D(
2.-(-*+,-*./,0,12/,3.9(>3N*Q*59(,8(^K,/*(R,8K.-*58/33-'(M.3.7R,Y2/,3.(?5,.1,?4*8(25*(2(8KS8*/(30(>34,8/,1(
-*+,-*./,0,12/,3.( R*/>3-3436,*8'( )2/2( 2.3.7R,Y2/,3.( ,8( />*( ?531*88( 30( -*+,-*./,07,.6( -2/2( N>,4*(
?5*8*5Q,.6(,/8(35,6,.24(035R2/(!\26>K.2/>2.9("#$<&'(D.(/>*(*-K12/,3.24(13./*B/9(2.3.7R,Y2/,3.(5*0*58(/3(
-,00*5*./( ?531*-K5*8( /3(-*+,-*./,07( 8/K-*./( -2/2( ,.( 8K1>( 2( N27( />2/(,/( 12..3/( S*( 5*+,-*./,0,*-( !/>*(
3??38,/*( 30( -*+,-*./,0,12/,3.&( K.4*88( />*5*( ,8( 2( 5*135-( 13-*'( M.3.7R,Y2/,3.( ,8( .3/( 5*8*5Q*-( 3.47( 035(
/2SK425(-2/2(5*135-89(SK/(12.(2483(S*(2??4,*-(/3(3/>*5(/7?*8(30(-2/2(o(8K1>(28(Q,8K24,Y*-(-2/2(35(652?>8(
o(N>*5*(,.8/,/K/,3.8(,./*.-(/3(?5*8*./(/>*,5(3K/13R*8(N,/>3K/(5*Q*24,.6(8*.8,/,Q*(,.035R2/,3.'(
(
e.( />*( 3/>*5( >2.-9( ,.( 2--,/,3.( /3( 2.3.7R,Y2/,3.9( -*+,-*./,0,12/,3.( ,.14K-*8(R28O,.69( 52.-3R,Y2/,3.9(
S4K55,.69( 2.-( 83( 3.'( i35( ,.8/2.1*9( 5*?421,.6( bU*5.25-c( N,/>( bpppppppc( ,8( 2( R*/>3-( 30( R28O,.6(N>,4*(
24/*5,.6( bU*5.25-c( /3(bf34062.6c( N3K4-( S*( 2.( *B2R?4*( 30( 2.3.7R,Y2/,3.'( [3N*Q*59( R28O,.6( 2.-(
S4K55,.6(25*( .3/( 28( N*44(O.3N.( 28( 2.3.7R,Y2/,3.'(U7( 2.7( R*2.89( -*+,-*./,0,12/,3.9( ?8* K-3.7R,Y2/,3.9(
2.-(2.3.7R,Y2/,3.(25*(,./*51>2.6*2S4*(/3?,18(K.-*5(/>*(,.035R2/,3.(13.1*24,.6(KRS5*442'(I3(1425,07(/>*(
-,00*5*.1*8(,.(8,R?4*(/*5R89( ?8*K-3.7R,Y2/,3.( R*2.8(1432O,.6(/>*(35,6,.24( -2/2(N,/>(0248*(,.035R2/,3.(
N,/>(/>*(2S,4,/7(/3(/521O(,/(S21O(/3(,/8(35,6,.24(035R2/,3.g(2.3.7R,Y2/,3.9(13.Q*58*479(12..3/(S*(5*Q*58*-((
!\26>K.2/>2.9("#$<&'(
(
M8(?5*Q,3K847(R*./,3.*-9(*-K12/,3.24(-2/2( 5*135-8( R27( ,.14K-*( ?5,Q2/*(,.035R2/,3.9( 8K1>( 28( .2R*( 35(
8/K-*./(D)9( N>,1>(8,.6K42547( 25*(1244*-( -,5*1/(,-*./,0,*58'(\*R3Q,.6( 35(>,-,.6( />*8*( ,-*./,0,*58(-3*8(.3/(
288K5*(2(/5K*(-2/2( 2.3.7R,Y2/,3.'( D-*./,0,*58( 13K4-( S*( 4,.O*-(N,/>( 3/>*5(,.035R2/,3.(/>2/(N3K4-(2443N(
,-*./,0,12/,3.( 30( ,.-,Q,-K248(!8**( i,6K5*("&'([3N*Q*59(^K28,+,-*./,0,*58( 12.( S*(K8*-( /3( *.8K5*(S*//*5( -*+
,-*./,0,12/,3.( 30( -2/2'( b)2 /*( 30( U,5/>( q( E*B( q( F2R*c( ,8( 2.( *B2R?4*( 30( 2( ^K28,+,-*. /,0,*5'( D.( "##%9( MeL(
5*4*28*-(/>*(8*251>(5*135-8(30(H##9###(30(,/8(K8*58'(E*Q*524(-278(20/*5(MeL]8(-2/2S28*(5*4*28*9(E+F(G"$;(
H,B+2(C3K5.24,8/8(N*5*(2S4*(/3(5*Q*24(/>*(,-*./,/7(30(2(%"+7*25+34-(N,-3N(K8,.6(2(8,R,425(?531*88(/3(/>2/(
8>3N.(,.(i,6K5*("(!E36>3,2.9("##G&'(MeL(2-R,//*-(/>2/(/>*(-2/2(5*4*28*(N28(2(R,8/2O*(2.-(/>*(5*8*251>(
/*2R(5*8?3.8,S4*(035(8>25,.6(/>*(-2/2(N28(0,5*-'(
(
(
Figure'2:'Linking'data'sources'leads'to'name'identification'
(
M.3/>*5(*B2R?4*(30(,-*./,07,.6( ,.-,Q,-K248(N28(5*?35/*-(,.("###(N>*.(-*R3652?>,1(,.035R2/,3.(4*-(/3(
5*/5,*Q,.6(/>*(.2R*8(2.-(13./21/(,.035R2/,3.(30(?2/,*./8(N>38*(R*-,124(-2/2(>2-(S**.(5*4*28*-(,.(/>*(
T.,/*-(E/2/*8(!EN**.*79("###&'((
(
!"#$%&'()*+,-*./,0,12/,3.(,.(4*25.,.6(2.247/,18'(!"#$%&'(")(*+&$%,%-(.%&'/0,129(3!$&9($":;$<='(>//?@AA-B'-3,'356A$#'$=%#=AC42'"#$%'<$'=(
(
DEEF($:":+GGH#(!3.4,.*&'(I>*(J3K5.24(30(L*25.,.6(M.247/,18(N35O8(K.-*5(2(P5*2/,Q*(P3RR3.8(L,1*.8*9(M//5,SK/,3.(+(F3.P3RR*51,24+F3)*5,Q8(<'#(T.?35/*-(!PP(UV+FP+F)(<'#&(
43I(
E2R252/,( 2.-( EN**.*7(!$::=&( ?53Q,-*-( 2(N*44+O.3N.( 2.3.7R,Y2/,3.( /*1>.,^K*9( .2R*47( ;+
2.3.7R,Y2/,3.'( I>,8( R*/>3-( 2--5*88*8( />*( ?53S4*R( 30( 4,.O,.6( 5*135-8( /3( ,-*./,07( />*( ,.-,Q,-K24]8(
,.035R2/,3.(N>*.(5*4*28,.6( -2/29( />K8(820*6K25-,.6(2.3.7R,/7'(I>*( ;+2.3.7R,/7( /*1>.,^K*(031K8*8(3.(
2Q3,-,.6(2(-2/2(5*135-(053R(S*,.6(,-*./,0,*-(N,/>(;(,.-,Q,-K248(!P35R3-*(_(E5,Q28/2Q29("##:&'(
(
(
Figure'3:'Examples'of'de-identification'techniques'
J&2;,%-(
d28O,.6( ,8( 2( -*+,-*./,0,12/,3.( /*1>.,^K*( />2/( 5*?421*8( 8*.8,/,Q*( -2/2( N,/>( 0,1/,3.24(-2/2( ,.( 35-*5(/3(
-,81438*(5*8K4/8( 3K/8,-*(/>*( ,.8/,/K/,3.'()2/2( R28O,.6(12.( R3-,07(/>*( -2/2( 5*135-8(83( />2/( />*7(5*R2,.(
K82S4*( N>,4*(O**?,.6( ?*583.24( ,.035R2/,3.( 13.0,-*./,24'( i35( ,.8/2.1*9( 1>2521/*5( R28O,.6( 5*?421*8( 2(
8/5,.6(N,/>(8?*1,24(1>2521/*58'(
(
K'#$$,%-(
U4K55,.6( ,.Q34Q*8( 5*-K1,.6( ?5*1,8,3.( /3( R,.,R,Y*( />*( ,-*./,0,12/,3.( 30( -2 /2'( I>*5*( 25*( 8*Q*524( N278( /3(
21>,*Q*( S4K55,.69( 8K1>( 28( -,Q,-,.6( />*( -2/2( ,./3( 8KS12/*635,*89(52.-3R,Y,.6(/>*(-2/2( 0,*4-89( 35( 2--,.6(
.3,8*(/3(-2/2(5*135-8'(
(
3.2 Coding Data Records
(
D.( 81,*./,0,1( 5*8*251>9( -2/2 (K8K2447( 5*^K,5*8(0K5/>*5( ,.Q*8/,62/,3.( N,/>(5*8*251>*58 ( 433O,.6(-**?*5( ,./3(
/>*(-*/2,48'([2Q,.6(-*+,-*./,0,*-(-2/2(R,6>/(S*(,.8K00,1,*./(035(/>*8*(?K5?38*8g(5*8*251>*58(R27(5*^K,5*(
!"#$%&'()*+,-*./,0,12/,3.(,.(4*25.,.6(2.247/,18'(!"#$%&'(")(*+&$%,%-(.%&'/0,129(3!$&9($":;$<='(>//?@AA-B'-3,'356A$#'$=%#=AC42'"#$%'<$'=(
(
DEEF($:":+GGH#(!3.4,.*&'(I>*(J3K5.24(30(L*25.,.6(M.247/,18(N35O8(K.-*5(2(P5*2/,Q*(P3RR3.8(L,1*.8*9(M//5,SK/,3.(+(F3.P3RR*51,24+F3)*5,Q8(<'#(T.?35/*-(!PP(UV+FP+F)(<'#&(
43L(
2--,/,3.24(,.035R2/,3.( ,.(35-*5(/3( -3( R35*(2.2478,8'(I>*( MR*5,12.(0*-*524([*24/>( D.8K52.1*(j35/2S,4,/7(
2.-(M113K./2S,4,/7(M1/(![DjMM&9(N>,1>(,8(5*8?3.8,S4*(035(?53/*1/,.6(/>*(13.0,-*./,24,/7(30(?2/,*./(5*135-89(
2K/>35,Y*8( K8,.6(2.( b288,6.*-( 13-*c( />2/( 12.( S*( 2??*.-*-( /3( />*( 5*135-8(,.( 35-*5( /3( ?*5R,/( />*(
,.035R2/,3.(/3(S*(5*+,-*./,0,*-( 035( 5*8*251>(?K5?38*8'3(U28*-(3.(/>2/([DjMM(5K4*9(N*(03K.-(/>2/(iW\jM(
::'<$!S&(2443N8(035(K8,.6(2(K.,^K*(-*815,?/35(035(8/K-*./(-2/2(5*135-8(,.(35-*5(/3( R2/1>(2.(,.-,Q,-K24]8(
,.035R2/,3.(035(5*8*251>(2.-(,.8/,/K/,3.24(K8*'(M1135-,.6479(N*(13.14K-*(/>2/(288,6.,.6(2(13-*(/3(8/K-*./(
5*135-8( ,.( 3K5( ?53?38*-( 052R*N35O( 12.( 652./( 4*25.,.6( 2.247/,18(5*8*251>*58( />*( 2S,4,/7( /3( 8/K-7(
S*>2Q,3K58( 30( 8?*1,0,1( 8/K-*./8( 2.-9( />*5*035*9( 12.( S*.*0,/( 4*25.*58'()*8?,/*( />*( 021/( />2/( 4*25.,.6(
2.247/,18(?38*8(*/>,124(1>244*.6*89(/>*(R2,.( 6324( ,8( 8/,44(/3( S*.*0,/(4*25.,.6(*.Q,53.R*./8( 2.-(8/K-*./89(
8K1>( 28( R2O,.6( 5*13RR*.-2/,3.89( 14288,07,.6( 8/K-*./8( ,./3(?530,4*8(35( ?5*-,1/,.6( />*,5(?*5035R2.1*(
!WS.*5(_(E1>r.9( "#$<g( X5*44*5(_()521>84*59("#$"g( E42-*( _( j5,.84339("#$<g( `>24,4( _( WS.*59( "#$H2g( `>24,49(
`28/4(_(WS.*59("#$%&'(
'
4 LIMITATIONS
)*8?,/*( />*( 021/( />2/( -*+,-*./,0,12/,3.( ?53/*1/8( 13.0,-*./,24(,.035R 2/,3.( 2.-( ?5,Q2179( />*( -*+,-*./,0,*-(
-2/2( 8/,44( ?38*8(83R*( ?5,Q217( 5,8O8( !j*/*58*.9( "#$"&'( D.( R2.7( 128*89( 83R*( 2//5,SK/*8( 25*( 12?2S4*( 30(
,-*./,07,.6( ,.-,Q,-K248g( ,.( 3/>*5( 128*89( 2//21O*58( 12.( 4,.O( 5*135-8( /36*/>*5( 053R ( -,00*5*./( 83K51*8( 2.-(
/>*5*035*(b13-*(S5*2Oc(/>*(-*+,-*./,0,12/,3.'(e.(/>*(3/>*5(>2.-9(,.(/>*,5(?2?*5(bj5,Q2179(M.3.7R,/79(2.-(
U,6( )2/2( ,.( />*( E31,24( E1,*.1*89c()25,*8( */( 24'( !"#$h&(288K5*-( />2/( N,/>( -*+,-*./,0,12/,3.9( />*5*( ,8( .3(
6K252./**( 30(O**?,.6(/>*( 2.2478,8( ?531*88( K.1355K?/*-'( j25-3(2.-( E,*R*.8( 265**(/>2/( b-2/2( 12.( S*(
*,/>*5(K8*0K4(35(?*50*1/47(2.3.7R3K89(SK/(.*Q*5(S3/>c(!"#$h9(?'(hhG&'(I>*(S3//3R(4,.*(,8(/>2/(/>*(8/5,1/*5(
/>*(-*+,-*./,0,12/,3.(6K,-*4,.*89(/>*(65*2/*5(/>*(.*62/,Q*(200*1/(3.(/>*(K4/,R2/*(2.2478,8'((
5 CONCLUSION
E,.1*(4*25.,.6(2.247/,18(0,58/(S*12R*(O.3N.(,.("#$$9(,/(>28(>*4?*-(4*25.*58(/3(,R?53Q*(/>*,5(?*5035R2.1*(
S28*-(3.(2.247Y,.6(/>*,5(*-K12/,3.24(-2/2'( F*Q*5/>*4*889(/>,8(0,*4-(52,8*8(R2.7(,88K*8(5*42/*-(/3(*/>,18(
2.-(3N.*58>,?'(I>*(R288,Q*(8124*(30(-2/2(1344*1/,3.(2.-(2.2478,8(4*2-8( /3( ^K*8/,3.8( 2S3K/(/>*(13.8*./(
2.-( ?5,Q217( 30( ?*583.24( ,.035R2/,3.'( I>,8( ?2?*5( R2,.47( -,81K88*8( 3.*( 30( />*( 2//2,.2S4*(834K/,3.8( 035(
?5*8*5Q,.6(4*25.*58](8*.8,/,Q*(,.035R2/,3.9( />*(b-*+,-*./,0,12/,3.(30(-2/2c( /3( 021,4,/2/*(4*25.,.6(2.247/,18(
2??4,12/,3.8'(f*(8>*-(4,6>/(3.(/>,8(/3?,1(Q,2(TE(2.-(WT(5*6K42/,3.8(5*625-,.6(-2/2(?5,Q217'(f*(?53?38*-(
2( 13.1*?/K24( 2??5321>( N,/>(*B2R?4*8( 30( -*+,-*./,0,12/,3.( /*1>.,^K*8( />2/ ( 288,8/(K8(N,/>(3K5( b,d33kc(
?42/035R(!>//?@AANNN',R33B'2/&(2.-(12.(>*4?(4*25.,.6(2.247/,18(8?*1,24,8/8(?5*8*5Q*(13.0,-*./,24(4*25.*5(
,.035R2/,3.'(
M4/>3K6>(-*+,-*./,0,12/,3.(,8( .3/(2( 0334?5330(834K/,3.( 035(?53/*1/,.6(4*25.*5(?5,Q2179( ,/(,8( 2.( ,R?*52/,Q*(
13.8,-*52/,3.(,.(*B2R,.,.6(/>*(*/>,124(-,R*.8,3.8(30(4*25.,.6(2.247/,18'('
'
'
3 (\K4*(hH(P'i'\'(l($%h'H$h!1&'
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