ChapterPDF Available

Gamification-Elemente bei Apps zur Bewegungsförderung

December 2016

In book: Wirtschaftspsychologie, 4 (pp.28-39)
Edition: E-Interventionen auf individueller und Gruppenebene
Publisher: Pabst Science Publishers
Editors: T. Rigotti, C. Dormann, V. C. Haun

Authors:

FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie & Management gGmbH

Die Nutzung von Apps zur Gesundheitsförderung ist ein stetig wachsendes Forschungsthema im mHealth-Bereich. Wenig überprüft wurde bisher, welche konkreten Funktionen von Apps die Motivation tatsächlich erhöhen und nachfolgendes Bewegungsverhalten verändern. Wir untersuchten insbesondere die Rolle von Gamification, sogenannte Spiel-Elemente wie Punkte, Trophäen und Ranglisten. Gamification kann in vielfältiger Weise in Apps implementiert werden; es muss allerdings noch gezeigt werden, unter welchen Bedingungen gamifizierte Produkte erfolgreich sind. In einer Interventionsstudie mit Pre-/Posttest-Design untersuchten wir den Einfluss von spieltypischen Elementen bei Running-Apps. Hierzu testeten 82 Mitglieder von Sportvereinen über einen Zeitraum von drei Wochen entweder eine gamifizierte oder eine konventionelle App. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Gruppe mit der Gamification-App einen mehr als doppelt so hohen Laufzuwachs hatte im Vergleich zur Gruppe mit der konventionellen App. Auch die motivationale Wahrnehmung der gamifizierten App wurde positiver eingeschätzt als die der konventionellen App. Darüber hinaus war die Wettbewerbsorientierung ein bedeutsamer Prädiktor für die Differenz im Bewegungsverhalten über die drei Wochen. Dieser Effekt wurde jedoch für beide App-Gruppen gefunden, sodass die Wettbewerbsorientierung gleichermaßen bei Gamification als auch den konventionellen Funktionen einen positiven Einfluss hatte. Diese Befunde legen nahe, dass gamifizierte Apps gut bewertet werden und somit einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung einer gesundheitsförderlichen Lebensweise leisten können. Sie könnten auch eine Rolle bei Gesundheitsinterventionen in Unternehmen spielen. Welche Langzeiteffekte Gamification-Elemente haben, sollte in weiterführenden Studien untersucht werden.

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



Ch. Wellmann & J. V. Bittner



1 Einleitung

     -

    

      

   -

 

Gamication.



  

Gamication-Elemente bei Apps

zur Bewegungsförderung

Christian Wellmann1 & Jenny V. Bittner2

1 Universität Ulm

2 Universität Bielefeld

Zusammenfassung







        

    



-

-



     

-

-







   

      



Schlüsselwörter:

Gamication elements in health promotion apps

Abstract

      











  







Keywords:

WiPsy2016-4 Inhalt.indd 28 2017.01.14 12:59





Ch. Wellmann & J. V. Bittner



-

     

 -





    -





      -

     -

-





     -



 

    





      -

      -

  -

       

    

-

     



-

      

      -

-

    

    

    

-





     -



       

 

        -

-



 

    -



    

     

      -



-



 

   



    

      -



     -



    -

    







       



     

    

-



-



1.1 Grundlagen von Gamication

-

Elemente-

-



  

   -



-



-



    

    



    

      

     -

     Punkte

 

       -

-



  Fitocracy  

     

    







badges,      -

       

    -

-

 Avatare,

      Rahmengeschichten

Bestenlisten  -

     -

      

Levels  Fortschrittsbalken,  

       

     

 Nike   

    



    

 

   -

  quests: -



WiPsy2016-4 Inhalt.indd 29 2017.01.14 12:59





Ch. Wellmann & J. V. Bittner



      

SuperBetter

    -

      



      -

    





1.2 Motivation durch Gamication

    -



      -

   



-



-

     -

     



-

     

    

      



     

    

   -

    

     

       -

     



       -

  Nike  

     -



    

-



        -

  -

      

 

 -

      -

 -





      

       -

  

     

-



   

        





    

       -

   Engagements, 

Partizipation   Nutzungsverhaltens -

  -



      -



     

     

   -

     -



1.3 Gamication

zur Gesundheitsförderung

      -

     

       -

     -

      

„Does gamication work?“

-

  



    -



   



   



      -

     

      -

    -

    





      

     

    

   



   



    

Fitocracy

  -

   -

     -

Neuigkeitswert

-

-





     -



    -

       Healthy-

Together,     

  

WiPsy2016-4 Inhalt.indd 30 2017.01.14 12:59





Ch. Wellmann & J. V. Bittner



    

      

 



     

     

       

    

empowerment

 -

  



  -





 -

  

    -

   



2 Fragestellung

der vorliegenden Studie

     

       -



       



-

-

      

     

    -

     

    



    

      

     

   -

     

  -





2.1 Hypothesen

      

    

    -

      

        -

 

-

 

-



2.1.1 Bewegungsverhalten

-

-





     -



-

    



     -

-



2.1.2 Einstellung zur App

 -



-

-



      



   

   -

       

-

-



  



     

-



2.1.3 Wettbewerbsorientierung

  

     

    -

      



  Wettbewerben -

 -

      

       -

 

    



      -

      -

      

   

     

      

      





WiPsy2016-4 Inhalt.indd 31 2017.01.14 12:59





Ch. Wellmann & J. V. Bittner



-



       -



    -

      

         

   



      

     

 -



      

   -



     -

     

        

    -





     



      -

   





    -



   

     -

       



   -

     



-



3 Methode

3.1 Stichprobe

     -

     

     

       



       

    -

     

    

 -

     



    -

      -

      -

     

    

       

      

MSD



     M   

SD

3.2 Design

Ar t

der App    

      -



  Bewegungsverhalten  



Bewertung

-



3.3 Material

3.3.1 Apps

        

   Nike+ Running   

 Runtastic.       -

      

     

-

     



    

      -

-

 

   



  Runtastic-  

      

-

-

-

     

     -

 -



Nike--

-



     





       

     

      

   

-

-



     

    

WiPsy2016-4 Inhalt.indd 32 2017.01.14 12:59





Ch. Wellmann & J. V. Bittner





-





      



   -

  -

      



  



Challenges



3.3.2 Wettbewerbsorientierung

    

     

  

  -

      

 

        

      

stimme überhaupt nicht zustimme völlig zu

α

3.3.3 Bewertung der App

     

-



    überhaupt nicht   

sehr stark    

     



 sehr unwichtig

sehr wichtig-

     

     

-



    

      

    

     -

     



3.3.4 Kontrollvariablen

        -

    

     

  

keinesehr hoch-





-

   

       

    Handy beim

Laufen vergessen oder die App nicht aktivier t wurde.

3.4 Durchführung

    



    

  -



-

      



-



        

      



       

  





     -

     

      

-

    -



    -

      

        -

      

    





      

      

    

  -

     

    wie viele Kilometer 

      

wie viele einzelne Läufe

 

     

        







     





WiPsy2016-4 Inhalt.indd 33 2017.01.14 12:59





Ch. Wellmann & J. V. Bittner



4 Ergebnisse

4.1 Veränderung

des Bewegungsverhaltens

-

      

      -

   2×2 repeated measures 

       



     

 -





    



r

      r   



-

F

p η²-

 F

       

Fpη²-

       

      

       

-





  

     

  Frequenz     

   

       -



    t  

pd-



   

 -

       

-



4.2 Wahrnehmung der App-Funktionen

     -

       

     

     -

Gamication-App

M (SD)

Konventionelle App

M (SD)

Bewegung

  

  

  

Motivation durch die App  

Tabelle 1

Mittelwerte des Bewegungs-

verhaltens und der wahr-

genommenen Motivation

für die Gamication- versus

konventionelle App

Abbildung 1

Bewertung der

App-Funktionen.

Die blauen Balken

beziehen sich dabei auf die

zusätzlichen Gamication-

Elemente, die grauen Balken

auf die Elemente

beider Apps





















 







WiPsy2016-4 Inhalt.indd 34 2017.01.14 12:59





Ch. Wellmann & J. V. Bittner



   t p

d

     

-



     

    -



    -

    

    -

-

M

  SDM

SD-

 M

SD     

       

M   SD-

 M SD

MSD

-

M

SD

4.3 Wettbewerbsorientierung

      -

     -

    

     

-







     -

   -

       β

tp

-

βtp



    -



5 Diskussion

      -

     

     

 

      

      

     

 -

   -

       -

      

  



     

      





     

     



      

  -

       -

Nike-

       





-

     

 

-

-

 





  -

       

      

     -

-



-

       -

       

       



5.1 Wettbewerbsorientierung

    

 

-

-

    

    -

   

   

   

 

-



     

    -

     

   



  

      

  -





      



       -

   -

WiPsy2016-4 Inhalt.indd 35 2017.01.14 12:59





Ch. Wellmann & J. V. Bittner



    



   



5.2 Bewertung

verschiedener App-Funktionen

    



    

     -

   

    

  

-

    

   -

     -

     

 -

      

     

    





      

  -

    

        

     





   -

    

        





      

        

      

     

      



   -

    -



      

    

    

-



5.3 Limitationen

-

       

      







       -

   -

       



-

      -





 -





-

       



      



-



      

   



 

-

    

 





   -

     -

       



-



 -

-

  

  

   -

     -

       

   

-



-

-

    

   

      

      -

     

-

  -

      

  



       -

     

-



    

-

serious exercise game



WiPsy2016-4 Inhalt.indd 36 2017.01.14 12:59





Ch. Wellmann & J. V. Bittner



    

     

-

     



-

    

  -

 



    

    -

     

    

      -

     

      

    

     

   -



      

     



Literatur



-

  

    

Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17,  

-

  

  Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 14, 



       -

    -

    In- Mind

Magazine, 2.



-

 Journal of Consumer Marketing, 31, 



   -



-

E AI

Endorsed Transactions on Serious Games, 1,



     

        

Proceedings of the First International Con-

ference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applica-

tions

-

Pro-

ceedings of the Second International Symposium of

Chinese CHI

     -

Dalhousie Journal of Interdisciplinary Manage-

ment, 8,

           



The Cochrane Data-

base of Systematic Review, 9, 

Intrinsic motivation and

self-determination in human behavior.  





-

Mindtrek, 11,  

    Frauen und Leistungssport im inter-

kulturellen Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und den

USA. 

     

   Spectrum der

Sportwissenschaft, 16,  

       EU-

Leitlinien für körperliche Aktivität. Empfohlene poli-

tische Maßnahmen zur Unterstützung gesundheits-

fördernder körperlicher Betätigung. 









-

     

   Proceedings of the twenty-sixth

annual SIGCHI conference on Human factors in com -

puting systems 

-

Human Relations, 7,   

       Fitness-Apps von jedem

3. Smartphone-User genutzt.  

-





          

   Research Quar-

terly for Exercise and Spor t, 59, 

      -

       

Proceedings of CHI 2011

Social Games Workshop 





Computers in Human Behavior.

-

    Computers in

Human Behavior, 40,

         

  International Journal of In-

formation Management, 35, 

        

 

 Computers in Human Behavior, 50,



          -

       

 Proceedings of the 47th

Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences



      

     

WiPsy2016-4 Inhalt.indd 37 2017.01.14 12:59





Ch. Wellmann & J. V. Bittner



    

    

Computers & Education, 80, 

 Gesund mit dem Smartphone. 

   -







Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie, 19,



 -

Annals of Clinical & Laboratory

Science, 42,    

-

   Com-

puters in Human Behavior, 35,   

         



Psychological Bulletin, 108, 

 

  

       

    Physiology & Be-

havior, 102,



  

Parsons Journal for

Information Mapping, 3,

 -

Proceedings 6th Inter-

national Conference on Virtual Learning ICVL 





     -

 Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25,

   

          

   

American Psy-

chologist, 55,

-

    

Interaction Design and Architecture(s)

Journal, 19,  

     

   -

  International Journal of

Serious Games, 2,

  Die verspielte Gesellschaft. Gami-

fication oder Leben im Zeitalter des Computerspiels.



Weltweite Anzahl von Gesundheits-Apps

nach Kategorie und Betriebssystem im Ma i 2014. -









WiPsy2016-4 Inhalt.indd 38 2017.01.14 12:59





Ch. Wellmann & J. V. Bittner



-

 Proceedings of

the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported

Cooperative Work 

       

 -



International Journal of Telemedicine

and Applications,

Werte-Index 2014.

-



Werte-Index 2016. 

-





Communications of the ACM 51 (8),    

-

      

     Proceedings of the Second

International Conference on Entertainment Comput-

ing 

Global recommendations on physical activ-

ity for health.

-



Informatik, 11, 

-

 Bewegungstherapie und Gesundheitssport, 20

(2), 

Gamification

by design. Implementing game mechanics in web

and mobile apps.

Jenny V. Bittner

Universität Bielefeld

Postfach 100131

D-33501 Bielefeld

jenny.bittner@uni-bielefeld.de

Christian Wellmann

Universität Ulm

Albert-Einstein-Allee 41

D-89069 Ulm

c.wellmann@uni-ulm.de

WiPsy2016-4 Inhalt.indd 39 2017.01.14 12:59

Digitalization of the Individual : An Empirical Investigation of the Self-Tracking Usage Behavior

Thesis

Jan 2020

Matthias von Entreß-Fürsteneck

Digitalization is not only impacting businesses and business models but also society and ultimately each individual. In this context, the individual is affected in all areas of life – being it in the role as member of society, employee or private person. Regarding the private person, the impact of digitalization includes the trend to use wearable self-tracking devices such as smartwatches or fitness wristbands. Such devices enable continuous measurement and analysis of bodily functions, thus increasing the users’ convenience and self-determination regarding maintaining and promoting well-being, fitness and health. Based on this trend, an entire ecosystem evolved consisting of manufacturers and digital as well as traditionally “offline” service providers, such as physicians and health insurance companies, providing customers with tailored goods and services around self-tracking. In contrast, from a scientific perspective, little research addressing this development has been conducted so far, although it is crucial for manufacturers and service providers to know how their customers use their devices and services. Therefore, this dissertation aims to contribute to the understanding of usage behavior for wearable self-tracking devices. To do so, four research essays have been written to analyze different facets of usage behavior. Essay 1 and 2 focus on the acceptance respectively post-acceptance phase of wearable self tracking devices, introducing determinants that foster initial acceptance and continuance intention as well as discontinuance intention. Essay 3, by contrast, sets focus on the privacy attitude of wearable self-tracking users by showing how perceived privacy risks and perceived benefits influence the willingness to disclose personal self-tracking data to health insurance companies or family physicians. Finally, Essay 4 focuses on the users’ fundamental motivations to engage in the practice of self-tracking. Therefore, the interplay of motivations, usage and motivation fulfillment as well as the impact of the utilization of gamification elements is presented. The research results not only give practical guidance for manufacturers and service providers of wearable self-tracking devices but also advance theoretical knowledge on usage behavior in the context of personal self-tracking.

Gesundheitsbezogene Ziele der digitalen Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung in Familien

Article

Aug 2022

Study aim: There is an increase in digital technologies to support health promotion. The majority of offerings is aimed at the individual but are less adapted to social life constellations such as families. The goal of this is study was to highlight the need and the requirements for an addressee-oriented app development. This was to be achieved by determining the initial situation and health goals of the surveyed families in the fields of exercise, nutrition and relaxation, and identifying points of intersection of the family members for a health app. Methods: The online survey was conducted with n=1008 parents (Ø 48 years, 59% female, 39.3% male, 1.7% diverse) on health status as well as exercise, nutrition and relaxation, smartphone use, app features and gamification. Quantitative data analysis (frequency analyses, Chi2 test, factor analysis, and single-factor analysis of variance) was performed using IBM SPSS Analytics (25; Armonk, NewYork). Results: The majority of those surveyed considered their state of health to be good. The minority met the WHO reference values for physical activity and nutrition. In addition, the respondents were exposed to a high level of stress with simultaneously low coping skills. The identified target areas were active relaxation measures, nutrition, general competence, physical activity, nature activities and sports-recreation opportunities. Significant differences were found in age, in the active relaxation measures [F2=3.367; p=0.035] and sports-recreation opportunities [F2=7.480; p=0.001]. Conclusion: The study reveals intersections of families' content for a behavior change process with digital support. The interest in individual offers differs between the age groups of the children surveyed. Further research should identify health app usage preferences in families and in different family constellations as well as a family-friendly approach.

Gamification an Österreichs Universitäten im europäischen Vergleich

Thesis

Full-text available

Jan 2021

Elias Ruez

Besonders im höheren Bildungsbereich zeichnet sich seit Jahren ein Digitalisierungstrend ab. Anbieter wie Coursera kämpfen dabei um die Gunst potentieller Kundinnen und Kunden, die sich bequem über digitale Endgeräte weiterbilden möchten. Auch Schulen und Universitäten dringen immer mehr in den digitalen Raum vor. Speziell aber vor dem Hintergrund der Fernlehre, die im Zeichen von COVID-19 bedeutungsvoller ist als je zu vor, wird viel in den digitalen Raum verlagert, was die Bedingungen des Lernens stark verändert. Zum Teil wird im Zuge solcher digitaler Lern-Initiativen an Universitäten in Österreich aber auch international die Technologie der "Gamification" zur Anreicherung von Lernangeboten mit spielerischen Elementen eingesetzt, die das Ziel hat, mehr Lernmotivation zu erzeugen und damit an Erfolge anzuschließen, die viele Betriebe mit der Technologie bereits erwirkt zu haben scheinen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Erfahrungen und Meinungsbilder von Professorinnen und Professoren einiger österreichischer und anderer europäischer Universitäten, hinsichtlich des Potentials der Technologie im Kontext von Universitäts-Kursen und versucht einen ersten Vergleich dieser Grundeinstellungen miteinander.

Measuring Effectiveness of Persuasive Games Using an Informative Control Condition

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2015

Research about the effectiveness of persuasive games is still emerging. This article presents a literature review of studies that empirically evaluate the effectiveness of persuasive games. The review concluded that limited empirical evidence is currently available to prove their effectiveness in attitude change. It further revealed that almost no study employed an informative control condition, making it difficult to conclude that the game was more effective than a control condition. Next, in a pretest-posttest design an empirical study tested whether change in attitude was different for people playing the persuasive game "EnerCities" compared to a control condition where participants read a document with highly similar information. No significant differences in increase of attitude or knowledge between participants that played the game and participants in the informative control condition were found. Based on the results of the literature review and the empirical study presented, it hence cannot be concluded that playing a game leads to a greater change in attitude or knowledge acquisition than experiencing conventional media would. Future work should employ designs with proper control conditions and focus on which game features lead to significant effects.

Ubiquitous Computing at its best: Serious exercise games for older adults in ambient assisted living environments – a technology acceptance perspective

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2015

Ubiquitous computing and ambient assisted living environments offer promising solutions to meet the demographic change. An example are serious games for health care: Regular exercises mediated through games increase health, well-being, and autonomy of the residents whilst at the same time reducing the costs for caregiving. To understand which factors contribute to an increased acceptance of such exercise games in ambient assisted living environments, a prototypic game was evaluated with 32 younger and 32 older players. Game performance is influenced by age, need for achievement, and also gender. Acceptance and projected use are related to the believe in making the game a habit, current gaming frequency, and social influences. Notably, the game increased the perceived health of the subjects, which is an important issue. This article concludes with guidelines to successfully introduce serious exercise games into health care and future ideas to realize social inclusion in game design.

Psychological Perspectives on Motivation through Gamification

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2013

Gamification is an innovative approach to foster motivation. It refers to the use of game elements in non-game contexts. This article adopts a differentiated view on the topic of gamification and investigates, how and why different game elements can address different motivational mechanisms. At first, the concept of gamification and specific game elements characteristic of gamification are described. After that, different motivational perspectives were analyzed and motivational mechanisms in form of effect hypotheses were derived from these perspectives. To investigate the motivational pull of gamification, game elements are matched with motivational mechanisms. Our theoretical inquiry shows that gamification potentially addresses motivational mechanisms and thereby fosters motivation. These theoretical results can be used for the effective design of gamification environments and represent a basis for empirical research. Further research is required to confirm these theoretical findings.

Why do people use gamification services?

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2015
INT J INFORM MANAGE

In recent years, technology has been increasingly harnessed for motivating and supporting people toward various individually and collectively beneficial behaviors. One of the most popular developments in this field has been titled gamification. Gamification refers to technologies that attempt to promote intrinsic motivations toward various activities, commonly, by employing design characteristic to games. However, a dearth of empirical evidence still exists regarding why people want to use gamification services. Based on survey data gathered from the users of a gamification service, we examine the relationship between utilitarian, hedonic and social motivations and continued use intention as well as attitude toward gamification. The results suggest that the relationship between utilitarian benefits and use is mediated by the attitude toward the use of gamification, while hedonic aspects have a direct positive relationship with use. Social factors are strongly associated with attitude, but show only a weak further association with the intentions to continue the use of a gamification service.

"Working out for likes": An empirical study on social influence in exercise gamification

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2015
COMPUT HUM BEHAV

Today, people use a variety of social and gameful (mobile) applications in order to motivate themselves and others to maintain difficult habits such as exercise, sustainable consumption and healthy eating. However, we have yet lacked understanding of how social influence affects willingness to maintain these difficult habits with the help of gamification services. In order to investigate this phenomenon, we measured how social influence predicts attitudes, use and further exercise in the context of gamification of exercise. Our results show that people indeed do “work out for likes”, or in other words, social influence, positive recognition and reciprocity have a positive impact on how much people are willing to exercise as well as their attitudes and willingness to use gamification services. Moreover, we found that the more friends a user has in the service, the larger the effects are. Furthermore, the findings of the empirical study further provide new understanding on the phenomenon of social influence in technology adoption/use continuance in general by showing, in addition to subjective norms, how getting recognized, receiving reciprocal benefits and network effects contribute to use continuance.

Development of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire

Article

Full-text available

Sep 1988

The Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) was developed as a multidimensional, sport-specific measure of individual differences in sport achievement orientation. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a stable, three-factor structure across three separate samples of university and high school students. The three separate but related subscales of competitiveness, win, and goal orientation demonstrate high internal consistency and stability over time. The SOQ competitiveness score differentiates students in competitive activities from those in noncompetitive activities, providing evidence for construct validity. The overall factor stability, reliability and validity evidence suggests that the SOQ can be a valuable measure for the investigation of competitiveness and achievement behavior in sport and exercise settings.

Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior

Book

Jan 1985

I: Background.- 1. An Introduction.- 2. Conceptualizations of Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination.- II: Self-Determination Theory.- 3. Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Perceived Causality and Perceived Competence.- 4. Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Interpersonal Communication and Intrapersonal Regulation.- 5. Toward an Organismic Integration Theory: Motivation and Development.- 6. Causality Orientations Theory: Personality Influences on Motivation.- III: Alternative Approaches.- 7. Operant and Attributional Theories.- 8. Information-Processing Theories.- IV: Applications and Implications.- 9. Education.- 10. Psychotherapy.- 11. Work.- 12. Sports.- References.- Author Index.

Analytics of play: Using information visualization and gameplay practices for visualizing video game data

Article

Jan 2011

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions

Article

Jan 2000
CONTEMP EDUC PSYCHOL

Do badges increase user activity? A field experiment on effects of gamification

Article

Jun 2017
COMPUT HUM BEHAV

Juho Hamari

During recent years, the practice of adding game design to non-game services has gained a relatively large amount of attention. Popular discussion connects gamification to increased user engagement, service profitability, goal commitment and the overall betterment of various behavioral outcomes. However, there is still an absence of a coherent and ample body of empirical evidence that would confirm such expectations. To this end, this paper reports the results of a 2 year (1+1 year – between-group) field experiment in gamifying a service by implementing a game mechanic called ‘badges’. During the experiment a pre-implementation group (N=1410) was monitored for 1 year. After the implementation, the post-implementation (the gamified condition) group (N=1579) was monitored for another full year. Results show that users in the gamified condition were significantly more likely to post trade proposals, carry out transactions, comment on proposals and generally use the service in a more active way.

Gamification-Elemente bei Apps zur Bewegungsförderung

Abstract

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