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Job Stress and Sleep
... Cognitive factors associated with healthy sleep and insomnia reinforce the importance of modifying stressful, intrusive, ruminative, worry thoughts to improve emotional well-being (Macedo et al. 2015). The association between satisfaction with job conditions with healthy sleep and less sleep difficulties and insomnia is in accordance with the literature that associates job stress conditions as, for example, task-related stressors or physical demands at work, with impaired sleep (Sonnentag et al. 2016). ...
... A specific observation of our study was that higher levels of extraversion, the perception that work effort is properly rewarded, autonomy at work and friendship and lower values of confusion-bewilderment and anger-hostility were associated with healthier sleep. These results are in line with the view that extraversion is a personality trait that is associated with less insomnia (Bos and Macedo 2019) and that employees with small effort-reward imbalance and with higher job control are more likely to experience better sleep quality (Sonnentag et al. 2016). The association between friendship and healthier sleep is also expected considering that close relationships have been associated with less impaired sleep quality (Gordon et al. 2021). ...
... When exploring the main factors contributing to healthy sleep, it was observed that neuroticism was the personality trait that mostly explained healthy sleep variance, followed by worrying less about next day activities or the future, higher levels of well-being and having more autonomy at work. The specific contribution of worrying less during sleep about next day activities or the future for healthy sleep (and not rumination about past events or activities that occurred during the day) is in agreement with the view that worry is associated with insomnia (Bos and Macedo 2019) and with the observation that anticipating job stress while asleep impairs sleep quality (Sonnentag et al. 2016). This finding also reinforces the importance of distinguishing worry (repetitive thoughts concerning the future and negative consequences of mood) from rumination (repetitive thoughts related to attributions for disturbed mood and symptoms) in sleep studies (Carney et al. 2010). ...
The aim of our study was to explore the contribution of psychological factors for healthy sleep within a sample of one hundred employees (M= 43.4 ± 9.91 years; 74% female) with regular working schedules. Participants completed a set of questionnaires about sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviours, sleep times, healthy sleep, insomnia, sleep hygiene behaviours, personality traits, work-related cognitions, mood and well-being. Descriptive, correlational and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Extraversion, perception that work effort was properly rewarded, job autonomy, satisfaction with working conditions, vigour-activity, friendship and well-being were positively associated with healthy sleep; arousal predisposition, neuroticism, can't stop thinking of work, rumination, worry, depression-dejection, tension-anxiety, confusion-bewilderment and fatigue-inertia were negatively associated. Multiple linear regression analyses identified four factors that mostly contributed to healthy sleep (41.3%): neuroticism (R2= .245, p< .001), worry during sleep (R2 change= .094 p= .001), well-being (R2 change= .044, p= .016) and job autonomy (R2 change= .030, p= .041). Employees with lower levels of neuroticism, less worry during the night, better well-being and higher autonomy at work experienced healthier sleep. To promote healthy sleep among employees with regular/daytime working hours it might be important to consider personality traits, work-related cognitions and well-being.
... Between one working day and the subsequent day, printers need to recover their mental resources, and complete recovery depends on getting a good night's sleep [5]. There is a consensus that work stress impairs sleep quality [5]. ...
... Between one working day and the subsequent day, printers need to recover their mental resources, and complete recovery depends on getting a good night's sleep [5]. There is a consensus that work stress impairs sleep quality [5]. Sleep is necessary for recovery in humans [6] and is therefore considered to be the link between occupational stressors, cognitive functioning and health [5]. ...
... There is a consensus that work stress impairs sleep quality [5]. Sleep is necessary for recovery in humans [6] and is therefore considered to be the link between occupational stressors, cognitive functioning and health [5]. Impaired sleep may have a detrimental effect on psychosomatic well-being (e.g. ...
Purpose
Technological change, economic pressure and the need for concentration increase work stress in the printing business. It is well known that stress in the workplace is associated with impaired cognitive functioning, such as headaches and concentration problems. Accordingly, daily recovery—especially restful and healthy sleep—is essential for human functioning. This study tested whether the quality of the previous night’s sleep predicts headaches and concentration problems independent of current-day time pressure, work interruptions and concentration requirements.
Methods
Twenty-seven out of 28 printing plant employees contributed daily data over five consecutive workdays. Self-reported data on working conditions and cognitive functions and actigraphy-based indicators of sleep quality were subjected to multi-level analysis.
Results
Multilevel regression analysis of 125 days confirmed that longer sleep-onset latency, more fragmented sleep and lower sleep efficiency were antecedents of headache intensity the following day. Headaches were also predicted by the current work interruptions. Concentration problems were predicted by the previous night’s sleep latency and the current day’s concentration requirements.
Conclusion
Poor recovery in the sense of low sleep quality may impair cognitive function beyond the effects of the current-day’s work stress. Work redesign and person-oriented training should be used to promote sleep and cognitive function in printers.
... In consequence, cashiers with impaired sleep might much more easily be disturbed by an unpleasant situation (Chuah et al., 2010), and even weak emotional stressors might trigger mood deterioration (Minkel et al., 2012) that might lead to emotional dissonance. However, within the scope of stress research, adverse working conditions and their affective consequences might also be associated with disturbed sleep (for a review see Sonnentag, Casper and Pinck, 2016). Evidence shows that strain may arise from the experience of emotional dissonance (Diestel, Rivkin and Schmidt, 2015;Grandey and Gabriel, 2015;Grandey, Rupp and Brice, 2015;Zapf, 2002). ...
... On the other hand, sleep regulation seems to be impaired by stressors. The type of dysregulation -such as awakenings (Pereira and Elfering, 2014a) and change of sleep phases -seems to depend on stressor characteristics: Unpredictable and uncontrollable stressors -such as encounters with aggressive customer behaviour -seem to cause the most severe dysregulation (Sanford, Suchecki and Meerlo, 2015;Sonnentag, et al., 2016). A recent systematic review on work stressors that arise from social interaction and sleep found 14 studies (Pereira et al., 2016), 10 of which reported correlations. ...
... Negative social experiences at work often cause a "failure to switch off" when away from one's work (Berset et al., 2011;Sonnentag and Bayer, 2005). Sustained negative psychophysiological arousal potentially impacts sleep quality (Pereira et al., 2016;Sonnentag, et al., 2016) and should be studied in future research on emotion work and musculoskeletal pain in cashiers. According to Geurts and Sonnentag (2006), incomplete recovery is the key process involved with impaired sleep quality as the most important recovery process. ...
Repetitive movement and a lack of postural change are known risk factors for musculoskeletal pain in cashiers. This study tests emotional dissonance – the demand to keep being polite to impolite customers – as an additional risk factor. Furthermore, sleep problems are expected to mediate the link between emotion work and musculoskeletal pain. Data contains 103 female supermarket cashiers from three supermarkets of a large retailer responded to a questionnaire (participation rate 60.6%). An open question asked for the most negative job facets in daily work. Standardized questionnaire were used to assess emotional dissonance, sleep problems and musculoskeletal pain. Responses to the open question showed experience of unkind customers as the most prevalent negative experience at work reported by 47.6% of cashiers, followed by prolonged sitting (8.7%). Emotional dissonance was a significant predictor of neck and back pain when BMI, age, part-time work, and change of hand function during their shift (work rotation) were controlled (β = .30, p < .01). Moreover, sleep problems were confirmed as a mediator with respect to neck and back pain (B = .21, SE = .10, CI = 02–.22). No mediation was found in prediction of pain in arms and shoulders or hips, legs, and feet. Emotional dissonance in work of cashiers appeared as a unique risk factor of neck and back pain. Work design should pay more attention to the social demands of cashier work.
... In particular, the last decade or so has seen a growing body of research that has linked job stressors to sleep problems. Although the exact pathways are yet to be completely understood, the causal linkages between job stress and sleep are believed to lie in both the cortico-adrenal stress response (the release of stress hormones in the body as a result of stressful events and experiences) and in the cognitive response (the rumination and worry about past and upcoming events; Sonnentag, Casper, & Pinck, 2016). ...
... latter is more strongly linked to poor sleep quality and fatigue. By contrast, less rumination and the ability to psychologically detach from work have been linked to better sleep, an association supported by cross-sectional, longitudinal, and day-level research (Sonnentag et al., 2016). Another related culprit for disturbed sleep has been identified as telepressure-or the impulse to constantly, instantly respond to electronic communications. ...
... Matters become more complicated when we consider that stress and sleep relate to each other in multiple and reciprocal ways. Researchers have proposed an equally plausible reverse causal pathway between sleep and job stress (Sonnentag et al., 2016). Specifically, the tendency of sleep deprivation to inhibit individuals' coping resources in terms of stress management and emotion regulation means that lack of sleep can also lead to perceptions of job stress. ...
A growing amount of research has demonstrated the key role that sleep plays in both leadership effectiveness and overall organizational performance. However, less research has explored the everyday sleep habits of leaders or their beliefs about sleep. As a result, the field of consulting psychology has little knowledge regarding common sleep difficulties among leaders and organizations and the most effective ways to help. This article aims to address this issue. We surveyed 384 leaders and professionals about their sleep patterns, beliefs, attitudes, and problems across different leadership levels. Overall, we found a generally sleep-deprived population whose primary barriers to sleep have to do with work, and in particular a failure to psychologically detach from it. We also found evidence of common, yet faulty, beliefs about sleep loss, productivity, and success that run the risk of initiating and maintaining unhealthy sleep patterns. We conclude with methods and strategies to help individual leaders and organizations prevent, manage, and cope with the sleep issues uncovered in our study.
... Studies have revealed that specific work conditions often disrupt individuals' physical and mental improvement processes (50), including sleep as the most critical process (49,50). Harma et al. mentioned fatigue and sleepiness as common problems in railway transportation with occasional monotony and irregular work schedules (51). ...
... Studies have revealed that specific work conditions often disrupt individuals' physical and mental improvement processes (50), including sleep as the most critical process (49,50). Harma et al. mentioned fatigue and sleepiness as common problems in railway transportation with occasional monotony and irregular work schedules (51). ...
Background: Shift work disrupts the sleep rhythm and leads to daily sleepiness and physical and mental complications. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the predictive role of shift work in poor sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in railway personnel. Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted on the employees of the Khorasan railway in Iran in 2021, 450 individuals of whom were selected as a sample using the census sampling method. The data collection method was through a checklist containing demographic information and related factors (e.g., employment history) and through a physician to evaluate underlying diseases, body mass index (BMI), smoking and use of substances (past medical history), and completion of standard questionnaires, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), and STOP-BANG questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the t-test and simultaneous multivariate regression analysis by SPSS software (version 24). Results: Out of 450 employees, 144 (32%) and 306 (68%) subjects were day workers and shift workers, respectively. The average age of the participants was 40 ± 5.97 years. A significant difference was observed between the BMI with PSQI, KSS, and STOP-BANG scores (P = 0.001). Additionally, binary logistic regression analysis showed that shift work had a significant effect as a risk factor on both PSQI scores (CR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.16-1.32, P = 0.001) and KSS scores (CR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.29 - 1.59, P = 0.001). Conclusions: Shift work could increase the amount of sleepiness during work in personnel as the main cause, along with other effective factors, such as personal and occupational characteristics.
... Sleep onset marks a complex transition process involving physiological, behavioral, and psychological changes that initiate sleep (Scott et al., 2020). A delay in sleep-onset latency is due to somatic and cognitive arousal, which triggers strain and wakefulness in bed (Robertson et al., 2007;Sonnentag et al., 2016). In addition, the time being awake in bed cannot be used effectively for restful sleep. ...
... In addition, a lack of cognitive switching off from work may be a mechanism through which work demands reduces recovery at the end of the day (Sonnentag et al., 2016). That is, rather than work-related strain or demands creating new problems at home (i.e., WHC), work-related rumination might prolong the work-related strain through cognitive processes. ...
Cognitive failures are errors in routine action regulation that increase with higher mental demands. In particular, in occupations where guidance such as teaching or supervision is essential, cognitive failures harm one’s performance and also negatively impact knowledge transfer. The aim of this study is to investigate yesterday’s work–home conflict (WHC) and objectively assessed sleep-onset latency as antecedents of a next-day increase in cognitive failures. Fifty-three teachers were assessed during a working week, in the morning, after work, and in the evening on each working day, as well as on Saturday morning. Sleep-onset latency was assessed with ambulatory actimetry. The multi-level analyses showed both WHC and sleep-onset latency predict cognitive failures the next working day (controlling for cognitive failures from the previous day, sleep quantity, and leisure time rumination until falling asleep). However, there was no association between yesterday’s WHCs and the nightly sleep-onset latency. Thus, nightly sleep-onset latency did not mediate the effects of yesterday’s WHCs on today’s cognitive failures. Our results highlight the importance of sleep and a good work–life balance for daily cognitive functioning. In order to promote the cognitive functioning of employees as well as occupational safety, good working conditions and recovery should both be considered.
... Sleep research has consistently identified distressing experiences as a major contributor to insomnia (e.g., Åkerstedt, 2006;Jansson & Linton, 2006;Kim & Dimsdale, 2007;Morin, Rodrigue, & Ivers, 2003). Among the various antecedents, social stressors that involve interpersonal communications-as in the case of active and passive email incivility-are a robust predictor of poor nightly sleep (see Sonnentag, Casper, & Pinck, 2016, for a review). With its ostensibly disrespectful cues, active email incivility may lead to elevated physiological arousal, which creates problems for the onset and maintenance of normal sleep (Åkerstedt, 2006). ...
... Regarding passive email incivility, the omission of respect and consideration may lead to elevated psychological arousal, as individuals try to discern the meaning of their exclusion and the lack of regard they experience during the workday (Pereira, Meier, & Elfering, 2013). To the extent that heighted physiological and psychological arousal is detrimental to sleep (Åkerstedt, 2006;Sonnentag et al., 2016), active and passive email incivility during the workday will make it difficult for employees to fall and stay asleep at night. ...
Although e-mail incivility is becoming a growing concern in the workplace, it remains an understudied topic. Scholars have paid inadequate attention to its dimensionality (i.e., active and passive e-mail incivility) and its impact on well-being outcomes, thus precluding a more comprehensive understanding of its implications in the workplace. To address these gaps, we conducted two studies to investigate the nature and outcomes of e-mail incivility. In Study 1, we surveyed a sample of working employees about their e-mail incivility experiences at work and collected their appraisals of a discrete e-mail incivility event. Confirmatory factor analysis results provide support for the empirical distinction between the 2 dimensions. Findings from event-level appraisals highlight that active e-mail incivility leads to a greater level of emotionality appraisal, whereas passive e-mail incivility is viewed as more ambiguous. In Study 2, we conducted a diary study to examine the spillover effects of e-mail incivility on well-being. Multilevel modeling results indicate that passive e-mail incivility is positively associated with insomnia, which then leads to heightened negative affect at the beginning of the workday. Overall, this research clarifies the nature of e-mail incivility dimensions, highlights their detrimental effects on employee well-being, and identifies important implications for occupational health scholars and practitioners. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
... A possible link between psychosocial work demands, resources and stressors is the individual's perception of and response to these organizational factors. Work stress and overcommitment can have negative effects on sleep and contribute to insomnia (Garefelt et al., 2020;Kudielka et al., 2004;Sonnentag et al., 2016). The association between stress and insomnia is well established (Garefelt et al., 2020;, and should be included in research focused on factors that contribute to insomnia in the working population. ...
Insomnia is a growing public health concern and a risk factor for reduced health, safety, and performance among workers. This study investigated and compared the predictive value of personality traits and psychosocial factors associated with symptoms of insomnia. The study followed a longitudinal design and included 206 Norwegian police employees (52% men). The predictors of insomnia symptoms were divided into the following groups in the multiple regression analyses: 1) demands, control, and support at work, 2) stress and overcommitment, and 3) the personality traits of the five-factor model. A fourth final model included significant predictors from the initial analyses. The results showed high stability in insomnia symptoms at baseline and follow-up six months later. Neuroticism was the strongest and most stable predictor of insomnia, and associated with an increase in insomnia symptoms after six months. Overcommitment and stress had positive associations with insomnia symptoms but could not predict changes after six months. Social support had a negative association with insomnia, whereas job demands and control at work had no significant association with insomnia symptoms measured at follow-up six months later. The findings demonstrate that the personality trait neuroticism can play an important role in the development and maintenance of insomnia symptoms. Job demands and resources only explained a marginal proportion of variance in insomnia symptoms measured six months later in police employees, indicating that they may be less crucial in the development of insomnia. However, more research on the potential interaction effects between personality and organizational factors is needed. The study highlights the importance of taking personality characteristics into consideration when investigating predictors of insomnia.
... This might be a hint at the nature of job demands represented by overtime. Time pressure and high workload, two job demands potentially causing employees to work overtime, have been identified as challenge job demands rather than hindrance job demands (66)(67)(68). Challenge demands and resources can have similar effects on work engagement (69). However, when conducting robustness analyses considering age, gender, and leadership position as control variables, the positive relationship between overtime and work engagement disappeared. ...
With the current study, we investigate mechanisms linking sleep quality with work engagement. Work engagement is an affective-motivational state of feeling vigorous, absorbed, and dedicated while working. Drawing from both the effort-recovery model and the job demands-resources framework, we hypothesize that sleep quality should be positively related to work engagement via the replenishment of personal resources that become apparent in mental health and physical health. Because personal resources should gain salience especially in the face of job demands, we hypothesize that overtime as an indicator for job demands should strengthen the positive relationship between mental health and work engagement. We gathered data from 152 employees from diverse industries via an online survey. Results showed that sleep quality was positively related to work engagement (r = 0.20, p < 0.05), and that mental health mediated this relationship (indirect effect: β = 0.23, lower limit confidence interval = 0.13, upper limit confidence interval = 0.34). However, physical health did not serve as a mediator. Overtime turned out to be significantly and positively related to work engagement (r = 0.22, p < 0.01), replicating previous findings, but did not significantly interact with mental health or physical health in predicting work engagement. Overall, the study highlights the significance of sleep quality for employees' mental health and work engagement.
... For example, this study can be replicated with additional alternative measurement sources, such as more objective measures of sleep quality (Sonnentag et al., 2016). Although selfreported and objectively measured responses are widely accepted as valid measures of different sleep parameters, both measures may reflect different aspects of sleep quality (Campanini et al., 2017). ...
Perceived job insecurity is a critical job stressor that creates the conditions for negative health and performance outcomes for workers while potentially increasing health‐related costs for employers. Sleep quality, an important proxy of health, has been understudied in relation to the impact of perceived job insecurity. Using job stress concepts and a perseverative cognition model, this study examines the association between perceived job insecurity and subjective sleep quality while considering negative work spillover as a mediator. We expand our analysis to consider gender as a moderator of the job insecurity‐sleep quality relationship, predicting the relationship will be stronger for men than for women. Study 1 uses a nationally representative sample from the MIDUS Refresher study consisting of 1,031 working adults and a multi‐group path analysis to test our hypotheses. Results show that negative work spillover mediates the relationship between perceived job insecurity and subjective sleep quality. Study 2 uses a sample of 152 working adults who participated in three biweekly surveys. The mediating role of negative work spillover is replicated in Study 2. In both studies, no gender moderation is found. Theoretical and methodological contributions, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.
... de Jonge & Dormann, 2006). Alternatively, as previous stress research found negative work rumination to connect various stressors with poor sleep (Sonnentag, Casper, & Pinck, 2016), work rumination could operate as a mediator linking ICT demands with other strain. As our supplementary analyses showed, negative work rumination could mediate the ICT demands−sleep quality relationship. ...
Information communication technologies (ICTs; e.g., smartphones) enable employees to work anywhere and anytime, blurring work and family boundaries. Building on this trend, this study draws from work‐family border/boundary theory to examine antecedents and consequences of employees’ weekly experiences of ICT demands (i.e., being accessible and contacted for work after hours via ICTs). A sample of 546 elementary teachers completed a registration survey and a weekly diary for five weeks. Multilevel modeling results suggest ICT demands as a form of work intrusion in the home can constitute a source of significant weekly strain (i.e., negative rumination, negative affect, insomnia). As border‐crossers, teachers’ adoption of a technological boundary tactic (i.e., keeping work email alerts turned off on mobile phones) was related to lower weekly ICT demands. As important border‐keepers at work, school principals’ work‐family support was related to teachers’ lower weekly ICT demands, whereas parents’ after‐hours boundary expectations were related to teachers’ higher weekly ICT demands. Moreover, teachers’ boundary control was found as a mediating mechanism by which the two border‐keepers influenced teachers’ ICT demands−negative rumination link. That is, teachers who received fewer boundary expectations and/or more work‐family support had greater boundary control, which in turn, buffered the ICT demands‐negative rumination relationship.
... There is less understanding of the connections between work organization, sleep outcomes, perceived job stress, and work-life balance. It is plausible that work stressors, or perceived job stress, serves as a mediator between work and sleep, thereby having substantial impact on life outside of work and furthermore, sleep could have a direct impact on perceptions of work-life conflicts [49][50][51]. ...
Work-life balance and job stress are critical to health and well-being. Long-haul truck driving (LHTD) is among the unhealthiest and unsafe occupations in the U.S. Despite these disparities, there are no extant published studies examining the influence of work, stress and sleep outcomes on drivers’ work-life balance. The current study investigated whether adverse work organization, stress, and poor sleep health among LHTDs are significantly associated with work-life conflict. Logistic regression was used to examine how work organization characteristics, job stress, and sleep influenced perceived stress and a composite measure of work-life conflict among a sample of 260 U.S. LHTDs. The pattern of regression results dictated subsequent analyses using structural equation modeling (SEM). Perceived job stress was the only statistically significant predictor for work-life balance. Fast pace of work, sleep duration and sleep quality were predictors of perceived job stress. SEM further elucidated that stress mediates the influences of fast work pace, supervisor/coworker support, and low sleep duration on each of the individual work-life balance indicators. There is an urgent need to address work conditions of LHTDs to better support their health, well-being, and work-life balance. Specifically, the findings from this study illustrate that scheduling practices and sleep outcomes could alleviate job stress and need to be addressed to more effectively support work-life balance. Future research and interventions should focus on policy and systems-level change.
... Our study is one of the first linking workplace incivilityas a job stressor that may be linked to increased cognitive activationand employee sleep, and the findings have important implications for both incivility and sleep literatures. First, examining specific stressors is important in stress-sleep research because not all job stressors were shown to be associated with cognitive arousal and impaired sleep (Sonnentag et al. 2016, for a review). Thus, in line with CATS, our findings suggest that the experience of incivility may create an alarm reaction and prolonged arousal through staying mentally connected to and negatively reflecting about work during nonwork time (i.e., negative work rumination). ...
Workplace incivility (i.e., rudeness and disrespect) is a pervasive problem that impacts a number of important employee workplace outcomes. This study expands past research on outcomes of experienced incivility by proposing a spillover-crossover model in which experienced incivility is associated with negative work rumination outside of work as well as insomnia symptoms (i.e., spillover). We further propose that rumination in one employee is also linked to insomnia symptoms in the employee’s partner (i.e., crossover). The moderating effect of being work-linked (working in the same organization or occupation as one’s partner) was also investigated. We tested the hypothesized Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model in the context of dual-earner couples (N = 305). To test moderation effects, we conducted a multi-group analysis by comparing our hypothesized model across work-linked and non-linked couples. Our results support the spillover effect, suggesting that experienced incivility is linked to employee insomnia symptoms through rumination. However, the crossover effect was only found among work-linked couples. By connecting the sleep and workplace incivility literatures, our findings support a dyadic model in which workplace incivility, as an interpersonal stressor, is linked to employee as well as partner insomnia through negative work rumination. Interventions aimed at alleviating negative work rumination may help reduce work-home spillover as well as crossover, particularly for work-linked, dual-earner couples.
... Primary prevention of burnout and LBP in occupational health science should focus more intensely on work-related sleep quality (Sonnentag, Casper, & Pinck, 2016) and implement work redesign that increases resources at work, avoids shift work, and reduces time pressure and overtime (Semmer, Grebner, & Elfering, 2010). Recently, such a work resource-oriented intervention study reported an average sleep gain of nine minutes per night in the intervention group, 12 months after the start of the intervention. ...
In a three-wave questionnaire study of 405 working participants, who were initially free of low back pain (LBP) and emotional exhaustion, sleep problems were evaluated as a potential risk factor for the development of LBP and burnout up to three years later. Prospective risk paths were compared between the sexes and between two age-groups (18 to 45 years and older than 45 years). A longitudinal structural equation model showed a good fit with empirical data (RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .06, CFI = .97). Prospective risk paths between the latent constructs showed sleep problems to significantly predict self-reported LBP (β = .15, p = .011) and burnout (β = .24, p < .001) two years later. Sleep problems also predicted the occurrence of burnout three years later (β = .18, p = .002). Sleep-related risk of burnout after two years was greater in older than younger participants (βolder = .42 vs. βyounger = .13, p < .001).
Sleep problems seem to precede LBP and burnout in working individuals. Health promotion initiatives should use sleep quality as an important early risk indicator, and interventions should focus on promoting better quality sleep, in an attempt to reduce the incidence of LBP and burnout.
... de Jonge & Dormann, 2006). Alternatively, as previous stress research found negative work rumination to connect various stressors with poor sleep (Sonnentag, Casper, & Pinck, 2016), work rumination could operate as a mediator linking ICT demands with other strain. As our supplementary analyses showed, negative work rumination could mediate the ICT demands−sleep quality relationship. ...
Organizational justice refers to employees’ perceptions of the fairness of decision-making rules and policies in the workplace. Lack of justice is suggested to be a significant psychosocial risk factor that affects employees’ attitudes and health. The aim of this narrative review was to compile the evidence available about the effects of organizational justice on health. To this end, a literature search was carried out using the Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases. The final sample consisted of 103 articles that studied the effects of justice on mental health (40 results), job stress (26), sickness absence (15), physical health (14), absenteeism/presenteeism (3), safety at work (3), and health of third parties (2). The results show that perceptions of workplace justice predict employees’ mental health, stress-related health problems, and lower levels of sickness absence were relatively compelling. Future studies should focus on less-researched outcomes and on how these associations are modified by other variables for a better understanding of how justice affects health, with a view to being able to carry out preventive measures more efficiently.
This diary study investigated nurses’ recovery after transitioning to morning shift work (i.e., their short-term adaptation to shift work) by examining the change trajectory of sleep quality over the course of five consecutive morning shifts. Results of latent growth analyses ( N = 132) showed that nurses’ sleep quality started at low levels and increased rapidly in the beginning until it stabilized toward the end of the shift work period. Moreover, work-related rumination moderated the sleep quality trajectory. When rumination was low, nurses’ sleep quality showed a quadratic trajectory, whereas when rumination was high, sleep quality showed a flatter and linear trajectory, suggesting that rumination impedes recovery after the transition and adaptation to morning shift work.
This actigraphy study tests whether daily work stressors (time pressure, social stressors), work resources (control, social support), and mental detachment from work predict sleep quality, when controlling for demands and control after work. Fifty-two railway employees participated during five consecutive workdays by completing diary questionnaires and wearing an actigraphy device. The results confirmed that social stressors from supervisors predicted more frequent sleep fragmentation and lower sleep efficiency the following night. Higher levels of daily time control at work predicted shorter sleep-onset latency and better self-reported sleep quality. Leisure time control as a covariate turned out to be a private resource, followed by fewer awakenings the following night. Detachment after work related negatively to social stressors and time pressure at work but was unrelated to indicators of sleep quality; detachment after work neither mediated nor moderated the relationship between social stressors from supervisors and sleep quality. Work redesign to increase time control and reduce social stressors is recommended to preserve daily recovery in railway employees.
Practitioner Summary: Sleep is important to renew health- and safety-related resources in railway employees. This diary and actigraphy study shows that higher daily work stressors were antecedents of lower sleep quality the following night, while more time control was followed by better sleep quality. Work redesign could promote health and safety by improving sleep quality.
Dieser Bericht ist eine Zusammenfassung des durch die Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA) geförderten Projektes „Belastungsfaktoren
und Ressourcen bei Soloselbständigkeit und Mehrfachbeschäftigung“ (F 2371).
Ausgangspunkt ist die auf dem Arbeitsmarkt zu verzeichnende Prävalenz beider
Beschäftigungsformen. Bisherige Studien deuten darauf hin, dass sich Tätigkeiten im
Rahmen von Soloselbstständigkeit und Mehrfachbeschäftigung auf einem Kontinuum
zwischen Prekarität und Selbstverwirklichung bewegen können. Das Wissen darüber,
aufgrund welcher Charakteristiken die Beschäftigungsformen zwischen beiden Polen variieren, ist jedoch bislang begrenzt. Wenig bekannt ist auch über die Motive für das
Ergreifen und Aufrechterhalten einer Soloselbstständigkeit oder Mehrfachbeschäftigung. Weiterhin gilt zu erörtern, wie sich die spezifische Arbeitssituation von Soloselbstständigen und Mehrfachbeschäftigten gestaltet.Hauptziel des Forschungsprojektes war es deshalb, im Rahmen von drei Teilprojekten den Wissensstand zur Arbeits- und Gesundheitssituation von Soloselbstständigen und Mehrfachbeschäftigten aufzuarbeiten und zu erweitern.
Basierend auf dem bisherigen Forschungstand und unter Heranziehung vorhandener repräsentativer Datensätze (Mikrozensuserhebung 2014, BIBB/BAuA-Erwerbstätigenbefragung 2012, European Working Conditions Survey 2010, Sozio-ökonomisches Panel 2000-2014) konnte im ersten Teilprojekt ein Überblick über die Arbeitssituation Mehrfachbeschäftigter und Soloselbstständiger gewonnen werden. Es ließen sich relevante Kontextfaktoren, Tätigkeitsmerkmale, Gesundheits- und Leistungsparameter sowie individuelle Merkmale der Person identifizieren, welche letztlich anhand der BIBB/BAuA-Erwerbstätigenbefragung 2012 in jeweils einer Typologie zur Mehrfachbeschäftigung und Soloselbstständigkeit mündeten.
In Teilprojekt 2 wurden qualitative Interviews mit Mehrfachbeschäftigten und Soloselbstständigen geführt. Die Interviewpartner/innen wurden entsprechend der
Typisierung aus Teilprojekt 1 ausgewählt, um einen differenzierten Aufschluss über
die Arbeitssituationen, über Belastungsfaktoren und Ressourcen, gesundheitliche
Konsequenzen, Wünsche bezüglich der Integration in den Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz oder genutzte Alternativen zum Erhalt von Sicherheit und
Gesundheit der Personengruppen sicherzustellen.
Im Teilprojekt 3 wurde die Machbarkeit einer großzahligen quantitativen Befragung von
Mehrfachbeschäftigten sowie Soloselbstständigen geprüft. Dabei wurde insbesondere
der Frage nachgegangen, welche konkreten Möglichkeiten zur Stichprobengenerierung und Befragungsdurchführung existieren. Der vorliegende Bericht fokussiert vor allem auf die Ergebnisse aus dem zweiten Teilprojekt. Aus dem ersten Teilprojekt werden einzelne besonders relevante Ergebnisse vorgestellt. Die Machbarkeitsstudie (Teilprojekt 3) ist nicht Teil dieses Berichtes.
A substantial gap exists in the literature regarding the associations between chronotype, social jetlag and well-established constructs from work and organizational psychology area, such as burnout, work engagement or organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB). Therefore, the aim of the present paper was to investigate the associations between aforementioned constructs. A total of 247 employees took part in the present exploratory study. Burnout was measured with Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, work-engagement with Utrecht Work Engagement Scale and OCB with Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Questionnaire, whereas midpoint sleep and social jetlag were measured with Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. Conducted regression analyses, controlling for age and gender, showed adverse associations between later midpoint sleep and OCB, as well as one of the subscales of work engagement, namely: dedication. In addition, later midpoint sleep predicted greater burnout, particularly in its work-related subdomain. The magnitude of social jetlag predicted lower OCB, however the effect was no longer significant when midpoint sleep was introduced into the model. The present results provide initial evidence that chronotype may be a vital construct in the field of work and organizational psychology.
Rationale:
Research using the challenge-hindrance stressor framework shows hindrance stressors tend to have detrimental affective and work-related outcomes, whereas challenge stressors have relatively more salutary affective and work-related outcomes. The extent to which this pattern extends to health behaviors, such as sleep, is unknown.
Objective:
The current study examines challenge and hindrance work stressors in relation to sleep quantity and quality.
Methods:
We use survey data from the MIDUS II (Phase 1 and Phase 4) to test the relationship between self-reported challenge and hindrance stressors and assessments of sleep, including cross-sectional and prospective indicators of sleep quantity, sleep quality (sleep onset latency, sleep disturbance), and sleepiness.
Results:
Hindrance stressors are associated with prospective sleep quantity, as well as cross-sectional and prospective sleep quality and sleepiness. Further, the pattern of results for sleep quality and sleepiness reflects the expected challenge-hindrance pattern, such that hindrance stressors are more strongly associated with poor sleep quality and sleepiness than are challenge stressors. The same challenge-hindrance pattern was not significant sleep quantity. Work hours and time lag generally did not moderate associations between work stressors and sleep.
Conclusion:
The challenge-hindrance pattern holds for sleep quality and sleepiness, but not sleep quantity. Relationships appear to be consistent across time and differences in work hours. Results have implications for expanding the challenge-hindrance stressor framework and underline the importance of distinguishing between different types of stressors and sleep dimensions.
Besides dealing with high workload, being a teacher is challenging with respect to the social context. There is increasing evidence that adverse social job characteristics challenge sleep quality. The current study tests whether restraint sleep quality (defined as worse sleep quality before than during vacation) is related to time-related job stressors, job resources, and social job characteristics.
Forty-eight elementary school teachers (42% female) participated both during the last week before and the first week after vacation. Before vacation, teachers were asked for demographics and working conditions with reference to the last 30 days, and sleep quality with reference to the last 7 days. After vacation sleep quality during vacation was assessed and used as reference for working time sleep quality.
Results showed mean levels of sleep quality increased during vacation. In teachers with restrained working time sleep quality (38%), experiences of failure at work, social exclusion, and emotional dissonance were more frequent than in teachers with unrestrained working time sleep quality (Ps < .05). Groups did not differ in time-related stressors, time control and social support from supervisors.
Emotion work, social exclusion and individual experience of failure seem to challenge sleep quality in teachers.
Idiosyncratic employment arrangements (i-deals) stand to benefit the individual employee as well as his or her employer. However, unless certain conditions apply, coworkers may respond negatively to these arrangements. We distinguish functional i-deals from their dysfunctional counterparts and highlight evidence of i-deals in previous organizational research. We develop propositions specifying both how i-deals are formed and how they impact workers and coworkers. Finally, we outline the implications i-deals have for research and for managing contemporary employment relationships.
Organizations rely heavily on asynchronous message-based technologies (e.g., e-mail) for the purposes of work-related communications. These technologies are primary means of knowledge transfer and building social networks. As a by-product, workers might feel varying levels of preoccupations with and urges for responding quickly to messages from clients, coworkers, or supervisors-an experience we label as workplace telepressure. This experience can lead to fast response times and thus faster decisions and other outcomes initially. However, research from the stress and recovery literature suggests that the defining features of workplace telepressure interfere with needed work recovery time and stress-related outcomes. The present set of studies defined and validated a new scale to measure telepressure. Study 1 tested an initial pool of items and found some support for a single-factor structure after problematic items were removed. As expected, public self-consciousness, techno-overload, and response expectations were moderately associated with telepressure in Study 1. Study 2 demonstrated that workplace telepressure was distinct from other personal (job involvement, affective commitment) and work environment (general and ICT work demands) factors and also predicted burnout (physical and cognitive), absenteeism, sleep quality, and e-mail responding beyond those factors. Implications for future research and workplace practices are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
Objective:
The current study examines associations between five factor personality traits and average sleep duration, sleep deficiency, and sleep problems.
Method:
The participants were from two population-based samples from Australia (n = 1,104, age range 31-41) and Finland (n = 1,623, age range 30-45). Self-reports of sleep behavior, sleep problems (Jenkin's scale), and five factor model personality traits (NEO-FFI) were collected. Associations between personality traits and sleep were analyzed with linear regressions.
Results:
The results showed that higher extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were, in general, associated with better sleep, whereas higher neuroticism was associated with sleeping less well. Openness was not associated with sleep. Most of the associations were replicable between the samples from the two countries, but personality traits explained only small part of the variance in sleep behavior.
Conclusions:
Increasing the knowledge on personality and sleep may benefit more personalized treatment of sleep disorders and help in personnel selection to jobs in which it is critical to stay alert. However, longitudinal research is needed to confirm the current findings.
Sleep has a critical role in promoting health. Research over the past decade has documented that sleep disturbance has a powerful influence on the risk of infectious disease, the occurrence and progression of several major medical illnesses including cardiovascular disease and cancer, and the incidence of depression. Increasingly, the field has focused on identifying the biological mechanisms underlying these effects. This review highlights the impact of sleep on adaptive and innate immunity, with consideration of the dynamics of sleep disturbance, sleep restriction, and insomnia on (a) antiviral immune responses with consequences for vaccine responses and infectious disease risk and (b) proinflammatory immune responses with implications for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. This review also discusses the neuroendocrine and autonomic neural underpinnings linking sleep disturbance and immunity and the reciprocal links between sleep and inflammatory biology. Finally, interventions are discussed as effective strategies to improve sleep, and potential opportunities are identified to promote sleep health for therapeutic control of chronic infectious, inflammatory, and neuropsychiatric diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology Volume 66 is November 30, 2014. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/catalog/pubdates.aspx for revised estimates.
This paper reports results from two meta-analyses of the potential individual-level outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying. After introducing a theoretical framework for the possible relationships between bullying and outcomes, Study 1 summarizes 137 cross-sectional effect sizes from 66 independent samples (N=77,721). The findings show that exposure to bullying is associated with both job-related and health- and well-being-related outcomes, such as mental and physical health problems, symptoms of post-traumatic stress, burnout, increased intentions to leave, and reduced job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Non-significant or weak associations were established for absenteeism, performance, self-perceptions, and sleep. Study 2 examines longitudinal relationships between bullying and mental health and absenteeism, respectively. Based on prospective associations from 13 samples (N=62,916), workplace bullying influenced mental health problems over time, while baseline mental health problems were associated with a similar increased risk of subsequent reports of exposure to bullying. The long-term effect of exposure to bullying on absenteeism was rather weak. To summarize, the two meta-analyses provide robust evidence for the detrimental effects of workplace bullying that are in line with the theoretical framework presented. The findings have implications for the development of strategies against bullying. Directions for future research are discussed.
This study examines the relationship between time pressure and unfinished tasks as work stressors on employee well-being. Relatively little is known about the effect of unfinished tasks on well-being. Specifically, excluding the impact of time pressure, we examined whether the feeling of not having finished the week's tasks fosters perseverative cognitions and impairs sleep. Additionally, we proposed that leader performance expectations moderate these relationships. In more detail, we expected the detrimental effect of unfinished tasks on both rumination and sleep would be enhanced if leader expectations were perceived to be high. In total, 89 employees filled out online diary surveys both before and after the weekend over a 5-week period. Multilevel growth modeling revealed that time pressure and unfinished tasks impacted rumination and sleep on the weekend. Further, our results supported our hypothesis that unfinished tasks explain unique variance in the dependent variables above and beyond the influence of time pressure. Moreover, we found the relationship between unfinished tasks and both rumination and sleep was moderated by leader performance expectations. Our results emphasize the importance of unfinished tasks as a stressor and highlight that leadership, specifically in the form of performance expectations, contributes significantly to the strength of this relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
Little attention has been paid to the relation between daily affect and sleep, as most prior studies have focused instead on the role of pathological mood in the context of sleep disturbance. However, understanding the transaction between normal variations in emotional experiences and sleep can shed light on the premorbid vulnerabilities that trigger the evolution of affect and sleep into more problematic states. The present study used a two-week daily sampling approach to examine the impact of day-to-day variations in positive and negative affect on nightly self-reported sleep onset latency, sleep duration, and sleep quality in a sample of young women. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed temporal relations between positive and negative affect states and sleep parameters. Specifically, different aspects of both positive and negative affect were uniquely predictive of sleep indices, with sadness and serenity acting as the most consistent predictors. Additionally, better sleep quality was predictive of greater happiness the following day. These results highlight the importance of how our daily emotional experiences influence our nightly sleep and, in turn, how our sleep has an impact on our daily affect. Moreover, our findings may offer insight into the progression of normative levels of affect and sleep as they develop into comorbid depression, anxiety, and insomnia.
Sleep deprivation is an often hidden problem in working adults. In this study, we evaluated self-
10 regulation processes contributing to poor sleep patterns of full-time office employees. We
investigated whether work-related demands and prioritizing sleep (in relation to other activities)
predicted sleep behaviours over an 11-day period. Seventy-three adults in New Zealand completed
online measures, including the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire, a measure of sleep
prioritization, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Mixed-model analyses of daily data revealed
15 that higher sleep prioritization and positive work-related emotions during a workday predicted better
sleep quality that night. Cognitive demands on a workday predicted a later bedtime that night,
whereas emotional demands predicted an earlier bedtime (but also an earlier waking time).
Regression analyses revealed that when controlling for baseline levels of each dependent measure,
pre-sleep arousal predicted fewer hours of sleep and greater sleep difficulty whereas sleep
20 prioritization predicted a faster time getting to sleep, longer sleep and less sleep difficulty. High
priority for sleep and positive emotions at work may promote sleep quality, whereas cognitive and
emotional demands, or pre-sleep arousal may disrupt sleep patterns. These findings point to sleep
prioritization and cognitive-emotional self-regulation skills as potential targets for work-based
interventions aimed at promoting sleep.
Social stressors at work may result in long-term health impairments if recovery is insufficient. In the present psychophysiological field study, we tested whether the inability to psychologically detach from work issues mediates the negative effect of social stressors at work on sleep during weekends. Sixty full-time employees participated in the study. Daily assessment included diaries on psychological detachment and continuous ambulatory actigraphy to assess psychophysiological indicators of sleep. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that enduring social stressors at work were negatively related with psychological detachment on Sunday evening and negatively related with various sleep indicators on Sunday night. Furthermore, psychological detachment from work on Sunday evening partially mediated the effect of social stressors at work on two sleep indicators. Social stressors at work may threaten recovery processes just before the working week starts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
To date, the majority of research on emotional labor has focused on outcomes that occur in the workplace. However, research has yet to consider the possibility that the daily effects of emotional labor spill over to life outside of work, even though a large body of literature examining the spillover from work life to home life indicates that work experiences influence employees after they leave the workplace. Accordingly, we examined the influence of day-to-day surface acting on 3 types of theoretically derived stress outcomes experienced at home: emotional exhaustion, work-to-family conflict, and insomnia. In an experience sampling field study of 78 bus drivers, we found that daily surface acting was connected to increases in each of the outcomes noted above. Moreover, surface acting had an indirect effect on emotional exhaustion and insomnia via state anxiety.
A large body of sleep physiology research highlights a broad array of effects of sleep on human functioning. Until recently, this literature has been completely isolated from the organizational psychology literature. The purpose of this paper is to further extend the sleep literature into the organizational psychology literature, with a focus on self-regulation in the workplace. I summarize the sleep literature into a model of sleep self-regulation. Next, I highlight initial research in organizational psychology which has drawn from basic sleep physiology research. Following this, I generate new propositions linking sleep to work withdrawal, goal level, incivility, and defection in workplace social dilemmas. Finally, I close with a discussion of methods for conducting sleep research in organizational psychology, as well as some promising areas for future research.
Objectives
The objective of this study was to review longitudinal and intervention studies examining the association between psychosocial work characteristics (eg, job demands, job control, and social support) and sleep quality. Our main research aims were to examine whether (i) psychosocial work characteristics are a predictor of sleep quality, and (ii) sleep quality, in turn, is a predictor of psychosocial work characteristics.
Methods
A systematic literature search resulted in 20 relevant papers, of which 16 were longitudinal studies and 3 were intervention studies (1 study was discussed in separate papers). To quantify results, we assessed the strength of evidence of all examined associations and subsequently evaluated the studies’ research quality based on predefined quality criteria.
Results
One intervention and three longitudinal studies studies were categorized as being of high-quality. In longitudinal studies, we found consistent and strong evidence for a negative relation between job demands and sleep quality as well as evidence for a positive relation between job control and sleep quality. Other psychosocial work characteristics were examined in an insufficient number of (high-quality) studies. Moreover, both intervention studies as well as studies investigating reversed and reciprocal relations are rare, which further limits the possibility of drawing conclusions on causality.
Conclusions
Based on the current literature, it can be concluded that high job demands and low job control are predictors of poor sleep quality. More high-quality research is needed to examine the possible causal relationship between these and other psychosocial work characteristics with sleep quality, in addition to research focusing on reversed and reciprocal relations.
Health-related research on role stress in the workplace focuses mainly on the occurrence of depression and anxiety. Reviews for the latter are available. This meta-analysis relates role ambiguity/role conflict to depression. The initial literature search, part of a more comprehensive search, yielded about 50,000 results. Studies have been published in multiple languages. Thirty-three studies comprising 19,926 research subjects were statistically aggregated. Different meta-analytical approaches were used. The results show a moderate but significant positive relationship for both variables (role ambiguity: r = .279; role conflict: r = .318). Further, the distinctness of the role stressors was supported by meta-analytical computations. Moderators were tested and identified. We conclude that role ambiguity and role conflict overlap to some extent, but they should be categorized as distinct concepts for workplace research. Providing clearly defined roles and job objectives can be seen as one factor that can contribute to employee health and help prevent costs arising from workplace absence.
Drawing on cognitive rumination theories and conceptualizing customer service interaction as a goal attainment situation for service employees, the current study examined employee rumination about negative service encounters as an intermediate cognitive process that explains the within-person fluctuations in negative emotional reactions resulting from customer mistreatment. Multilevel analyses of 149 call-center employees' 1,189 daily surveys revealed that on days that a service employee received more (vs. less) customer mistreatment, he or she ruminated more (vs. less) at night about negative encounters with customers, which in turn led to higher (vs. lower) levels of negative mood experienced in the next morning. In addition, service rule commitment and perceived organizational support moderated the within-person effect of customer mistreatment on rumination, such that this effect was stronger among those who had higher (vs. lower) levels of service rule commitment but weaker among those who had higher (vs. lower) levels of perceived organizational support. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).
Several studies have documented the link between exposure to bullying at work and several health problems. However, little is known about the mechanisms underpinning the relationship between bullying and its associated consequences. The aim of this study has been to test a model of mediation whereby need for recovery and worry as indicators of cognitive activation were assumed to influence the relationship between workplace bullying and sleep quality. The sample consisted of 4068 Belgium employees from approximately 30 organisations. The hypotheses were tested following a confirmatory approach involving structural equation modelling. Since the size of the sample is large, two different randomly selected samples of the dataset have been used to test the stability of the theoretical model. A full mediation model, in which need for recovery and worry mediated the relationship between workplace bullying and lack of sleep quality, yielded the best fit to the data in both samples. The results of this study underline the relevance of cognitive activation in understanding sleep disturbances.
Background:
Cognitive complaints involving problems with concentration, memory, decision-making and thinking are relatively common in the work force. The sensitivity of both subjective and objective cognitive functioning to common psychiatric conditions, stress levels and to cognitive load makes it plausible that psychosocial working conditions play a role in cognitive complaints. Thus, this study aimed to test the associations between psychosocial work factors and cognitive complaints in nationally representative samples of the Swedish work force. Cross-sectional (n = 9751) and prospective (n = 3644; two time points two years apart) sequential multiple regression analyses were run, adjusting for general confounders, depressive- and sleeping problems. Additional prospective analyses were run adjusting for baseline cognitive complaints.
Cross/sectional results:
High quantitative demands, information and communication technology (ICT) demands, under qualification and conflicts were positively associated with cognitive complaints, while social support, good resources at work and over qualification were negatively associated with cognitive complaints in all models. Skill discretion and decision authority were weakly associated with cognitive complaints. Conflicts were more strongly associated with cognitive complaints in women than in men, after adjustment for general confounders.
Prospective results:
Quantitative job demands, ICT demands and under qualification were positively associated with future cognitive complaints in all models, including when adjusted for baseline cognitive complaints. Decision authority was weakly positively associated with future cognitive complaints, only after adjustment for depressive- and sleeping problems respectively. Social support was negatively associated with future cognitive complaints after adjustment for general confounders and baseline cognitive complaints. Skill discretion and resources were negatively associated with future cognitive complaints after adjustment for general confounders. The associations between quantitative demands and future cognitive complaints were stronger in women.
Discussion/conclusions:
The findings indicate that psychosocial working conditions should be taken into account when considering cognitive complaints among employees.
The present study investigated short-term effects of daily social exclusion at work on various indicators of sleep quality and tested the mediating role of work-related worries using a time-based diary study with ambulatory assessments of sleep quality. Ninety full-time employees participated in a 2-week data collection. Multilevel analyses revealed that daily workplace social exclusion and work-related worries were positively related to sleep fragmentation in the following night. Daily social exclusion, however, was unrelated to sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency and self-reported sleep quality. Moreover, worries did not mediate the effect of social exclusion at work on sleep fragmentation. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Stress and fatigue caused by work require daily recovery periods to offset
future deleterious consequences to mental and physical health. The aim,
therefore, of the current study was to gain insight into recovery processes
during a normal week. The main hypotheses were that more time spent on
work and work-related activities will have a negative impact on recovery, while
more time spent on specific leisure activities would have a beneficial impact on
recovery. Using diaries, 46 respondents (average age of 35) provided daily
measures of fatigue, sleep, and time spent on recovery activities over 7 days.
Recovery activities included time spent on activities that were social, physical,
and work-related. Results indicated that whilst low effort and social activities
are nonbeneficial to recovery, physical activities significantly predict recovery
(i.e., the former increase fatigue whilst the latter decrease fatigue). Sleep
quality also emerges as a significant predictor of recovery. The weekend respite
appears important to recovery; however, the effect seems already to wane on
Sunday evening in anticipation of the Monday workload. The article provides
insights into leisure activities and the experience of fatigue.
This study among a heterogeneous sample of employees expands the Job-Demands (JD-R) theory by examining how interpersonal conflicts at work-task and relationship conflict-spillover into the nonwork domain on a daily basis. We hypothesized that daily personal resources can buffer the daily negative spillover of interpersonal conflicts from work into the nonwork domain. A total of 113 employees (n = 565 occasions) filled in a daily diary questionnaire in the evening before bedtime over 5 consecutive working days. Results of multilevel analysis showed that the presence of daily personal resources is essential to buffer the spillover of interpersonal conflict at work to the nonwork domain. Specifically, on days that employees were not very optimistic or resilient, interpersonal conflicts resulted in higher strain-based work-life conflict experiences. These findings contribute to the JD-R theory and show how the unfavorable effects of daily interpersonal conflicts in the work domain may be avoided in the nonwork domain through enhancing personal resources. We discuss the implications for theory and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
The ineffectiveness of sleep hygiene as a treatment in clinical sleep medicine has raised some interesting questions. If it is known that, individually, each specific component of sleep hygiene is related to sleep, why wouldn't addressing multiple individual components (i.e., sleep hygiene education) improve sleep? Is there still a use for sleep hygiene? Global public health concern over sleep has increased demand for sleep promotion strategies accessible to the population. However, the extent to which sleep hygiene strategies apply outside clinical settings is not well known. The present review sought to evaluate the empirical evidence for sleep hygiene recommendations regarding exercise, stress management, noise, sleep timing, and avoidance of caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, and daytime napping, with a particular emphasis on their public health utility. Thus, our review is not intended to be exhaustive regarding the clinical application of these techniques, but rather to focus on broader applications. Overall, though epidemiologic and experimental research generally supported an association between individual sleep hygiene recommendations and nocturnal sleep, the direct effects of individual recommendations on sleep remains largely untested in the general population. Suggestions for clarification of sleep hygiene recommendations and considerations for the use of sleep hygiene in nonclinical populations are discussed.
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study examined the relation between daily incivility and afterwork recovery, hypothesizing that workplace incivility would have a negative effect on situational wellbeing, afterwork recovery experiences (psychological detachment and relaxation) and next-morning recovery level. Daily surveys were completed on 5 consecutive workdays by 175 employees in the legal industry. Multilevel analyses controlling for the daily number of hours worked showed that day-level incivility was negatively related to afterwork situational wellbeing and psychological detachment, but not to relaxation. Incivility experienced on 1 day also predicted recovery level the following morning. Results emphasize the ongoing impact of rudeness and disrespect in the workplace on employee wellbeing and offer an explanation for the long-term negative outcomes of what is typically thought of as a less severe workplace stressor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
Sleepiness, the biological drive to sleep, is an important construct for the organizational sciences. This physiological phenomenon has received very little attention in the organizational science literature in spite of the fact that it influences a wide variety of workplace behaviors. In this article, we develop a framework through which sleepiness can be fruitfully studied. We describe (a) what sleepiness is and how it can be differentiated conceptually from related concepts such as fatigue, (b) the physiological basis of sleepiness, (c) cognitive and affective mechanisms that transmit the effects of sleepiness, and (d) the behavioral manifestations of sleepiness in the workplace. We also describe (e) job demand characteristics that are antecedents of sleepiness and (f) individual differences that moderate the aforementioned relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
Shift work on offshore oil/gas installations necessitates 12 h shifts and rapid day/night shift changes. In the North Sea, both 'fixed-shift' (alternate day-shift and night-shift tours) and 'swing-shift' rotations (with a midtour shift change) are operated. The present study used survey data (n = 775) to examine sleep patterns over 3 'phases' of the offshore work cycle (day shifts, DS; night shifts, NS; and leave weeks, LS) in relation to shift roster, overtime, age, offshore shift work exposure, and anxiety. Specific predictions were tested in a mixed-model ANOVA in which DS, NS, and LS sleep were treated as repeated measures. Sleep duration and sleep quality were predicted by significant interactions of phase with roster, anxiety, age, and shift work exposure, but the patterns of findings differed across DS, NS and LS. Consistent with other published findings, personnel working 2-week nights-to-days swing shifts reported shorter DS and NS sleep duration than those working fixed shifts. Extended 3-week tours (7 nights/14 days) showed an advantage only for DS sleep. There was no evidence that LS sleep was impaired following night-shift work. Overtime was negatively related only to NS sleep duration. Anxiety predicted poor NS and DS sleep; the relationship between age and NS sleep quality was curvilinear with minimum values at 38-42 y. Shift work exposure negatively predicted NS (but not DS or LS) sleep. The results are discussed in relation to the initial predictions; more general implications of the findings, and methodological limitations of the work, are considered in a final section. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
This study employed a weekly diary method among a sample of 74 Midwestern college student workers in order to examine the within-person relationships between work–school conflict, sleep quality, and fatigue over five weeks. Further, recovery self-efficacy was proposed as a cross-level moderator of the relation between sleep quality and fatigue. Results from multilevel analyses demonstrated that weekly work–school conflict was negatively related to weekly sleep quality and positively related to end-of-week fatigue, with sleep quality partially mediating the relation between work–school conflict and fatigue. These findings enhance understanding of the process by which work–school conflict contributes to college student workers' strain on a weekly basis. Additionally, student workers with low recovery self-efficacy demonstrated a negative relation between sleep quality and fatigue; however, this relation did not exist for student workers with high recovery self-efficacy. This finding suggests recovery self-efficacy as an important resource that may reduce the association between poor sleep quality (as a result of work–school conflict) and fatigue. The current findings provide important theoretical and practical implications for researchers, organizations, and college institutions as a whole. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In this research, we examined the role of mindfulness for recovery from work using a daily diary design (N = 121; 5 days; 3 measurement occasions per day). The first goal of the study was to investigate the relationship of mindfulness with sleep quality and the mediating role of psychological detachment from a day-level perspective. A second goal was to extend the process perspective in recovery research beyond the day level and consider systematic change trajectories in recovery variables over the course of the work week and the role of mindfulness in these trajectories. Results regarding day-level relationships confirmed that mindfulness experienced during work was related to subsequent sleep quality, and this relationship was mediated by psychological detachment from work in the evening. Furthermore, an investigation of the role of mindfulness in recovery change trajectories supported the idea that psychological detachment trajectories increase over the work week for individuals low on mindfulness while there was no systematic mean-level change for individuals high on mindfulness. In contrast, sleep quality followed a linear increase from Monday to Friday for all individuals, irrespective of their levels of trait mindfulness. Practical and theoretical implications for the mindfulness and the recovery literature are discussed in conclusion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
The current study investigated the short-term effect of illegitimate tasks on sleep quality, assessed by actigraphy. Seventy-six employees of different service jobs participated in a 2-week data collection. Data were analysed by way of multilevel analyses. As predicted, illegitimate tasks were positively related to sleep fragmentation and sleep-onset latency, but not to sleep efficiency and not to sleep duration. Time pressure, social stressors at work and at home, and the value of the dependent variable from the previous day were controlled. Results confirm the predictive power of illegitimate tasks for a variable that can be considered crucial in the development of long-term outcomes of daily experiences. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Through a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies from 68 samples, this study examines the role of time in three types of occupational stressor-strain effects. First, this study reviews the extent to which correlations between stressors and strains when both are measured at the same time point (i.e. synchronous effects) change with the passage of time. Second, this review examines the extent to which stressors predict increases in strain (i.e. lagged effects) and whether these effects vary across different time lags. Third, this paper considers the extent to which strains predict increases in stressors (i.e. reverse causation effects), and whether these effects vary across different time lags. Results indicate that synchronous effects tend to increase over time, suggesting that the effects of chronic stressors build up through cumulative exposure. Lagged effects were generally small but their magnitude increased over time for about three years before declining, whereas the average size of reverse causation effects was also small but tended to increase across time. The lagged and reverse causation effects were highly variable, especially among studies with sample sizes under 500, suggesting that large sample sizes are needed to detect them reliably. Implications for longitudinal occupational stress theory and research are discussed.
Cognitive models propose that insomnia is maintained by negative cognitive activity (such as worry and rumination) and somatic anxious arousal. Attention control (ability to focus attention, control thought) may also influence insomnia, as it is thought to protect against negative cognitive activity. The main aims of the study were to test specific hypotheses concerning: (i) relationships between insomnia and worry, rumination and somatic anxious arousal; (ii) whether insomnia is also associated with poor attention control; and (iii) whether the predicted association between insomnia and negative emotionality (combination of worry, somatic anxious arousal and rumination) is influenced by individual differences in attention control. Participants were 196 young adults who completed the following questionnaire measures: Insomnia Severity Index, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire Anxious Arousal Scale, Ruminative Responses Scale, and Attention Control Scale. Results indicated that worry, rumination, and somatic anxious arousal each independently correlated with insomnia. Moreover, insomnia was not only associated with the overall index of negative emotionality (combination of worry, somatic anxious arousal and rumination), but also with the interactive effect of poor attention control and negative emotionality. Thus, poor attention control may further contribute to sleep difficulties in individuals with high negative emotionality.
This article proposes and tests a model that highlights how organisational embeddedness relates to insomnia. It argues that support rendered by the organisation in general and by supervisors in particular decrease the likelihood that highly embedded employees will experience insomnia. Data collected from 192 managers at four points in time over a 12‐month period generally support the proposed model. The article concludes with implications for future research on the relationship between embeddedness and insomnia and the important roles which workplace support systems play in mediating that relationship.
This paper reviews empirical evidence on psychological detachment from work during nonwork time. Psychological detachment as a core recovery experience refers to refraining from job-related activities and thoughts during nonwork time; it implies to mentally disengage from one's job while being away from work. Using the stressor-detachment model as an organizing framework, we describe findings from between-person and within-person studies, relying on cross-sectional, longitudinal, and daily-diary designs. Overall, research shows that job stressors, particularly workload, predict low levels of psychological detachment. A lack of detachment in turn predicts high strain levels and poor individual well-being (e.g., burnout and lower life satisfaction). Psychological detachment seems to be both a mediator and a moderator in the relationship between job stressors on the one hand and strain and poor well-being on the other hand. We propose possible extensions of the stressor-detachment model by suggesting moderator variables grounded in the transactional stress model. We further discuss avenues for future research and offer practical implications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The present study reports the lagged effects of work stress on work-related rumination, restful sleep, and nocturnal heart rate variability experienced during both workdays and weekends. Fifty employees participated in a diary study. Multilevel and regression analyses revealed a significant relationship between work stress measured at the end of a workday, work-related rumination measured during the evening, and restful sleep measured the following morning. Work stress, measured as the mean of 2 consecutive workdays, was substantially but not significantly related to restful sleep on weekends. Work stress was unrelated to nocturnal heart rate variability. Work-related rumination was related to restful sleep on weekends but not on workdays. Additionally, work-related rumination on weekends was positively related to nocturnal heart rate variability during the night between Saturday and Sunday. No mediation effects of work stress on restful sleep or nocturnal heart rate variability via work-related rumination were confirmed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
The present study aims to investigate the relationship between effort-reward imbalance and hair cortisol concentration among teachers to examine whether hair cortisol can be a biomarker of chronic work stress.
Hair samples were collected from 39 female teachers from three kindergartens. Cortisol was extracted from the hair samples with methanol, and cortisol concentrations were measured with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Work stress was measured using the effort-reward imbalance scale.
The ratio of effort to reward showed significantly positive association with hair cortisol concentration.
The cortisol concentration in the system increases with the effort-reward imbalance. Measurement of hair cortisol can become a useful biomarker of chronic work stress.
Few studies have examined insomnia severity as a moderator of the impact of combat experiences on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol problems, such that combat exposure is expected to have more negative consequences for soldiers who report insomnia. In this study, a sample of 522 military personnel completed measures of PTSD and alcohol problems prior to a 12-month deployment to Iraq, and then completed measures assessing insomnia severity, combat exposure, PTSD, alcohol problems and overall distress 3 months post-deployment. Results of a moderated multiple regression indicated that insomnia severity interacted with combat exposure to predict PTSD and alcohol problems after controlling for pre-deployment baseline measures of these outcomes, such that the relationship between combat exposure and the mental health symptoms was stronger when insomnia severity was greater. Results are discussed from the perspective of the role of insomnia in the development of PTSD and alcohol problems, as well as from an occupational health perspective where insomnia may deprive individuals of the resources they need to recover from the effects of severe occupational stressors found in high risk occupations. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic insomnia is highly prevalent in the general population, provoking personal distress and increased risk for psychiatric and medical disorders. Autonomic hyper-arousal could be a pathogenic mechanism of chronic primary insomnia. The aim of this study was to investigate autonomic activity in patients with chronic primary insomnia by means of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Eighty-five consecutive patients affected by chronic primary insomnia were enrolled (38 men and 47 women; mean age: 53.2 ± 13.6). Patients were compared with a control group composed of 55 healthy participants matched for age and gender (23 men and 32 women; mean age: 54.2 ± 13.9). Patients underwent an insomnia study protocol that included subjective sleep evaluation, psychometric measures, and home-based polysomnography with evaluation of HRV in wake before sleep, in all sleep stages, and in wake after final awakening. Patients showed modifications of heart rate and HRV parameters, consistent with increased sympathetic activity, while awake before sleep and during Stage-2 non-REM sleep. No significant differences between insomniacs and controls could be detected during slow-wave sleep, REM sleep, and post-sleep wake. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that autonomic hyper-arousal is a major pathogenic mechanism in primary insomnia, and confirm that this condition is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk.
This study examined the mechanism by which information and communication technology (ICT) use at home for work purposes may affect sleep. In this investigation, data from 315 employees were used to examine the indirect effect of ICT use at home on sleep outcomes through psychological detachment, and how boundary creation may moderate this effect. Results revealed the indirect effect of increased work-home boundary crossing on sleep (quantity, quality and consistency) through psychological detachment occurred only among individuals with low boundaries around ICT use and not among those with high boundaries. These results suggest that creating boundaries around work-relevant ICT use while at home is beneficial to sleep as a recovery process through being able to psychologically disengage from work. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
We examined whether organizational justice is associated with sleep quality and performance in a population-based sample of 1,729 Finnish registered nurses working full time. In addition, we tested psychological mechanisms mediating the potential association. The results of multivariate linear regression analyses showed higher organizational justice to be associated with fewer sleeping problems (β values range from -.20 to -.11) and higher self-reported performance (β values range from .05 to .35). Furthermore, psychological distress (related to the psychological stress model) and job involvement (related to the psychosocial resource model) mediated the association between organizational justice and sleep. Sleeping problems partly mediated the association between organizational justice and performance. Psychological distress explained 51% to 83% and job involvement explained 10% to 15% of the total effects of justice variables on sleeping problems. The findings provide support for the psychological stress model and offer practical implications for reducing nurses' sleeping problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).
We extend cross‐domain research by examining sleep, a domain within the larger nonwork domain that competes for time with work and family domains. We draw from scarcity theory and research on slack resources to contend that, because people cannot increase the amount of time they have, they borrow time from sleep in order to spend more time working and with family. Utilizing a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of 10,741 participants, we find nonlinear and interactive effects of time spent working and time spent with family on sleep time, suggesting that the negative effects of work and family on sleep time are especially strong when demands for work and family are high. In an experience sampling field study of 122 working adults, we similarly find a nonlinear effect of work time on sleep time as well as an interaction between work time and family time in predicting time spent sleeping. Both studies indicate that as slack time resources become increasingly scarce, time spent working and time spent with family have increasingly powerful negative effects on time spent sleeping. Contrary to our expectations, we found no support for gender as a moderator of these effects.
Although work–home interference (WHI) refers to a process of negative interaction between the work and home domains, little attention has been paid to the actual processes involved in the within-person, day-to-day management of work and home. Therefore, this study investigated if, and how, a global report for the individual, of WHI (i.e., a general indicator of experienced WHI) is reflected in daily reports of WHI, in employees’ daily activity patterns in the work and home domain, and in their daily health and well-being. Effort-Recovery theory (Meijman & Mulder, 199824.
Meijman , T. F. and
Mulder , G. 1998. “Psychological aspects of workload”. In Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2nd ed., Edited by:
Drenth , P. J. D. ,
Thierry , H. and
de Wolff , C. J. 5–33. Hove: Psychology Press. View all references) provided the theoretical basis for this study. Data were collected among 120 academic staff members (62% male) who completed a general questionnaire, addressing global WHI as well as demographical information, and who also participated in a 5-day daily diary study. WHI was measured using the 8-item WHI subscale of the Survey Work–home Interaction Nijmegen (SWING), with an adapted version being used for the diary studies. Results showed that global WHI: (1) was positively related to daily WHI; (2) was positively related to the time spent daily on overtime work in the evening; (3) was negatively related to the time spent daily on low-effort activities; and (4) was positively related to daily fatigue and sleep complaints. We conclude that Effort-Recovery theory seems promising for the study of WHI, and that diary studies are valuable, as these provide detailed insight into what global reports of WHI actually signify from day to day.
This paper will review published evidence regarding health outcomes and factors associated with caregivers' sleep disturbance.
Searches were conducted on CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, and PsycINFO using various keywords.
We evaluated 138 abstracts and reviewed 18 articles. Depression is the most reported factor influencing caregivers' sleep. Additional factors are caregivers' psychological distress, demographic, and care recipients' characteristics. Health outcomes of sleep disturbance include poor mental and physical health, reduced quality of life, and elevated coagulation and inflammation levels.
Clinicians should screen caregivers' sleep quality so they can assist them with suggestions on maintaining their health while performing caregiving tasks.
Poor sleep quality is a risk factor for a number of cognitive and physiological age-related disorders. Identifying factors underlying sleep quality are important in understanding the etiology of these age-related health disorders. We investigated the extent to which genes and the environment contribute to subjective sleep quality in middle-aged male twins using the classical twin design. We used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to measure sleep quality in 1218 middle-aged twin men from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (mean age = 55.4 years; range 51-60; 339 monozygotic twin pairs, 257 dizygotic twin pairs, 26 unpaired twins). The mean PSQI global score was 5.6 [SD = 3.6; range 0-20]. Based on univariate twin models, 34% of variability in the global PSQI score was due to additive genetic effects (heritability) and 66% was attributed to individual-specific environmental factors. Common environment did not contribute to the variability. Similarly, the heritability of poor sleep-a dichotomous measure based on the cut-off of global PSQI>5-was 31%, with no contribution of the common environment. Heritability of six of the seven PSQI component scores (subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, and daytime dysfunction) ranged from 0.15 to 0.31, whereas no genetic influences contributed to the use of sleeping medication. Additive genetic influences contribute to approximately one-third of the variability of global subjective sleep quality. Our results in middle-aged men constitute a first step towards examination of the genetic relationship between sleep and other facets of aging.
Purpose:
The aims of the present study were to investigate whether being subjected to bullying and witnessing bullying at the workplace was associated with concurrent sleep difficulties, whether frequently bullied/witnesses have more sleep difficulties than occasionally bullied/witnesses, and whether there were associations between being subjected to bullying or witnessing bullying at the workplace and subsequent sleep difficulties.
Methods:
A total of 3,382 respondents (67 % women and 33 % men) completed a baseline questionnaire about their psychosocial work environment and health. The overall response rate was 46 %. At follow-up 2 years later, 1671 of those responded to a second questionnaire (49 % of the 3,382 respondents at baseline). Sleep difficulties were measured in terms of disturbed sleep, awakening problems, and poor quality of sleep.
Results:
Bullied persons and witnesses reported more sleep difficulties than those who were neither bullied nor witnesses to bullying at baseline. Frequently bullied/witnesses reported more sleep difficulties than respondents who were occasionally bullied or witnessing bullying at baseline. Further, odds ratios for subsequent sleep difficulties were increased among the occasionally bullied, but not among witnesses. However, the associations weakened when adjusting for sleep difficulties at baseline.
Conclusion:
Being subjected to occasional bullying at baseline was predictive of subsequent sleep difficulties. Witnessing bullying at baseline did not predict sleep difficulties at follow-up.
Sleep symptoms are a prominent feature of mental health disorders like PTSD and depression. However, it is unknown whether sleep symptoms mediate the relationship between combat stress and these disorders. We examined the mediating role of sleep symptoms on the relationship between combat stress and PTSD; and the relationship between combat stress and depression using data from 576 Army veterans of the Iraq War surveyed in 2004. Correlational analyses revealed that when insomnia was included in the model, the correlation between combat stressors and other depression symptoms decreased by 65%; and when nightmares were included in the model, the correlation between combat stressors and other PTSD symptoms decreased by 69%. We replicated these analyses using individual items assessing PTSD and depression and found that the insomnia and nightmare items had the largest and second largest mediation effect between combat stressors and PTSD and depression symptoms. Our result support the theory that sleep symptoms contribute to the development and/or maintenance of other mental health symptoms and that early treatment of sleep symptoms may mitigate the other mental health consequences of combat stress.
The "Handbook" represents the most current thinking in the field [of industrial/organizational psychology] and is a requirement for any serious professional or academician in industrial and organizational psychology.
Presented in two sections, this volume first offers a chapter on cognitive theory, followed by a section addressing the science and technology of practices for optimum use of human resources.
The second section explores attributes of individuals in organizations, including physical ability testing in selection programs, vocational interests, values, and preferences, and recent developments in personality measurement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Investigated perceptions of work characteristics and the effects of work on partners' physical and psychological well-being. 21 full-time working couples (married or cohabiting) completed daily questionnaires measuring sleep quality, work and domestic stressors, cognitive symptoms, mood, communication, and daily incidents for 3 wks. Mood and sleep fluctuated systematically over a week for both men and women. Significant correlations between home and work stressors and evening mood were found for both men and women. There was a significant difference between men and women in the number of interpersonal events reported. Results provide evidence of spillover effects from home to work. The daily diary questionnaire is said to offer potential for exploring detailed relationships between stressors and strains not offered by cross-sectional surveys. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Excess workload has been regarded as an important psychosocial factor at work in Japan. In particular, overtime work could reduce sleep time and consequently exacerbate both physical and mental health, while excessive sleepiness induces work-related accidents. This study aimed to investigate correlations between excess workload and sleep-related symptoms among commercial long-haul truck drivers. We conducted a self-administrated anonymous questionnaire survey of 2054 commercial long-haul truck drivers in a medium-sized city in northern Japan. 1385 replies were collected and 1005 replies from male workers (mean age 41.8 ± 9.0 years old) were examined. The questionnaire mainly consisted of questions of sociodemographic characteristics, working conditions, the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Japanese version of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). 33% of the subjects worked more than 80 h per month in addition to their regular work. 34.6% mainly worked at night and 54.2% worked at night and during the day. 41.5% of the subjects replied that their work schedules were irregular. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that excessive sleepiness while driving was significantly associated with overtime work, working hour distribution (night dominant), irregular schedules and a GHQ-12 score. Similarly, an association between subjective sleep quality and overtime work, irregular schedules, habitual exercise and a GHQ-12 score was found to be significant. Sleep disturbance was significantly associated with body mass index, overtime work and a GHQ-12 score.