No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Polyphenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Cold-Pressed Seed Oil from Finola Cultivar of Cannabis sativa L
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of cold-pressed seed oil from Finola cultivar of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Several methodologies have been employed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of Finola hempseed oil (FHSO) and both lipophilic (LF) and hydrophilic fractions (HF). The qualitative and quantitative composition of the phenolic fraction of FHSO was performed by HPLC analyses. From the results is evident that FHSO has high antioxidative activity, as measured by DPPH radical (146.76 mmol of TE/100 g oil), inhibited β-carotene bleaching, quenched a chemically generated peroxyl radical in vitro and showed high ferrous ion chelating activity. Reactivity towards 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation and ferric-reducing antioxidant power values were 695.2 µmol of TE/100g oil and 3690.6 µmol of TE/100 g oil respectively. FHSO contains a significant amount of phenolic compounds of which 2780.4 mg of quercetin equivalent/100 g of total flavonoids. The whole oil showed higher antioxidant activity compared with LF and HF. Our findings indicate that the significant antioxidant properties shown from Finola seed oil might generally depend on the phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, such as flavanones, flavonols, flavanols and isoflavones.
... According to molecular and DNA sequencing studies, most researchers agree that this plant is native to Western and Central Asia and that it has also been cultivated commercially in Europe and in parts of China, Japan, Canada, and USA [1,2]. Indeed, from this highly versatile plant, it is possible to obtain various products of industrial interest such as fiber, bio-building and thermal insulated materials, seeds, flour, and vegetable oil (hempseed oil, HSO) with important nutritional and functional features as well as bioactive compounds of pharmacological interest [3][4][5][6][7]. Nowadays, due to the increased knowledge about their high nutritional value and potential use in pharmaceuticals, there is a growing interest in the seeds belonging to several nonpsychotropic C. sativa varieties containing less than 0.3% ∆ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (∆ 9 -THC) [8]. ...
... Antioxidants have been detected in several plants and foods, including seed oils [14,15]. HSO shows excellent oxidative stability, suggesting the possible presence of secondary metabolites with strong antioxidant activity [6,16]. The C. sativa plants brought to cultivation to obtain seeds as well as their derivatives, commonly called "industrial hemp", must be listed in the European Union (EU) Common Catalogue of Varieties of Agricultural Plant Species, and must be characterized by a ∆ 9 -THC value ≤ 0.3. ...
... Other than quality parameters, it has been demonstrated that cultivar, variety, geographical origin, harvesting, drying, and storage conditions also affect the expression of minor constituents in HSOs such as total phenols, and the values have been found ranging from 32.50 to 160.80 mg GAE/g [24], which are well below those found in this study (≥ 290 mg GAE/g). On the contrary, a superimposable value was observed for Finola HSO total phenols and flavonoids content [6]. Regarding the total phenol content in HSMs, it has been recently reported that it may range from 0.39 to 0.91 mg/g [27,28]. ...
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the recovery of agri-food waste within the circular economy perspective. In this study, the nutritional, phytochemical, and biological features of the cold-pressed hempseed oil (HSO) and hempseed meal (HSM) of two industrial hemp varieties (USO 31 and Futura 75, THC ≤ 0.2%) were evaluated. The HSOs showed a high total phenols and flavonoid content, which were confirmed by LC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis, with rutin as the most abundant compound (56.93–77.89 µg/100 FW). They also proved to be a rich source of tocopherols (81.69–101.45 mg/100 g FW) and of a well-balanced ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acid ratio (3:1) with USO 31, which showed the best phytochemical profile and consequently the best antioxidant activity (about two times higher than Futura 75). The HSMs still retained part of the phytochemicals identified in the HSOs (polyphenols, tocopherols, and the preserved ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids ratio) and a modest antioxidant activity. Furthermore, they showed a very interesting nutritional profile, which was very rich in proteins (29.88–31.44 g/100 g FW), crude fibers (18.39–19.67 g/100 g), and essential and non-essential amino acids. Finally, only a restrained amount of anti-nutritional factors (trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, and condensed tannins) was found, suggesting a promising re-use of these byproducts in the nutraceutical field.
... [4] A low extraction temperature ensures high levels of bio-compounds, contributing to the high quality of the oils . [15] However, cold pressing is inefficient as it extracts only 60%-80% of the seed oil (5%-15% yield by weight) . [20] Furthermore, the oxidation stability of cold-pressed oil is lower than that of oil extracted with organic solvents , [15] such as n-hexane, n-hexane/ethanol, or isopropanol. ...
... [15] However, cold pressing is inefficient as it extracts only 60%-80% of the seed oil (5%-15% yield by weight) . [20] Furthermore, the oxidation stability of cold-pressed oil is lower than that of oil extracted with organic solvents , [15] such as n-hexane, n-hexane/ethanol, or isopropanol. The choice of an appropriate solvent, the ratio of solvent volume to seed weight, and the extraction temperature all affect the efficiency of the extraction process . ...
... [29,129] Evening Primrose 55.49 b [124] 186.33 [65] 9149.21-9573.24 [65,124] Flax 768-3073 c [125] 271-788 [130,131] 4722-7554 [130] Hemp 440-2675 a [15,126] 114.04-802.8 [15,42] 2793.73 [42] Milk Thistle 1160-8120 b [64,127] 49.57-1015 [64,132] 1816-6273.3 ...
A suitable and balanced diet is a major factor determining human health and should comprise unprocessed food enriched with oilseed products containing bioactive components and fatty acids. This paper reviews the chemical compositions and biomedical functions of plant seed oils extracted from black cumin, evening primrose, hemp, milk thistle, sesame, flax, and pumpkin seeds. The review provides a comprehensive overview of current oil extracting techniques and of the composition and content of bioactive components, including fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherols, phenols, and carotenoids. Moreover, we describe research findings on the medical applications, benefits and limitations of treatment with plant seed oils for diverse diseases such as mastalgia, premenstrual syndrome, menopause, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and urinary tract and liver disease, as well as their use in dermatology and chemotherapy. The use of plant seed oils as topical agents and their anti-bacterial properties are reviewed, as well as important precautions in their medical applications. The information provided in this review is intended to serve as a compendium for medical professionals in the field of integrative medicine, nutrition, and dietetics, and to help consumers make the best use of plant seed oils in accordance with their medical and health needs. The review is also addressed to food control laboratories, as it provides detailed tabularised data on the components and their contents in the above-mentioned seven plant seed oils. These data are highly useful for the development of new analytical methods for testing the quality and authenticity of oils.
... Other researchers [53] found during their studies that, depending on fertilization, the amount of biologically active compounds ranged from 6.55 to 12.39 mg/gRUE and from 2.52 to 4.74 mg/gRUE for TPC and TFC, respectively. Smergilio et al. [54] also characterized the total polyphenols in Finola hemp seed oil, finding the TPC equal to 267.5 mg(GAE)/100 g. A lower total (2.1 mg GAE/100 g) was estimated for Fedora hemp seed oil. ...
... mg/100 g. These results are consistent with those of Smeriglio et al. [54], who reported that the total tocopherol content of hemp oil corresponds to 11.40 mg/100 g. In another study, Anwar et al. [43] conducted a detailed analysis of hemp seed oil from three agroecological zones in Pakistan. ...
The popularity of hemp cultivation for industrial purposes has been steadily growing for many years. With the addition of products derived from these plants to the Novel Food Catalogue, maintained by the European Commission, a significant increase in interest in hemp food is also expected. The aim of the study was to determine the characteristics of hempseed, oil, and oil cake samples produced from experimental plots grown in different conditions. The research was conducted on the Henola variety, one of the newest and most popular varieties of hemp, recently bred for grain and oil. The content of bioactive compounds in grain and oil has been subjected to detailed chemical analyses in order to determine the effect of fertilization, the method of plant cultivation, and processing conditions on their quantity. The test results and the statistical analysis carried out showed a significant impact of the tested factors on the content of some of the tested bioactive compounds. The obtained results will help in the development of an effective method of cultivation for this hemp variety in order to maximize the content of the desired bioactive compounds per unit of cultivation area.
... In fact, a clear synergism between polyphenols, acting both as metal chelators and radical scavengers, and tocopherols, acting as radical scavengers, has already been displayed in previous studies dealing with cold-pressed oils with high PUFA levels [70,85]. However, the antioxidant activity of phenolics is strictly related to the compound family and content, which in turn depend on genotype, geographical origin, cultivation practices of the hemp, and extraction and storage conditions of the oil [43,[86][87][88]. ...
... Consequently, the total polyphenol content of fresh oils from our study would be more similar to that reported by Ciano and coworkers and Tura and colleagues [29,68]. On the other hand, Smeriglio and colleagues [88] reported much higher and non-comparable total phenolics (267,500 mg/kg) in cold-pressed hempseed oil obtained from the same cultivar used in this study. ...
Cold-pressed hempseed oil (HO) has been increasingly exploited in the human diet for its excellent nutritional and healthy properties. However, it has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and chlorophylls, which inevitably accelerate its oxidative deterioration, especially in the presence of light. In this scenario, the filtration technology may ameliorate the oxidative stability of the oil, with positive effects on its nutritional quality and shelf life. Therefore, in this study, the oxidative stability and minor compounds of non-filtered and filtered HO (NF-HO and F-HO) were monitored over 12 weeks of storage in transparent glass bottles. F-HO showed a better hydrolytic and oxidative status than NF-HO during storage. As a result, F-HO also displayed better preservation of total MUFAs and PUFAs in the autoxidation process. Filtration consistently reduced chlorophylls, thus causing a variation in the natural color of HO. Accordingly, F-HO not only revealed an increased resistance to photooxidation but it was also suitable for storage in clear bottles within 12 weeks. F-HO predictably showed lower carotenoids, tocopherols, polyphenols, and squalene compared to NF-HO. However, filtration appeared to play a "protective role" toward these antioxidants, which had lower degradation rates in F-HO than NF-HO for 12 weeks. Interestingly, the element profile of HO was not affected by filtration and remained stable during the study period. Overall, this study may be of practical use to both producers and marketers of cold-pressed HO.
... The average TPC content was 4.7 mg GAE/g dm, which is comparable with our findings for Carmagnola Selected water extracts (5.1 mg GAE/g) (fEr-rantE & al. 2019). SmEriglio & al. (2016) investigated TPC and antioxidant activity in the Finola hempseed oil. However, antioxidant activity was expressed as mmoles of Trolox equivalent per 100 g of fresh weight and TPC as mg GAE per 100 g of fresh weight, which cannot be compared directly with our results (SmEriglio & al. 2016). ...
... SmEriglio & al. (2016) investigated TPC and antioxidant activity in the Finola hempseed oil. However, antioxidant activity was expressed as mmoles of Trolox equivalent per 100 g of fresh weight and TPC as mg GAE per 100 g of fresh weight, which cannot be compared directly with our results (SmEriglio & al. 2016). In a study of PalmiEri & al. (2021) TPC in essential oil of Carmagnola was assessed and the results were higher than in our study. ...
Hemp (Cannabis sativa) contains a great variety of secondary plant constituents. Besides cannabinoids and terpenoids, polyphenols also play an important role in hemp. Besides their role in plant defense mechanisms, they exhibit many positive effects, e.g. antioxidant acitivity, which may be beneficial for human health. In our study, total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity in female inflorescences in six different hemp phenotypes of three varieties (Carmagnola Selected [C], Tiborszallasi [T], and Finola Selection [F]) were determined. Two different extraction solvents were used: water and ethanol (99.8 %). TPC was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent, and antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method. TPC and antioxidant activity analysis both showed better results for ethanolic extracts. The highest TPC was found in ethanolic extracts of the Finola Selection phenotype FIV (31.8 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry matter) and the highest antioxidant activity in the FII phenotype (75.3 %). For water extracts the highest TPC was evaluated in the FII phenotype (6.4 mg GAE/g dry matter) and the highest antioxidant activity in CII and TIII phenotypes (65 %).
... Terpenes and polyphenols have also been discovered; they contribute to the aroma as well as the innate antioxidant properties. Flavonoids, such as flavanones, flavanols, and isoflavones, were the most prevalent phenolic chemicals, as shown in Table 3 [78]. Cannflavin C Anti-inflammatory agent; anti-cancer agent [80,81] As demand rises, it is anticipated that hemp use in the food and supplement industries will increase over the next several years, with significant social, economic, and hygienic ramifications. ...
... Consequently, the hemp market is beginning to thrive all over the world. To fulfill industrial hemp's commercial viability as a continuous source of high-value functional food components and nutraceutical goods, regulatory bodies must separate it from medicinal cannabis (marijuana) [72,75,78,81]. ...
Hemp is a high-value crop that originated in Central Asia and is a historic but emerging cultivated plant. It may be grown for fiber, food, paper making, textiles, and therapeutic reasons. In the 21st century, market interest in hemp and its products has notably increased because seed portions can be utilized in the agri-food business, the woody component of the stem can be used in green buildings, the outer layer of the stems can be used in the textile industry, and the extraction of bioactive components from roots can play a vital role in the pharmacological industries. Hemp has recently been demonstrated to be a viable alternative for economies built on synthetic materials by the food, pharmaceutical, textiles, paper, building, and energy industries, among others. As a result, the goal of this study is to assemble the significant advancements in hemp, as well as to identify research gaps and research direction opportunities. The hemp plant will be provided more encouragement to be grown and be used. Many applications of hemp may be pushed to the next level for both producing a green environment and profit. A strong vision and a well-defined plan will pave the path for the discovery of new technologies and concepts.
... HSs as reported in the literature are characterised by a high phenol content, localised more in the hull than in the kernel [39,40], as well as in oil (flavanones, flavonols, flavanols, and isoflavones) [41]. In particular, the main phenolic compounds identified in HSs are the lignans, phenols derived from the shikimic acid biosynthetic pathway, also called phenylpropionamides thanks to their particular chemical structure. ...
... They are part of two major groups, known as phenolic amides and lignanamides [38]. Lignanamides are those most commonly found within HS, including cannabisin B and N-trans-caffeoyltyramine, which are the main phenolic compounds in the hull fraction; catechin, in the cotyledonary fraction [38], as well as cannabisin A, F, I, and Q and grossamide [40][41][42]. ...
The growth of the world population has prompted research to investigate new food/feed alternatives. Hemp-based products can be considered excellent candidates. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is an environmentally sustainable plant widespread worldwide. Following the reintroduction of its cultivation, hemp is attracting interest, especially in the food/feed industry. To date, scientific research has mainly focused on its nutritional aspect. Therefore, the aim of the work was also to investigate the functional profile (total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (Ferric- reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)) of hemp-based products (hempseeds (HSs), flowers, and HS protein extract), following methanol extraction and in vitro digestion, to study the behaviour of the molecules involved. The results show an interesting nutritional value, even when compared to matrices used in the food/feed industry, such as soy and flaxseeds. The functional profile revealed a very interesting TPC following methanol extraction for HSs, flowers, and HS protein extract, respectively, (550.3 ± 28.27; 2982.8 ± 167.78; and 568.9 ± 34.18 mg Tannic Acid Equivalent (TAE)/100 g). This trend was also confirmed for FRAP (50.9 ± 4.30; 123.6 ± 8.08; and 29.73 ± 1.32 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent (AAE)/100 g), recording values similar/higher than soy protein extract and flaxseeds (17.4 ± 1.55; and 10.4 ± 0.44 mg AAE/100 g). The results were also maintained following physiological digestion. These results, although promising, need further investigation, confirming what has been observed with different antioxidant activity assays and identifying individual molecules involved in functional pathways. This information will be necessary to gain a better understanding of the functional characteristics of these matrices for use in food/feed formulations.
... The optimal nutritional ratio of LA to ALN is 3:1 which is desirably pursued in CSO. These two polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) possess potential anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and antiarrhythmic attributes (11). ...
... The fatty acid composition of CSO and its pharmacologically active constituents have gained much attention recently. CSO also have noteworthy volumes of tocopherols and other terpenoids, which are stated to display vital antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflammatory, and anti-thrombotic activity along with omega-3 PUFAs (11). It is claimed that the anticonvulsive, anti-epileptic, and antimicrobial features of CSO is due to the presence of cannabidiol (CBD), although the CBD concentrations may seem low within the oil. ...
Introduction : Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative central nervous system disease derived by immune mechanisms, which ultimately results in clinical debilities. Numerous nutraceuticals have been cited to be effective in treatment of central nervous system complications. Objectives : This study investigated the effect of Cannabis sativa L. seed oil on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Materials and Methods : Female C57bl/6 mice were assigned randomly into three groups (8 in each). Group-A received no myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), group B was immunized by MOG and treated with oil, while in group C animals were immunized and treated with normal saline. Clinical scores were recorded every other day throughout the study and after four weeks, all mice were sacrificed and spinal cords were incised for molecular and histopathological evaluations. Results : Significant differences were observed in mean clinical scores between control and experiment groups ( P <0.001). Cannabinoid receptor-1 gene expression increased significantly in treatment group ( P <0.001). Histopathologic evaluations also showed a significant decrease in overall infiltrated and vacuolated area and immune cells infiltration into the central nervous system in the treatment group ( P <0.01). Conclusion : Cannabis sativa L. oil extract administration alleviated inflammation and paralysis in animal model. Therefore, its oil extract might be useful in soothing inflammatory and auto-immune diseases. However, additional research might be required.
... Another class of phenolic compounds identified in hemp is that of dihydrostylbenoids, of which canniprene is the maximum exponent (Montserrat-de la Paz et al., 2014) and is endowed with antiinflammatory activity by inhibiting the synthesis of proinflammatory eicosanoids (Leizer et al., 2000). A study by Smeriglio et al. (2016) aimed at studying the polyphenolic compounds of cold-pressed hemp seed oil of the Finola cultivar, found a total content of phenols (TPC) equal to 267.5 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g From a study by Siano et al. (2019) it was found that the TPC content could be influenced by the cultivar as they found a 10 times lower value (2.1 mg GAE/100 g) for the oil obtained from the seeds of the Fedora cultivar. ...
... The evaluation of the quantification of tocopherols in the different hemp seed oils was reviewed by Izzo, Pacifico, et al., 2020). Hemp seeds have a total tocopherol content between 3.47 and 13.25 mg/100 g and this data is in agreement with what is supported by Smeriglio et al. (2016), who found a total tocopherol content of 11.40 mg/100 g in cold-pressed Finola cultivar hemp seed oil. Instead, from an analysis conducted by (Anwar et al., 2006) on hemp seed oil from different areas of Pakistan, a total tocopherol content of between 63.03 and 85 mg/100 g is shown. ...
Hemp seed represents an import feedstock for the future of food. Hemp is the queen plant of sustainability and brings copious yields with low demands, in terms of water, energy, and land. Moreover, is a plant renetting the soil and fits perfect in crops rotations. The food market sector of hemp seed derivatives is in a constant raise and aims to hit 5 billion of USD in the next five years. This source is so rich in nutrients and health-related compounds that just a supplementation in the final meal improves the quality of the final product. In this chapter, we present the more interesting bioactives compounds present in hemp seeds, which result abundantly in a derived food product, and could be bio-available after intestinal digestion by the host, thus generating a beneficial health-related effect.
... The significant antioxidant properties shown by hemp seed oil might generally depend on the phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, such as flavanones, flavonols, and isoflavones. Smeriglio et al. (2016) have characterized the polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of cold-pressed seed oil from Finola cultivar of industrial hemp. Several methodologies have been employed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of Finola hempseed oil (FHSO) and both lipophilic (LF) and hydrophilic fractions (HF). ...
... FHSO contains a significant amount of phenolic compounds of which 2780.4 mg of QE.100 g -1 of total flavonoids. The whole oil showed higher antioxidant activity compared with LF and HF (Smeriglio et al., 2016). Afridi et al. (2019) examined if the inclusion of dietary hempseed (HS) and hempseed oil (HO) in the diet of the fish could revert the copper-induced toxic effects on the muscle fatty acid profile of rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala). ...
Industrial hemp is a multi-use crop that has been widely cultivated to produce fibers and nutrients, such as protein, dietary fiber, minerals, and unsaturated fatty acids, which make them a good fortifying component in food production. The antioxidant capability of hemp oils has been reported. In the current study, for evaluating the antioxidant activity of commercial hemp oil "Annabis BIO" derived from certified industrial hemp seeds without the psychoactive substance THC (Olomouc, Czech Republic), biomarkers of oxidative stress [2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), oxidatively modified proteins (OMP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC)] were used in models of the blood collected from adult healthy rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), the blood of rainbow trout with clinical symptoms of ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN), and equine plasma. A volume of 0.1 mL of the hemp oil was added to 1.9 mL of fish blood or equine plasma. After incubation of the mixture for 60 min with continuous stirring, biomarkers of oxidative stress were studied in samples. After in vitro incubation of hemp oil with the blood of clinically healthy rainbow trout, we noted a statistically significant decrease in biomarkers of lipid peroxidation by 55.6% (p <0.05). The highest increase in TBARS level was observed after in vitro incubation of hemp oil with the blood of UDN-affected rainbow trout. In vitro incubation of hemp oil with equine plasma resulted in a statistically significant increase in the level of ketonic derivatives (by 29%, p <0.05) and aldehydic derivatives of OMP (by 33.1%, p <0.05). Incubation of hemp oil with the blood of UDN-affected trout resulted in a decrease of the ketonic derivative of OMP (by 43.3%, p <0.05). Incubation of hemp oil with equine plasma, we observed a statistically significant decrease in TAC level by 56.6% (p <0.05). Similarly, after incubation hemp oil with blood samples of UDN-affected trout, a statistically significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity (by 59.3%, p <0.05) was observed. The results suggest that the investigated hemp oil have shown varied antioxidant capacities. Accordingly, this study proposes that the therapeutic benefit of this hemp oil can be, at least in part, attributed to using different biological materials (blood, plasma) used in vitro in the current study.
... The biological activities of hemp seed oil, and especially the effects on the oxidative state under non-stress and oxidative-stress conditions, have been poorly studied in animal models, despite the unique chemical composition. The accumulated results reveal the antioxidant potential of the oil [22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Fotschki et al. [29] reported that hemp seed oil induced oxidative stress in livers of obese rats, while in healthy rats it positively affected the antioxidant status. ...
... Hemp seed preparations have been demonstrated to have antioxidant properties in vitro [41][42][43][44][45] and antioxidant activity in vivo [46]. Hemp seed oil is also known for its antioxidant potential [22,28]. Despite the potential benefits, only a few animal studies have evaluated the effects of hemp seed oil at the organism level. ...
The oil extracted from hemp seeds has significant nutritional and biological properties due to the unique composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids and various antioxidant compounds. The potential of this oil for the prevention of oxidative stress and for the treatment of oxidative-stress-induced ailments is of increasing interest. Most studies of hemp seed oil were conducted in-vitro, meaning we lack information about effects and activity in vivo. In the present study, we evaluated the hypothesis that hemp seed oil at different concentrations improves the oxidative state of D. melanogaster, under non-stress as well as hydrogen-peroxide-induced stress. We analyzed the effects of hemp seed oil on oxidative stress markers and on the life cycle of D. melanogaster under non-stress and hydrogen-peroxide-induced stress conditions. D. melanogaster larvae were exposed to hemp seed oil concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 125 μL/mL. The results revealed that under non-stress conditions, oil concentrations up to 62.5 µL/mL did not induce negative effects on the life cycle of D. melanogaster and maintained the redox status of the larval cells at similar levels to the control level. Under oxidative stress conditions, biochemical parameters were significantly affected and only two oil concentrations, 18.7 and 31.2 µL/mL, provided protection against hydrogen peroxide stress effects. A higher oil concentration (125 μL/mL) exerted negative effects on the oxidative status and increased larval mortality. The tested oil was characterized chemically by NMR, transesterification, and silylation, followed by GC-MS analyses, and was shown to contain polyunsaturated fatty acid triglycerides and low levels of tocopherols. The high levels of linoleic and linolenic acids in the oil are suggested to be responsible for the observed in vivo antioxidant effects. Taken together, the results show that hemp seed oil is effective for reducing oxidative stress at the cellular level, thus supporting the hypothesis. The obtained results point to the potential of hemp seed oil for the prevention and treatment of conditions caused by the action of reactive oxygen species.
... Their content in virgin oil can reach up to 218 mg/100 g (Del Monaco et al., 2015), but most often ranges from 10 to 40 mg/100 g, regardless of the extraction method. Smeriglio et al. (2016) also determined a high total content of free phenolic compounds in cold-pressed oil from hemp seeds (almost 270 mg GAE/100 g), while 10-fold lower results were obtained by Mińkowski, Zawada, Ptasznik, and Kalinowski (2013) and Siger et al. (2008). Many authors have also reported oil from grape seeds to be rich in phenolic compounds, ensuring their content as high as 105-115 mg GAE/100 g (Bail, Stuebiger, Krist, Unterweger, & Buchbauer, 2008). ...
... Data presented in Table 1 show a high variation in the total content of free phenolic compounds in oils obtained with the same method from various raw materials (avocado fruits, seeds of camelina, chia, flax, grape, hemp, and safflower, nuts of pistachio and cashew, rice bran). For example, the total content of these compounds in cold-pressed oil from avocado fruits ranges from about 1 mg CAE to 77 mg GAE/100 g (Haiyan, Bedgood Jr., Bishop, Prenzler, & Robards, 2007;Krumreich, Borges, Mendonça, Jansen-Alvesa, & Zambiazi, 2018), in cold-pressed oil from camelina seeds from about 3 mg GAE to 40 mg/100 g (Czaplicki et al., 2011;Ergönül & Ö zbek, 2018), and in cold-pressed oil from hemp seeds from 2 mg CAE to 267 mg GAE/100 g (Siger et al., 2008;Smeriglio et al., 2016). It was stated that the differences between cited studies are highly attributed to the isolation of phenolic compounds. ...
Background
Phenolic compounds from different plant sources, like fruits, vegetables, cereals, and herbs, have been excessively studied and widely used in different industrial areas, including food, medicine, and pharmaceuticals. Recently, special attention has been paid to the phenolic compounds of plant oils that have recently been found to vastly affect the oxidative stability of these products.
Scope and approach
This paper reviews the contents and types of phenolic compounds in their initial forms in plant oils and methods of their determination. Also, their impact on the oxidative stability of oils is discussed.
Key findings and conclusions
The total free content of phenolic compounds and the phenol profile in plant oils are very diverse and depend on the oil source and production method. Generally, the main oily source of these compounds is rice brans and olive fruits. Their high amounts can also be found in rapeseed, flaxseed, grapeseed, and pumpkin oils. The main groups of phenolic compounds in oils are phenolic acids and flavonoids. Additionally, lignans, secoiridoids, and phenolic derivatives are identified in some oils. The two main methods for the determination of phenolic compounds in oils include the spectrophotometric and chromatographic ones. The general principles of these assays are often modified by various authors to adapt them to research conditions. Available literature data confirmed the strong antioxidative activity of some phenolic compounds found in oils. However, further studies are needed to better understand the mechanism of their protective action on oils, especially under natural storage.
... The Fe 2+ chelating capacity of the M. myristica flour also suggests that it may mitigate transition metals availability, thereby decelerating and/or inhibiting free radicals-mediated oxidative chain reactions in food and biological systems. As earlier reported by (Smeriglio et al. 2016), this can improve food quality, stability and safety, and human health. ...
The bioactive compounds in a food matrix can exist either in their free form or bound to other endogenous compounds, which may affect their bioactivities. This study investigated the impact of endogenous proteins and lipids on the phenolics profile, anti-nephrolithiasis, and antioxidant activities of Monodora myristica (African nutmeg) seed. Endogenous proteins and lipids in M . myristica seed flour were removed by deproteinization and defatting, to obtain the deproteinized, defatted, and deproteinized-defatted flours. The native flour served as a control. Phenolics compounds in the flours were quantified using HPLC-DAD, while nephrolithiasis-associated enzymes (xanthine oxidase and urease) inhibitory and antioxidant activities were determined using a spectrophotometer. Nine phenolic compounds (gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p -coumaric, ellagic acids, catechin, rutin, quercetin and luteolin) were detected in the native flour, with quercetin as the most abundant. The concentrations of the phenolic compounds, nephrolithiasis-associated enzymes inhibitory, and antioxidant activities of the flour decreased significantly due to deproteinization and defatting. Overall, the native flour had the highest concentrations of phenolics and the most potent enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities, followed by the defatted, deproteinized, and deproteinized-defatted flours. Hence, endogenous proteins and lipids may enhance the phenolics profile, anti-nephrolithiasis and antioxidant activities of M. myristica seed. This could have application in the development of functional food products and nutraceuticals targeting nephrolithiasis.
Graphical Abstract
... Among them, variety Marina EO had the greatest ability to neutralize ABTS* + radicals. Smeriglio et al. (2016) analyzed polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity in cold-pressed oil from seeds of industrial hemp variety Finola. For determining in vitro antioxidant activity of seeds oil, lipophilic (LF) and hydrophilic fractions (HF), several assays were applied. ...
Cannabis sativa L. known as industrial hemp manifests high capability in the manufacturing of valuable nutraceuticals with health benefits. This study was focused on investigation of chemical profile and bioactive potential of extracts isolated from three hemp varieties (Helena, Marina and Fedora 17). In addition, great attention was directed towards the use of green extraction techniques and maximum utilization of raw material. In that regard conventional (hydrodistillation – HD) and novel extraction techniques (microwave-assisted hydrodistillation – MWHD, supercritical fluid extraction – SFE and microwave-assisted extraction – MAE) were applied for isolating various fractions (essential oil, lipid extracts and liquid extract) with promising bioactive potential. Essential oils and lipid extracts were characterized regarding yield, terpenoid profile determined by GC-MS and in vitro antioxidant activity towards DPPH and ABTS + radicals. Furthermore, the content of two major cannabinoids was determined in plant material and in extract obtained by SFE. Sequential SFE technique allows obtaining lipid extracts in the first step of process as well as raffinates after SFE in the second step. MAE was applied for isolation of polyphenolic fraction from raw materials and SFE raffinates. Polyphenolic content was determined by spectrophotometric assays and UHPLC-Triple-quadrupole-MS. The results suggested that hemp is an excellent source of valuable terpenoid, cannabinoid and polyphenolic antioxidant agents, and further research should be focused on their utilization in dietary supplements and functional foods.
... Due to its phenol content, HSO also has a high antioxidant capacity (activities) (Smeriglio et al. 2016). According to Vitorovic et al. (2021), HSO is a dietary source of natural antioxidants for health promotion and could play a role in disease prevention. ...
... There is a strong relationship between phenols and antioxidant activity (23). The antioxidant constituents and the phenolic compounds showed the potential to prevent the oxidative degradation of cellular components (24). V. serpens also contain antioxidant constituents such as ascorbic acid, ascorbate oxidase peroxidase and catalase (12) along with the phenolic contents, which can be on the reason behind its nephroprotection activities against hepatotoxins and nephrotoxins respectively. ...
The current study was planned to examine the nephroprotective effect of the crude extract and its various fractions of Viola serpense Wall against paracetamol-induced toxicity in rabbits. The serum creatinine levels of all fractions, as well as the crude extract, were found to have a greater effect. The effect on urine urea by the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fraction in high doses (300 mg/kg b.wt.) and crude extract and chloroform in low doses (150 mg/kg bwts.) were comparatively more effective and comparable to silymarin. The creatinine clearance of the fractions except for chloroform, aqueous at 300 mg/kg and the hydro-methanolic extracts at both doses were highly significant. The histological structures of kidneys in crude extract and chloroform-treated groups showed more improvement at the lower doses. The fractions n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanolic exhibited an inverse dose relationship in the histology of the kidney. However, the aqueous fraction showed a dose-dependent nephroprotective effect. Finally, the crude extract and fractions significantly improved paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits.
... In particular, cannflavin A, cannflavin B and cannflavin C are the major hemp prenylated flavanones [7], that are peculiar for this plant. Hemp seed-oil has demonstrated antioxidant activity, which is probably due to the high content of flavonoids [21,22]. When utilized as a food source, hemp seeds have exhibited excellent nutraceutical properties [23]. ...
Cannabis sativa L. is a dioecious plant belonging to the Cannabaceae family. The discovery of the presence of many biologically-active metabolites (cannabinoids) in fibre-type Cannabis (hemp) has recently given rise to the valorisation of this variety. In this context, the present study was aimed at the multi-component analysis and determination of the main non-psychoactive cannabinoids (cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, cannabigerol and cannabigerolic acid) in female inflorescences of different hemp varieties by means of 13C quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR). The method proposed here for the first time for the determination of cannabinoids provided reliable results in a competitive time with respect to the more consolidated HPLC technique. In fact, it gave sufficiently precise and sensitive results, with LOQ values lower than 750 μg/mL, which is easily achievable with concentrated extracts, without affecting the quality of 13C-qNMR spectra. In conclusion, this method can be considered as a promising and appropriate tool for the comprehensive chemical analysis of bioactive cannabinoids in hemp and other derived products in order to ensure their quality, efficacy and safety.
... In comparison to this, BHA at concentration of 1 mg/mL methanolic as well as ethanolic matrix, showed inhibition of 99.7%, and 91.7%, respectively. This finding is consistent with that of Smeriglio et al. (2016), who reported high antioxidative activity of Cannabis flower measured by β-carotene bleaching assay. ...
... On the contrary, Smeriglio et al., (2016); and Izzo et al., (2020) reported a total tocopherols content in hemp seed oil of 11.40 mg/100 g and in the range 3.47-13.25 mg/100 g, respectively. ...
Despite hemp has a long history as food, in the last years the interest in cannabis cultivars, including new varieties, requires a deeper investigation of hemp seed-based food products as a precious source of biomolecules. In the present work, a comprehensive characterization of the minor components occurring in hemp seed-based food products i.e. oil, flour and flour by-product, is reported. For this goal, volatile (i.e. terpenes, hydrocarbons, furans and ketones) and non-volatile (i.e. tocopherols, cannabinoids and phenolic compound) metabolites were investigated by means of different chromatographic techniques. HPLC in combination with PDA, fluorescence, and MS detection was employed to analyse non-volatile fraction. Furthermore, GC coupled with FID and MS detectors were used for the analysis of volatiles and unsaponifiable compounds, the latters after conversion into more volatile trimethylsylil derivatives. Terpenes represented the most abundant compounds among volatiles. A total of 58 compounds belonging to the unsaponifiable matter was identified only in hempseed oils. Among tocopherols, γ-tocopherol was quantified at the highest level. Phenols and cannabinoids were also investigated, and a total of 52 compounds were identified and quantified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study providing a thorough chemical characterization of minor fraction of hemp products.
... Colebrookea oppositifolia is extensively used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [168,169]. Considering these properties of Colebrookea, it is further evaluated by Viswanatha et al. in 2018 for its cerebroprotective potential against ischemic stroke-induced brain injury [170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182]. ...
Background
Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. is a valuable traditional therapeutic plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae. It is a dense and wool-like shrub that is mostly found in subtropical regions of some countries of Asia, such as China and India. It has been widely used for the mitigation of nervous system disorders like epilepsy. The active constituents of the plant have exhibited antioxidant, anti-microbial, and antifungal properties, which are considered due to the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids as chief chemical constituents. Flavonoids like quercetin, landenein, chrysin, and 5, 6, 7-trimethoxy flavones cause protein denaturation of the microbial cell wall.
Objectives
To comprehend and assemble the fragmented pieces of evidence presented on the traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the plant to reconnoiter its therapeutic perspective and forthcoming research opportunities.
Methods
The available information on Colebrookea oppositifolia has been established by electronically searching peer-reviewed literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct over the earlier few years.
Results
The plant has been greatly used for the preparation of many herbal medicines which are used for treating traumatic injuries, fever, rheumatoid arthritis, headache, and gastric problems. From the aerial parts of the plant, a phenylethanoid glycoside named acteoside has been isolated and evaluated for its therapeutic potential viz. immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, analgesic, anti-tumour, antispasmodic, antioxidant, antibacterial, free radical scavenger, and improving sexual function. Acteoside showed neuroprotective activities against Aβ-peptide, which is neurotoxic and causes apoptosis. The petroleum ether extract of the plant leaves offers many active compounds like sitosterol, n-triacontane, hydroxydotriacontyl ferulate, acetyl alcohol, and 3,7,4,2-tetramethoxyflavones which have shown hepatoprotective potential.
Conclusion
The plant should be evaluated further for the estimation of some other health benefits. The consequences of restricted pharmacological screening and reported phytomolecules of Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. advocate that there is still an exigent requisite for in-depth pharmacological studies of the plant.
... Moreover, Smeriglio et al. 39 , defined the presence in methanolic extract of cold-pressed Italy hemp seed oil some of phenolic acids, flavanones, flavonols, isoflavones, flavones and flavanols. In other study, the identified compounds in hemp seed oil were vanillic acid, catechin and epicatechin 41 . Only p-coumaric acid and vanillic acid have been identified in Tunisian milk thistle oil, and the amount of p-coumaric acid ranged from 0.26 mg to 0.9 mg/100 g oil . ...
In the study the cold-pressed, natural (unfiltered, unrefined) vegetable oils: hemp and milk thistle seed oils were tested for their chemical composition and antioxidant properties. The physico-chemical parameters, content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were determined. Solid phase extraction and simple extraction with the use of methanol, ethanol, 80% methanol, 80% ethanol were used to obtain the extracts for the analysis of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in oils. The composition of phenolic compounds was studied by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC–DAD) and spectrophotometric test with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant property of extracts was established by means of the following methods: with the DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical, ABTS•+ (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical, FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant parameter) and CUPRAC (cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity). Moreover the influence of chlorogenic acid on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation process in the hemp and milk thistle seed oils was also investigated. The tested oils showed different antioxidant properties which was related to the their different chemical composition. The main phenolic compounds present in hemp seed oil were vanillic, ferulic and p-coumaric acids, (-)epicatechin, catechin, kaempferol and procyanidin B2, whereas in milk thistle seed oil—catechins, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, p-coumaric acid, phloridzin, quercetin, protocatechuic acid, kaempferol, and syringic acid. The methanolic extracts of hemp and milk thistle seed oils showed the highest antiradical activity, whereas the ethanolic extracts revealed the best reducing properties. The obtained antioxidant parameters for hemp seed oil were: the IC50 = 3.433 ± 0.017 v/v (DPPH test), the percent of ABTS•+ inhibition = 93.301 ± 1.099%, FRAP value = 1063.883 ± 39.225 µmol Fe²⁺, CUPRAC value = 420.471 ± 1.765 µmol of Trolox. Whereas the antioxidant parameters for milk thistle seed oil were: the IC50 = 5.280 ± 0.584 v/v (DPPH test), 79.59 ± 3.763% (ABTS test), 2891.08 ± 270.044 µmol Fe²⁺ (FRAP test), 255.48 ± 26.169 µmol of Trolox (CUPRAC assay). Chlorogenic acid effectively inhibited the lipid peroxidation process in hemp and milk thistle seed oils.
... Related to the total phenolic content present in hemp seed oil, Yu et al. (2005) reported 0.44 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and a phenolic acid content of 188.23 mg GAE/100 g where chlorogenic acid and trans-p-coumaric acid are the most remarkable acids (Smeriglio et al., 2016). Regarding the flavonoid content, Teh and Birch (2013) reported 19.50 mg luteolin equiv/100 g, naringerin and epicatechin being present, among others. ...
Nutrition security is a challenge of the XXI century for achieving a sustainable health. Hemp cultivation contributes to the European Green Deal objectives and is a potential solution for producing a more sustainable food chain and contributing to the nutrition security of the global population. Hemp, Cannabis sativa cultivars containing less than 0.2% of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is a multipurpose crop which can be used to produce feed, food and supplements among other products (biodegradable plastics, paper, paint). Hemp seeds are the hemp component most used in the food context, and the products derived from them (oil, cake, flour and proteins) are gaining popularity in human nutrition. In the European Union (EU), only marketing of hemp seeds and their derivatives, such as hemp seed oil, hemp seed flour, defatted hemp seed, and germinated hemp seed is authorized. Other parts of the plant are considered as novel foods. Nutrition claims “high dietary fiber, high protein, low saturated fat, high omega-3 fatty acids, high polyunsaturated fat, high unsaturated fat” can be attributed to those hemp products. In addition, hemp is a source of bioactive compounds, cannabinoids and others, with great impact in health including that of the brain-gut axis which is essential for achieving optimal physical and emotional conditions. The present chapter represents an updated revision of the state of the art on the potential of hemp in nutrition security.
... Hemp oils and extracts have piqued interest because of their great antioxidant potential. Cold-pressed natural oils can be applied on the skin, face, and body (Smeriglio et al. 2016;Zhou et al. 2018). Industrial hemp inflorescences are a common by-product of cultivation that is often overlooked. ...
Hemp is grown in more than 30 nations, with China being the major producer and exporter. Hemp can be used for various human and animal applications, from textiles to bio-pharmaceuticals. They can also be used in beverages and nutraceutical goods: cosmetics and personal care products. Pharmaceuticals are becoming more prevalent in a variety of areas, including food and nutrition, cosmetics, and the automobile industry. acoustic domain, biofuels, biotechnology, phytoremediation, and wastewater treatment, are just a few examples of novel uses that could help these items reach new markets. In this chapter, hemp will be introduced, focusing on the usage of hemp in cosmeceutical and personal care industry production.
... Natural antioxidants known as tocopherols have been shown to reduce the risk of oxidative damage. Flavonoids including flavanones, flavonols, and isoflavones are the most common phenolic compounds found in hemp seed oil (Oomah et al. 2002;Smeriglio et al. 2016). ...
The growing demand for plant proteins has prompted the food and nutrition industry to investigate alternative protein sources. Hempseed has sparked a lot of attention in the scientific and industrial sectors due to its high nutritional content and digestibility. In this chapter, hemp will be introduced, focusing on the usage of hemp as regular food, Potential health benefit of hemp, Production of Hemp, Industrial application of hemp, Future perspectives of hemp will be availed.
... Characterizing the impact and mechanisms of fatty acids and polyphenols in bone development is important to expanding the range of bone-protective interventions. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including the essential omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and polyphenols are concentrated in plant foods such as seeds, and consumption of these dietary components is positively associated with bone mass in adults [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The growing public interest in plant-based diets and healthful fats positions consumption of seed products as an attractive food choice for consumers. ...
Optimizing peak bone mass is critical to healthy aging. Beyond the established roles of dietary minerals and protein on bone integrity, fatty acids and polyphenols modify bone structure. This study investigated the effect of a diet containing hempseeds (HS), which are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols, on bone mineral density, bone cell populations and body composition. Groups (n = 8 each) of female C57BL/6 mice were fed one of three diets (15% HS by weight; 5% HS; 0% HS (control)) from age 5 to 30 weeks. In vivo whole-body composition and bone mineral density and content were measured every 4 weeks using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Ex vivo humeri cell populations in the epiphyseal plate region were determined by sectioning the bone longitudinally, mounting the sections on slides and staining with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase stain to identify osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively. Mixed models with repeated measures across experimental weeks showed that neither body weight nor body weight gain across weeks differed among groups yet mice fed the 15% HS diet consumed significantly more food and more kilocalories per g body weight gained than those fed the 5% HS and control diets (p < 0.0001). Across weeks, fat mass was significantly higher in the 5% HS versus the control group (p = 0.02). At the end point, whole-body bone mineral content was significantly higher in the control compared to the 5% HS group (p = 0.02). Humeri from both HS groups displayed significantly lower osteoblast densities compared to the control group (p < 0.0001). No relationship was seen between osteoblast density and body composition measurements. These data invite closer examination of bone cell activity and microarchitecture to determine the effect of habitual HS consumption on bone integrity.
... The phytochemical characterization of Cannabis highlights various non-cannabinoid components, including various phenolic compounds, steroids, and alkaloids. Many polyphenols-related products consisting of herbal extracts are marketed and benefit health (Smeriglio et al. 2016;Pandey and Rizvi 2009;Pollastro et al. 2018). Based on the above scientific fact, the phenolic compounds within industrial hemp inflorescence showcase an innovational source of bioactive compounds to be used in nutraceutical formulations and can commonly be observed in products such as cold-pressed seed oil (containing the Finola cultivar of industrial hemp). ...
Ayurveda has delineated a unique classification entitled ‘Upavisha varga’ comprising of certain semi-poisonous medicinal plants. Bhanga (Cannabis) is one amongst them in this category depicting its narcotic nature from Sanskrit synonyms. Bhanga has been in use since the Vedic age under the controversial plant of Soma that had special importance due to its mystical effects on the brain. All the texts of Ayurveda have described Bhanga in detail of its pharmacological properties, indications, various dosage forms, doses, pharmacovigilance aspects, and its extensive use in Indian Alchemy. The following review throws light on the occurrence and usage of Bhanga in excerpts from classical texts of Ayurveda from a pharmacological and pharmaceutical point of view thus, providing a rationale for its safe medical usage.KeywordsAyurveda
Bhanga
CannabisClassicalEvidenceReviewUpavishaVijaya
... The phytochemical characterization of Cannabis highlights various non-cannabinoid components, including various phenolic compounds, steroids, and alkaloids. Many polyphenols-related products consisting of herbal extracts are marketed and benefit health (Smeriglio et al. 2016;Pandey and Rizvi 2009;Pollastro et al. 2018). Based on the above scientific fact, the phenolic compounds within industrial hemp inflorescence showcase an innovational source of bioactive compounds to be used in nutraceutical formulations and can commonly be observed in products such as cold-pressed seed oil (containing the Finola cultivar of industrial hemp). ...
Bhanga (Cannabis) has been reported with numerous therapeutic, traditional, commercial, and sacred uses in India and across the globe. Its uses are deeply rooted in the cultural, social, and economic lives of the people. The inclusion of Cannabis under ‘Scheduled E1’ drugs in India restricts its use. However, being a crop of economic and medicinal importance, the pharmaceutical and various other
sectors are showing much interest in the plant. The present review article delineates traditional, culinary, cosmetic, ritual, social, spiritual, recreational, economic, and therapeutic uses of Cannabis. The review illustrates various uses of Cannabis across the globe; noted from articles, publications, and books providing description of
various parts, viz. leaves and seeds (Bhanga), flowering and fruiting tops (Ganja), resin (Charas), extract, tincture, and whole plant, stalks (Fibers). The review may be helpful to researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical companies to carry out further research for developing cost-effective healthcare options.
... Hemp wastes are used as raw materials for biofuel and cement replacement [9]. Hemp seeds are used as food and nutritional supplements for essential amino acids, proteins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids [10], and hemp seed oil also contains lignanamides and polyphenolic compounds with biological activities [11,12]. ...
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) contains a variety of secondary metabolites, including cannabinoids, such as psychoactive (−)-trans-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol. The present study was conducted to identify the major phenolic components contained in hemp root, which has been relatively under-researched compared to other parts of hemp. The aqueous ethanol extract of hemp roots was fractionated into methylene chloride (MC), ethyl acetate (EA), and water (WT) fractions, and high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis was performed. The main ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing phenolic compound contained in the EA fraction was identified as p-coumaric acid by comparing the retention time and UV absorption spectrum with a standard. Silica gel column chromatography was performed to isolate a hydrophobic derivative of p-coumaric acid contained in the MC fraction. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis identified the isolated compound as ethyl p-coumarate. For comparative purposes, ethyl p-coumarate was also chemically synthesized by the esterification reaction of p-coumaric acid. The content of p-coumaric acid and ethyl p-coumarate in the total extract of hemp root was estimated to be 2.61 mg g−1 and 6.47 mg g−1, respectively, by HPLC-DAD analysis. These values correspond to 84 mg Kg−1 dry root and 216 mg Kg−1 dry root, respectively. In conclusion, this study identified p-coumaric acid and ethyl p-coumarate as the main phenolic compounds contained in the hemp roots.
... Determination of polyphenol compounds was performed according to Smeriglio et al. (Smeriglio et al., 2016) with some modifications. A Shimadzu Prominence-i LC-2030C 3D (Milan, Italy) system equipped with autosampler, binary pump, column oven and a photodiode array (PDA) (Milan, Italy) detector was used. ...
The impact of malting on antioxidant, nutritional, and antinutritional features of two industrial hemp cultivars was investigated. The seeds were steeped (5 h; RT), germinated (3-days; 24 °C), and kilned at different temperatures (6 h; 50 °C or 70 °C). The following determinations were performed on malted and unmalted samples: total phenolic content, polyphenol profile, total antioxidant capacity, tocopherol composition, proximate analysis, fatty acids profile, trypsin inhibitors and phytate content. The results showed that malting increased the protein content up to 9%, without affecting the fat amount, and the fatty acids profile. Total phenolic content, tocopherol profile and total antioxidant capacity were also improved. 70 °C kilning temperature resulted effective to reduce the trypsin inhibitors (up to −27%), increase the reducing power and the level of N-trans-caffeoyltyramine and cannabisin A. Based on this, malting using 3 germination days and 70 °C as kilning temperature could be considered suitable transformation process for improving hempseeds quality.
... Hemp seed oil (HSO) is composed mainly of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the content is as high as 80% [2]. HSO is also rich in trace elements, γ-linolenic acid, and bioactive ingredients such as tocopherols and phytosterols [3], which have good anti-inflammatory [4], antioxidant [5], memory improvement [6] and other effects. Therefore, HSO is a high-quality functional oil [7]. ...
In this study, microcapsules were prepared by spray drying and embedding hemp seed oil (HSO) with soy protein isolate (SPI) and maltodextrin (MD) as wall materials. The effect of ultrasonic power on the microstructure and characteristics of the composite emulsion and microcapsules was studied. Studies have shown that ultrasonic power has a significant impact on the stability of composite emulsions. The particle size of the composite emulsion after 450 W ultrasonic treatment was significantly lower than the particle size of the emulsion without the ultrasonic treatment. Through fluorescence microscopy observation, HSO was found to be successfully embedded in the wall materials to form an oil/water (O/W) composite emulsion. The spray-dried microcapsules showed a smooth spherical structure through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the particle size was 10.7 μm at 450 W. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis found that ultrasonic treatment would increase the degree of covalent bonding of the SPI-MD complex to a certain extent, thereby improving the stability and embedding effect of the microcapsules. Finally, oxidation kinetics models of HSO and HSO microcapsules were constructed and verified. The zero-order model of HSO microcapsules was found to have a higher degree of fit; after verification, the model can better reflect the quality changes of HSO microcapsules during storage.
... In this context, a common example of a popular oilseed hemp variety is the 'Finola' genotype (Smeriglio et al., 2016). Nevertheless, within the present study contents of 1.49% at fullflowering and 1.61% at seed maturity were determined. ...
Cannabis sativa L. eignet sich aufgrund der Möglichkeit, die ganze Pflanze zu nutzen, hervorragend für die Kreislaufwirtschaft und ist daher ein Paradebeispiel für eine multifunktionale Nutzpflanze. Die Cannabispflanze erlebt derzeit einen Boom aufgrund ihres reichhaltigen Repertoires an sekundären Pflanzeninhaltsstoffen, ihrer Fasern und ihres wertvollen Öls in zahlreichen Industriezweigen sowie ihrer positiven landwirtschaftlichen Eigenschaften. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt dabei im medizinischen Nutzen, basierend auf den in Blüten und Blättern vorhandenen Phytocannabinoiden. Es ist wichtig, zwischen Nutzhanf Genotypen und phytocannabinoid-reichen (PCR) Genotypen zu unterscheiden. Nutzhanf erfüllt den von der EU-Gesetzgebung vorgeschriebenen THC-Grenzwert von 0,2% und kann daher im Feldmaßstab legal angebaut werden. PCR Genotypen, enthalten hohe Mengen an nicht-psychoaktiven Cannabinoiden, wie CBD und Cannabigerol (CBG), in einem Bereich von 1030%, während ihr THC-Gehalt unter 0,2% liegt. Diese Genotypen werden derzeit gezüchtet und sind noch kaum auf dem Markt erhältlich. Die Cannabinoid-Extraktion von aus Nutzhanf gewonnenen Rohstoffen, könnte einen entscheidenden Wettbewerbsvorteil bieten, da die geerntete Biomasse durch eine bessere Flächennutzung und mehr Kosteneffizienz im Vergleich zu einem Indoor-Produktionssystem deutlich erhöht werden könnte. Darüber hinaus kann die Multifunktionalität der Nutzhanfpflanze einen wirtschaftlichen Mehrwert bieten. Bestehende Anbausysteme für die Faser- und Ölsaatenproduktion müssen neu entwickelt werden, da sich der Erntezeitpunkt und Ernteorgan stark von den bisherigen Systemen unterscheiden dürften. Um dies zu erreichen, befasst sich Publikation I mit folgenden Zielen: Ermittlung des Ertragspotenzials verschiedener Nutzhanf Genotypen hinsichtlich Blütenstand- und Biomasseertrag sowie Cannabinoidgehalt in Abhängigkeit von Genotyp, Wachstumsstadium und Biomassefraktion in einem Freilandanbausystem. In einem zweijährigen Feldversuch wurden sieben Nutzhanf Genotypen (Finola, Fédora17, Ferimon, Félina32, Futura75, USO31 und Santhica27) angebaut. Die Beprobung von Blättern und Blütenständen erfolgte zu vier spezifischen Wachstumsstadien: vegetatives Blattstadium, Knospenstadium, Vollblütestadium und zur Samenreife. Die Trockensubstanz wurde erfasst sowie der Cannabinoidgehalt analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass der Gehalt an Cannabinoiden stark vom Genotyp und dem Wachstumsstadium abhängt. Daher müssen für ein optimales Ernteergebnis die Biomasse und der Ertrag der Blütenstände berücksichtigt werden. Der Genotyp Santhica27 wies den höchsten Gehalt an CBG/A auf. Die Genotypen Futura75, Fédora17, Félina32, Ferimon, Finola und Santhica27, welche die höchsten CBD/A- bzw. CBG/A Gehalte aufwiesen hatten zur Samenreife die höchsten Biomasseerträge an Druschrückständen und somit einen höheren CBD/A- und CBG/A-Ertrag pro Fläche. Folglich ist eine Ernte nach der Samenreife wirtschaftlich vorteilhaft. Diese Ergebnisse machen ausgewählte Nutzhanf Genotypen zu idealen Kandidaten für den Mehrzweckanbau in Bezug auf Biomasseproduktion und CBD/A- bzw. CBG/A-Gewinnung, um das volle Potenzial der Hanfpflanze auszuschöpfen. Zusätzlich befasste sich die Arbeit mit einer weiteren Standardisierung von PCR Genotypen in Indoor-Anbausystemen. Aufgrund der vorgeschriebenen hohen Qualitätsanforderungen für medizinisches Cannabismaterial rückt der Indoor-Anbau immer mehr in den Fokus, da alle Produktionsparameter standardisiert werden können. Die Produktion von Cannabinoiden unter Indoor-Bedingungen ist aufgrund von Verarbeitungskosten und regulatorischen Einschränkungen teur. Daher wird eine kosteneffektive Produktionskette angestrebt. In Publikation II wurde die Anpassung der Pflanzenarchitektur durch den gezielten Einsatz von synthetischen Phytohormonen evaluiert. Mit dem Ziel eine kleine und kompakte Pflanzenmorphologie mit hohen Blütenerträgen zu generieren. Dies umfasste folgende Zielsetzungen: den Einfluss exogen applizierter Pflanzenwachstumsregulatoren (PGRs), wie NAA, BAP und einer Mischung (NAA/BAP-Mix) aus beiden auf die Pflanzenarchitektur verschiedener PCR Genotypen zu prüfen. Darüber hinaus den Biomasseertrag sowie den CBD/A Gehalt zu bestimmen. In einem Gewächshausexperiment wurden die Genotypen mit synthetischen Phytohormonen in verschiedenen Konzentrationen behandelt. Als Ergebnis wurde ein genotyp-spezifischer Einfluss der applizierten PGRs auf die Pflanzenarchitektur festgestellt. NAA führte beim Genotyp KANADA zu einer kompakteren Pflanzenmorphologie mit einem konstant hohen Blütenertrag, während der CBD/A-Gehalt nicht beeinflusst wurde. Die Genotypen 0.2x und FED zeigten durch die Anwendungen reduzierte Blütenerträge. Publikation III befasste sich mit der Bewertung von Ertragsparametern und CBD Gehalt von PCR Genotypen, welche in verschiedenen Substratzusammensetzungen in einem Indoor-Topfanbausystem kultiviert wurden. In einem Gewächshausexperiment wurde der Einfluss folgender Substratzusammensetzungen: Torf-Mix (PM); Torf-Mix, substituiert mit 30% Grünfasern (G30), und Kokosfaser (CC), auf Wachstumsleistung, N-Gehalt, Wurzelwachstum sowie CBD/A-Gehalt untersucht. Die verschiedenen Substrate zeigten signifikante Auswirkungen auf die Wachstumsleistung und die Wurzelentwicklung der getesteten Genotypen. Es wurde eine genotyp-spezifische Reaktion auf den Blütenertrag untersucht wobei kein limitierender Effekt auf den CBD/A-Gehalt festgestellt wurde. Es lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass organische Torfalternativen wie Grünfasern, die Torf in Standardtopfsubstraten teilweise ersetzen, eine genotyp-spezifische Option bieten.
... These components can relieve pain up to thirty times more than aspirin [24][25][26][27][28][29]. Flavonoids, being known as great antioxidant agents, appear to be responsible of the significant antioxidant potential of hemp oil [30]. ...
Cannabis sativa L. is a controversial crop due to its high tetrahydrocannabinol content varieties; however, the hemp varieties get an increased interest. This paper describes (i) the main categories of phenolic compounds (flavonoids, stilbenoids and lignans) and terpenes (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) from C. sativa by-products and their biological activities and (ii) the main extraction techniques for their recovery. It includes not only common techniques such as conventional solvent extraction, and hydrodistillation, but also intensification and emerging techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction or supercritical CO2 extraction. The effect of the operating conditions on the yield and composition of these categories of phenolic compounds and terpenes was discussed. A thorough investigation of innovative extraction techniques is indeed crucial for the extraction of phenolic compounds and terpenes from cannabis toward a sustainable industrial valorization of the whole plant.
... Hemp seed oil is obtained from Cannabis sativa, and is characterized by high PUFAs content and low SFAs amounts (for composition see Table 1), with significant amounts of antioxidant such as tocopherols and phenolic compounds (Smeriglio et al., 2016). While studies in humans using supplementation with hempseed oil are scarce, there are nonetheless positive reports showing effects on clinical symptoms of dermatological diseases (atopic dermatitis; Callaway et al., 2005), as well as reduction of plasma triglycerides and improvement of the ratio total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (Schwab et al., 2006). ...
Diet and inflammatory response are recognized as strictly related, and interest in exploring the potential of edible fats and oils for health and chronic diseases is emerging worldwide. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in fish oil (FO), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may be partly converted into oxygenated bioactive lipids with anti-inflammatory and/or pro-resolving activities. Moreover, the co-presence of phenolic compounds and vitamins in edible oils may prevent the development of chronic diseases by their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. Finally, a high content in mono-unsaturated fatty acids may improve the serum lipid profile and decrease the alterations caused by the oxidized low-density lipoproteins and free radicals. The present review aims to highlight the role of lipids and other bioactive compounds contained in edible oils on oxidative stress and inflammation, focusing on critical and controversial issues that recently emerged, and pointing to the opposing role often played by edible oils components and their oxidized metabolites.
The cold-pressed hempseed oil (HO) has been increasingly exploited in human diet for its excellent nutritional and healthy properties. However, it has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and chlorophylls, which inevitably accelerate its oxidative deterioration, especially in presence of light. In this scenario, the filtration technology may ameliorate the oxidative stability of the oil, with positive effects on its nutritional quality and shelf-life. Therefore, in this study, the oxidative stability and minor compounds of non-filtered and filtered HO (NF-HO and F-HO) were monitored over 12 weeks of storage in transparent glass bottles. F-HO showed a better hydrolytic and oxidative status than NF-HO during storage. As a result, F-HO displayed also a better preservation of total MUFA and PUFA in the autoxidation process. Filtration consistently reduced chlorophylls, thus, causing a variation of the natural color of HO. Accordingly, F-HO not only revealed an increased resistance to photooxidation but was also suitable for storage in clear bottles within 12 weeks. F-HO predictably showed lower carotenoids, tocopherols, polyphenols, and squalene compared to NF-HO. However, filtration appeared to play a “protective role” toward these antioxidants, which had lower degradation rates in F-HO than NF-HO for 12 weeks. Interestingly, the element profile of HO was not affected by filtration and remained stable during the study period. Overall, this study may be of practical use to both producers and marketers of cold-pressed HO.
For many years, Colombia was one of the countries with the largest illegal cultivation of cannabis around the world. Currently, it is going through a period of transition with a new government law that recently allows the cultivation, transformation, and commercialization of such plant species. In this sense, the identification of strategies for the valorization of products or by-products from Cannabis sativa represent a great opportunity to improve the value chain of this crop. One of these products is hemp seeds, which are exceptionally nutritious and rich in healthy lipids (with high content of three polyunsaturated fatty acids: linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and gamma-linolenic acid), good quality protein, and several minerals. In addition, hemp seeds contain THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) or CBD (cannabidiol) in traces, molecules that are responsible for the psychoactive and therapeutic properties of cannabis. These low terpenophenolic contents make it more attractive for food applications. This fact, together with the constant search for proteins of vegetable origin and natural food ingredients, have aroused an important interest in the study of this biomass. Some bioactivities of phytochemical compounds (polyphenols and terpenoids, mainly) present in hemp seeds have provided antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review summarizes and discusses the context of hemp use in Latin-American and the new opportunities for hemp seeds culture in Colombia considering the valuable nutritional value, main functional bioactivities, and recent advances in food market applications of hemp seeds.
Введение: Повышение пищевой ценности рационов питания населения относится к приоритетным задачам национального и международного уровня. Мучные кондитерские изделия представляют собой перспективную основу для обогащения их функциональными ингредиентами. Семена конопли и продукты их переработки вызывают научный интерес в исследованиях области питания. В последние годы обсуждение данного сырья заметно возросло ввиду создания сортов технической конопли с низким содержанием наркотических компонентов – тетрагидроканнабинола (ТГК) (0,1…0,3%), легализации возделывания и ее переработки. В связи с этим использование продуктов переработки семян конопли является актуальным направлением, однако, недостаточно изученным.Цель: Изучение эффективности использования продуктов переработки семян конопли для повышения пищевой ценности мучных кондитерских изделий. Материалы и методы: В данном исследовании изучались продукты переработки семян конопли – конопляная мука, измельченное ядро семян конопли, обрушенные семена конопли, белковый концентрат из семян конопли, измельченные семена конопли, конопляное масло и клетчатка семян конопли, в качестве добавок при изготовлении мучных кондитерских изделий. Исследуемые образцы вносились при замесе теста в рецептуру маффинов.Результаты: Физико-химические показатели определялись стандартными методами анализа. Плотность образцов по сравнению с контролем менялась в зависимости от вносимой добавки. При внесении клетчатки и конопляного масла плотность образцов увеличивалась (0,58 и 0,56 г/см3 соответственно). Добавление измельченных семян конопли и муки из семян конопли напротив приводили к снижению плотности образцов – 0,41 г/см3 каждый. Обрушенные семена конопли, белковый концентрат и клетчатка семян конопли положительно влияли на упек образцов (15,87, 16,15 и 16,26% соответственно). Отмечено, что лучший удельный объем был у образца с содержанием 10% конопляной муки – 2,54 см3/г. В результате хранения все продукты переработки семян конопли снижали скорость черствения маффинов. Установлено, что лучшими органолептическими показателями обладали маффины с конопляным маслом, которое полностью заменяло подсолнечное масло в рецептуре образцов. Также высокой комплексной оценкой по органолептическим показателям обладали образцы с конопляной клетчаткой (5%). По уровню энергетической ценности полученные образцы относят к продуктам со средней энергетической ценностью.Выводы: Расширение ассортимента пищевых продуктов, содержащих добавки семян конопли и продуктов их переработки, а также активное потребление населением этих изделий будет содействовать реализации национальных программ по оздоровлению населения.
Hemp is an ancient crop whose production has been curtailed until recently due to restriction imposed because of phytocannabinoids presence. Industrial hempseed low in tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol is increasingly being grown in many countries, and its acreage is expected to increase further. Commercial hempseed processing generates two major products, oils and proteins and hempseed hulls as a by‐product. The polyunsaturated fatty acid rich oil has 3 : 1 n −6/ n− 3 ratio considered to benefit human health along with γ‐linolenic and stearidonic acids rarely encountered in commercial plant oils. Edestin one of the earliest and easily extractable hempseed proteins can be hydrolyzed along with other hempseed proteins to obtain hydrolysates and bioactive peptides with vascular tone modulation and other beneficial functionalities. The hull is a rich source of lignanamides with demonstrated neuroprotective effects. This chapter reviews the composition of industrial hempseed and processed products, as well as their characteristics, functionality, health benefits, and mode of action. Hempseed components, oil, protein, and lignanamides share common mechanism of action – NF‐κB signaling pathway and apoptosis despite their different mode of action.
Cannabis sativa L. (Family: Cannabaceae) is reported as one of the oldest cultivated crops for various purposes such as food, medicine and fiber. It is believed to be originated in central Asia around northwest Himalayas and has spread around the world. It is documented to be used as medicine in India and China for almost six thousand years. However, due to the presence of psychoactive tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) compounds such as (-)-trans-△9-tetrahydrocannabinol (△9-THC) and (-)-trans-△8-tetrahydrocannabinol (△8-THC), its cultivation and use is restricted/regulated in many countries. On the other hand, cannabidiol (CBD) oil is gaining a lot of attention in recent years for various medicinal purposes such as the treatment of chronic pain and opioid dependence. Apart from the highly disputed medicinal purposes, hemp seeds are used as food and nutritional products in various cultures around the world. Similarly, the oil obtained from the seeds is used as edible oil and other purposes. One of the main industrial use is the production of high-quality fiber from the stem bark used in textiles, clothing, papers, building materials and biofuel. This chapter covers the history, taxonomy, distribution and current uses and future potentials of hemp as sustainable agricultural crop.Keywords
Cannabis sativa
HempTetrahydrocannabinol CannabidiolFiberCBD oil
Cannabis is the most versatile species. Hemp and marijuana have been used for fibre, oil, medicinal and recreational purposes from millennia. Throughout the last century, the plant has been generally outlawed because of its psychotropic effects in many nations. In recent past, the studies on cannabis revealed the evidence of its high medicinal properties and its uses in treating life threatening diseases, which leads to the relaxation of legislation in many counties. Now, the genetic and genomics as well as the cannabis derived products enjoys renewed attention. In this chapter, the discussion was made on the advent of genomics and breeding strategies to improve various traits of cannabis. This will bring insights on future direction of cannabis breeding.
Cold‐pressed hempseed oil (HSO) is known to have many health benefits due to many phytochemicals and high polyunsaturated fatty acids content. In this study, HSO oleogels were prepared with 3%, 5%, and 7% natural waxes including sunflower wax (SW), rice bran wax (RBW), beeswax, and candelilla wax to evaluate their potential as solid fat replacements in margarines and spreads. Firmness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, solid fat content (SFC), crystal structures, and melting properties of these oleogels were evaluated. In general, HSO oleogels except for RBW‐HSO oleogels had lower gel strength and weaker crystal network than the corresponding soybean oil (SBO) oleogels. In contrast, RBW‐HSO oleogels had comparable gel strength to SBO oleogels. After removing polar compounds from HSO, waxes except for RBW provided oleogels with greater firmness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, and stronger crystal network. Therefore, it was concluded that polar compounds negatively affected the physical properties of wax‐HSO oleogels but not those of RBW‐HSO oleogels. Margarine samples were prepared with SW‐ and RBW‐HSO oleogels, and their firmness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, and melting properties were examined. The firmness of these margarines indicated that wax‐HSO oleogels may achieve the firmness of commercial spreads with less than 3% wax while the firmness of stick margarines cannot be achieved even with 7% wax. Although the properties of wax‐HSO oleogels should be further improved, they showed potential as solid fat replacements in margarines and spreads.
Nutraceuticals are a type of nutritional supplement used for healthcare in addition to nourishment. They can be used to maintain the body’s structure and function to promote health, slow down the aging process, prevent chronic diseases, and extend life. Echinacea, ginseng, green tea, glucosamine, omega-3, lutein, folic acid, and cod liver oil have been popular global nutraceuticals in the past few decades. The majority of nutraceutical products are regulated like pharmaceuticals, food additives, and dietary supplements. Nutraceuticals can be classified based on the source, methods of action, chemical structure, composition, etc.
In addition to the recreational and medicinal value, Cannabis has been widely established globally as a primordial source of fiber, protein, and fat with great nutritional value. Cannabis has been legally utilized as human food in the United States for the past 10 years. The hemp seed oil is an excellent prophylactic and therapeutic potential to prevent and treat various human-related health ailments. Cannabis contains active bioactive ingredients and oils with polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can be a potent nutraceutical for the current and future generations. Cannabis alone or in combination with the other existing nutraceutical (s) can provide additive or synergistic protective effects to improve human healthcare. It is estimated that by 2028, the worldwide cannabis nutraceuticals market is projected to be worth 19.25 billion USD. The present chapter dwells on the concept of nutraceuticals, the classification of nutraceuticals, their health benefits, and the potential of cannabis as a nutraceutical source.
Cannabis sativa is known among many cultures for its medicinal potential. Its complexity contributes to the historical application of various parts of the plant in ethno-medicines and pharmacotherapy. C. sativa has been used for the treatment of rheumatism, epilepsy, asthma, skin burns, pain, the management of sexually transmitted diseases, difficulties during child labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and gastrointestinal activity. However, the use of C. sativa is still limited, and it is illegal in most countries. Thus, this review aims to highlight the biological potential of the plant parts, as well as the techniques for the extraction, isolation, and characterization of C. sativa compounds. The plant produces a unique class of terpenophenolic compounds, called cannabinoids, as well as non-cannabinoid compounds. The exhaustive profiling of bioactive compounds and the chemical characterization and analysis of C. sativa compounds, which modern research has not yet fully achieved, is needed for the consistency, standardization, and the justified application of Cannabis sativa products for therapeutic purposes. Studies on the clinical relevance and applications of cannabinoids and non-cannabinoid phenols in the prevention and treatment of life-threatening diseases is indeed significant. Furthermore, psychoactive cannabinoids, when chemically standardized and administered under medical supervision, can be the legal answer to the use of C. sativa.
Nowadays, hempseed oil is well known for its nutritional and health benefits. In this work, a study of unsaponifiable fraction of hemp seed oils (HSO) paying particular attention to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of sterols, aliphatic alcohols, and tocopherols, as well as to carotenoid, and chlorophyll contents. Samples were of Italian (IT) and Extra-European (EE) origin. β-sitosterol was the predominant phytosterol, followed by campesterol, as obtained by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC). Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with fluorescence detection method was carried out to analyze tocopherol fraction. The results showed high levels of vitamin E vitamers, with prevalence of γ-isomer of tocopherols. Some significant differences (p < 0.05) were detected between IT and EE samples for some bioactive compounds as α- and γ-tocopherols, and chlorophyll contents. Principal component analysis, applied to unsaponifiable fraction data, in particular sterols and tocopherols, has highlighted the ability to discriminate the HSO samples from EE samples. These results are promising and suggest that HSO minor components might be used as geographical markers, after the investigation of a large number of samples.
Wild hemp (Cannabis sativa L. ssp. sativa var. spontanea) is a special variety of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L. ssp. sativa), which is believed to have originated from the acclimatization of industrial hemp to the ruderal habitat conditions of Eastern Europe. In Serbia it is found along roads, on field edges, stubble fields, garbage dumps etc., but also as a weed in fields. Due to the great popularity of industrial hemp, which can be used for various purposes (as raw material in food and pharmaceutical industry, in the production of gluten-free flour, biodiesel, detergents, in folk medicine), many researchers have analyzed its seeds, including analysing their fatty acids content. However, even though this knowledge can be of chemotaxonomic, ecological, evolutionary and nutritional significance, there is no data on the presence and composition of fatty acids in wild hemp seeds For the analysis of fatty acids in wild hemp seeds, the seed material was collected from two locations. After the extraction with hexane, determination of fatty acid esters was performed by capillary gas chromatography. Chromatographic peaks in the samples were identified by comparing the retention times with the retention times of the fatty acid esters in the analytical standard of a mixture of 37 fatty acid esters. The fatty acid composition is expressed as the relative mass fraction of the total fatty acids. The analysis of fatty acids in wild hemp seeds reveales the presence of 15 different acids, with content of 17.5% (U1) and 14.7% (U2) in relation to the total seed weight. Linoleic (45.3 and 47.5%) and a-linoleic (13.6 and 15.5%) acids were the most dominant. Of the 15 detected fatty acids, only 4 are saturated, with a representation of about 12%. Unsaturated fatty acids are present in a significantly higher proportion (about 88%), which indicates the nutritional value of these seeds.
Hyperpigmentation is induced by the overactivation of tyrosinase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme in melanogenesis. The defatted extract of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed is known to have inhibitory effects on melanogenesis; however, effective compounds in the extract have not been identified yet. In this study, three phenethyl cinnamamides present in hemp seed extract were prepared by purification and chemical synthesis and were assessed for their inhibitory effect on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. A comparison of the anti-melanogenesis and anti-tyrosinase activity of hemp seed solvent fractions revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction possessed the greatest potential for suppressing melanogenesis in melanoma cells by decreasing tyrosinase activity. We tentatively identified 26 compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction by comparing spectroscopic data with the literature. Three phenethyl cinnamamides such as N-trans-caffeoyltyramine, N-trans-coumaroyltyramine, and N-trans-feruloyltyramine present abundantly in the ethyl acetate fraction were prepared and their anti-melanogenesis and anti-tyrosinase activities in melanoma cells were evaluated. We found that N-trans-caffeoyltyramine and N-trans-feruloyltyramine inhibited alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis without cytotoxicity, while N-trans-coumaroyltyramine inhibited melanogenesis with cytotoxicity. IC50 values of N-trans-caffeoyltyramine, N-trans-feruloyltyramine, and N-trans-coumaroyltyramine for inhibition of α-MSH-mediated tyrosinase activation were 0.8, 20.2, and 6.3 μM, respectively. Overall, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine possessed the strongest anti-melanogenesis activity among the three phenethyl cinnamamides evaluated. The inhibitory effect of N-trans-caffeoyltyramine was verified by determining the melanin content and tyrosinase activity in melanoma after treating the cells with synthetic compounds. Thus, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine isolated from hemp seed extract could be useful in cosmetics as a skin-whitening agent.
The aim of study was to evaluate and compare the phytochemical profile, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of two standardized extracts from non-psychotropic (Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol ≤0.2%) Cannabis sativa L. var. fibrante rich in cannabidiol (CBD). The two extracts, namely Cannabis Fibrante Hexane Extract 1 (CFHE1) and Cannabis Fibrante Hexane Extract 2 (CFHE2), were obtained by extraction with acidified hexane from dried flowering tops as such and after hydrodistillation of the essential oil, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that cannabinoids remained the predominant class of compounds in both extracts (82.56% and 86.38%, respectively), whereas a marked depletion of the terpenes occurred. Moreover, liquid chromatographic analysis highlighted a high titer of cannabidiol acid (CBDA) and CBD in CFHE1 and CFHE2, respectively. Both extracts showed a strong and concentration-dependent antioxidant activity and a potent antimicrobial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (MIC and MBC of 4.88 μg/ml for CFHE1, and 4.88 and 19.53 μg/ml, respectively, for CFHE2) and methicillin resistant clinical strains (MIC values between 1.22 and 9.77 μg/ml and MBC values between 4.88 and 78.13 μg/ml). Considering this, the obtained results suggest that standardized extracts of C. sativa var. fibrante could find promising applications as novel antimicrobial agents.
Aqueous plant extracts contain polyphenols that reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+, which in the presence of excess 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) yield the Fe(bipy)(3)(2+) complex (lambda max = 521 nm). This reaction was used to quantify the total polyphenol content (TPC) of nineteen Brazilian medicinal species using pyrogallic acid (PA) as a standard. A calibration curve of absorbance values at 521 nm values vs. PA was linear from 0.378 to 3.03 mg L-1 (r = 0.998; n = 8) with a limit of detection 0.16 mg L-1. The TPC quantification using the proposed reaction was compared with values obtained with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, yielding good agreement (r = 0.965). For the same species the TPC obtained with the proposed method also resulted in good correlation (r = 0.773) with the antioxidant capacity values quantified using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. It was also found that Fe(bipy)(3)(2+) complexes can be used to calculate the reducing capability of polyphenols. The polyphenol structure, and the number and position of the hydroxyl group attached to the benzene ring modify this reductive capacity.
Euphorbia tirucalli is a succulent shrub or small tree that is native to the African continent, however, it is widely cultivated across the globe due to its use in traditional medicines to treat ailments, ranging from scorpion stings to HIV. Recent studies have identified compounds present in the latex of the plant, including a range of bi- and triterpenoids that exhibit bioactivity, including anticancer activity. This study aimed to optimize water extraction conditions for high-yield total phenolic content recovery, to prepare methanol and aqueous extracts from the aerial sections of the plant, and to test the phytochemical, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties of these extracts. Water extraction of total phenolic compounds (TPC) was optimized across a range of parameters including temperature, extraction time, and plant mass-to-solvent ratio. The water extract of the E. tirucalli powder was found to contain TPC of 34.01 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/g, which was approximately half that of the methanol extract (77.33 mg GAE/g). The results of antioxidant assays showed a uniform trend, with the methanol extract's antioxidant reducing activity exceeding that of water extracts, typically by a factor of 2:1. Regression analysis of the antioxidant assays showed the strongest correlation between extract TPC and antioxidant activity for the ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methods. The methanol extract also showed greater growth inhibition capacity towards the MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cell line. These data suggest that further investigations are required to confirm the source of activity within the E. tirucalli leaf and stems for potential use in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
Information on radical scavenging activity (RSA) and antioxidant potential of vegetable oils are not reported, or reporting has been rather limited. Such data is of importance for the evaluation of nutritional and health impact of these oils. The main objective of this short study was to compare the antiradical performance of some common and unusual vegetable oils. The described arrangement for our simple experiment uses the addition of stable radicals 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) to vegetable oils, which are decomposed by components having antioxidant properties. The order of effectiveness of oils in inhibiting free radicals was as follows: coriander>blackcumin>cottonseed>peanut>sunflower>walnut>hemp seed>linseed>olive>niger seed. This initial survey might serve as a springboard for future research into this area.
This study aims to map the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of 50 Greek olive oil samples from the 2005-2006 season according to production region and cultivar and to compare the 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and Folin-Ciocalteu tests for use with olive oil. Antioxidant capacities determined in the hydrophilic fraction range between 5.42 - 22.5 mM gallic acid Kg-1 olive oil for the ABTS method and 1.29 - 9.95 mM Kg-1 for the DPPH method while in total, olive oil TAC ranges between 77 - 177 mM Kg-1 as assessed by the DPPH method. The results of total phenol content range between 3.8 and 29.4 mM Kg-1 olive oil. Total phenol content correlates with total antioxidant capacity assessed in the hydrophilic fraction through the DPPH (r = 0.89) and the ABTS (r = 0.69) assays. The hydrophilic fraction DPPH values correlate significantly with the ABTS values (r = 0.81). However, the DPPH values for total olive oil correlate poorly with the ABTS assay, the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the DPPH assay in hydrophilic fraction. Although total phenolic content shows good correlation with ABTS and DPPH values and could serve as a useful indicator for olive oil antioxidant capacity, the use of a battery of tests contributes to better characterization of the antioxidant capacity of olive oil.
Free radical production occurs continuously in all cells as part of normal cellular function. However, excess free radical production originating from endogenous or exogenous sources might play a role in many diseases. Antioxidants prevent free radical induced tissue damage by preventing the formation of radicals, scavenging them, or by promoting their decomposition. This article reviews the basic chemistry of free radical formation in the body, the consequences of free radical induced tissue damage, and the function of antioxidant defence systems, with particular reference to the development of atherosclerosis.
gamma-tocopherol is the major form of vitamin E in many plant seeds and in the US diet, but has drawn little attention compared with alpha-tocopherol, the predominant form of vitamin E in tissues and the primary form in supplements. However, recent studies indicate that gamma-tocopherol may be important to human health and that it possesses unique features that distinguish it from alpha-tocopherol. gamma-Tocopherol appears to be a more effective trap for lipophilic electrophiles than is alpha-tocopherol. gamma-Tocopherol is well absorbed and accumulates to a significant degree in some human tissues; it is metabolized, however, largely to 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman (gamma-CEHC), which is mainly excreted in the urine. gamma-CEHC, but not the corresponding metabolite derived from alpha-tocopherol, has natriuretic activity that may be of physiologic importance. Both gamma-tocopherol and gamma-CEHC, but not alpha-tocopherol, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity and, thus, possess antiinflammatory properties. Some human and animal studies indicate that plasma concentrations of gamma-tocopherol are inversely associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer. These distinguishing features of gamma-tocopherol and its metabolite suggest that gamma-tocopherol may contribute significantly to human health in ways not recognized previously. This possibility should be further evaluated, especially considering that high doses of alpha-tocopherol deplete plasma and tissue gamma-tocopherol, in contrast with supplementation with gamma-tocopherol, which increases both. We review current information on the bioavailability, metabolism, chemistry, and nonantioxidant activities of gamma-tocopherol and epidemiologic data concerning the relation between gamma-tocopherol and cardiovascular disease and cancer.
The ORAC-fluorescein (ORAC-FL) method recently validated using automatic liquid handling systems has now been adapted to manual handling and using a conventional fluorescence microplate reader. As calculated for Trolox, the precision of the method was <3.0, expressed as percent coefficient of variation. The accuracy of the method was <2.3, expressed as percent variation of the mean. The detection and quantification limits were those corresponding to 0.5- and 1-microM Trolox standard solutions, respectively. The method has been applied to 10 pure compounds (benzoic and cinnamic acids and aldehydes, flavonoids, and butylated hydroxyanisole), to 30 white, rose, and bottled- and oak-aged red wines, and to 7 commercial dietary antioxidant supplements. All samples exhibited a good linear response with concentration. As seen by other methodologies, the chemical structure of a compound determines its antioxidant activity (ORAC-FL value). Of particular interest were the results with oak-aged red wines from different vintages (1989-2002) that confirm influence of vintage, but not origin of the oak, in the antioxidant activity of wines from the same variety. Dietary antioxidant supplements presented a great variability (170-fold difference) in their antioxidant potency. This work proves applicability of the ORAC-FL assay in evaluating the antioxidant activity of diverse food samples.
Hypercholesterolemia indirectly increases the risk for myocardial infarction by enhancing the ability of platelets to aggregate. Diets enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown to reduce the detrimental effects of cholesterol on platelet aggregation. This study investigated whether dietary hempseed, a rich source of PUFAs, inhibits platelet aggregation under normal and hypercholesterolemic conditions. Male New Zealand white rabbits were fed one of 6 dietary interventions: regular control diet (RG); control diet + 10% hempseed (HP); control diet + 10% partially delipidated hempseed (DHP); control diet + 0.5% cholesterol (OL); control diet + 0.5% cholesterol + 10% hempseed (OLHP); control diet + 5% coconut oil (CO). After 8 weeks, blood was collected to measure ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation and plasma levels of fatty acids, cholesterol, and triglycerides. The hempseed-fed animals (HP and OLHP) displayed elevated plasma levels of PUFAs and a prominent enhancement in 18:3n-6 (gamma-linolenic acid, GLA) levels, a unique PUFA found in hempseed. The cholesterol-supplemented groups (OL and OLHP) had significantly elevated plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, but platelet aggregation was significantly augmented only in the OL group. The addition of hempseed to this diet (OLHP) normalized aggregation. The direct addition of GLA to the OL platelet samples blocked the cholesterol-induced stimulation of platelet aggregation. The results of this study demonstrate that when hempseed is added to a cholesterol-enriched diet, cholesterol-induced platelet aggregation returns to control levels. This normalization is not due to a reduction in plasma cholesterol levels, but may be partly due to increased levels of plasma GLA.
The impact of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the n-6 and n-3 series on the cardiovascular system is well documented. To directly compare the effects of three dietary oils (fish, flaxseed and hempseed) given in concentrations expected to be self-administered in the general population on specific cardiovascular parameters in healthy volunteers.
86 healthy male and female volunteers completed a 12 week double blinded, placebo controlled, clinical trial. They were randomly assigned to one of the four groups. Subjects were orally supplemented with two 1 gm capsules of placebo, fish oil, flaxseed oil or hempseed oil per day for 12 weeks.
Plasma levels of the n-3 fatty acids docosahexanoic acid and eicosapentanoic acid increased after 3 months supplementation with fish oil. Alpha linolenic acid concentrations increased transiently after flaxseed supplementation. However, supplementation with hempseed oil did not significantly alter the concentration of any plasma fatty acid. The lipid parameters (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and TG) did not show any significant differences among the four groups. Oxidative modification of LDL showed no increase in lag time over the 12 wk period. None of the dietary interventions induced any significant change in collagen or thrombin stimulated platelet aggregation and no increase in the level of inflammatory markers was observed.
From a consumer's perspective, ingesting 2 capsules of any of these oils in an attempt to achieve cardiovascular health benefits may not provide the desired or expected result over a 3 month period.
I. INTRODUCTION Fatty acids in foods occur mainly in the form of esters with the alcohol glycerol. The predominant esters are triacylglycerols accompanied by minor amounts of mono-and diacylglycerols and free fatty acids. In fact, most fats and oils can be classi ed as mixtures of mixed glycerides. To understand the chemical and physical properties of these food fats and oils, we have to go back to the properties of the component fatty acids. However, many of the properties of food fats and oils are not simply a re! ection of the properties of the component fatty acids but are also inluenced by the nature of their incorporation into the acylglycerols. In this chapter, therefore, both the properties of fatty acids and their behavior in the form of acylglycerols will be covered.
Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the bioactivity of the methanol fraction (MF) and n-hexane fraction (HF) of Thymus capitatus leaves in relation to their constituents analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effects of T. capitatus on the growth of pathogenic bacteria associated with respiratory diseases (13 gram-positive and 4 gram-negative) were determined using a microdilution method. The MF was particularly effective on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), ferric-reducing antioxidant power and β-carotene bleaching assays. A strong activity using β-carotene bleaching test was observed with the MF (IC50 of 0.7 μg/mL after 30 min of incubation). In the hypoglycaemic test, a selective α-amylase inhibitory activity was detected with the HF begging the most active (IC50 of 422.5 μg/mL). T. capitatus may represent a source of natural bioactive compounds.
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids belong to a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are known to have important beneficial effects on metabolism and inflammation. Such effects may confer a benefit in specific chronic noncommunicable diseases that are becoming very prevalent in Westernized societies [e.g., nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)]. Typically, with a Westernized diet, long-chain omega-6 fatty acid consumption is markedly greater than omega-3 fatty acid consumption. The potential consequences of an alteration in the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid consumption are increased production of proinflammatory arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids and impaired regulation of hepatic and adipose function, predisposing to NAFLD. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver fat-related conditions that originates with ectopic fat accumulation in liver (hepatic steatosis) and progresses, with the development of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). If the adipose tissue is inflamed with widespread macrophage infiltration, the production of adipokines may act to exacerbate liver inflammation and NASH. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment may have beneficial effects in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, adipose tissue function, and inflammation. Recent studies testing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids in NAFLD are showing promise and suggesting that these fatty acids may be useful in the treatment of NAFLD. To date, further research is needed in NAFLD to (a) establish the dose of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment, (b) determine the duration of therapy, and (c) test whether there is benefit on the different component features of NAFLD (hepatic fat, inflammation, and fibrosis).
Phenolic compounds have a fundamental importance in the nutritional and sensory characteristics of virgin olive oil. Problems regarding their qualitative and quantitative evaluation have not been completely solved; hence, in this paper the extractive and HPLC methods of analysis are examined and some modifications are presented. By means of these techniques, elenolic acid and four unknown compounds having phenolic behavior were separated from virgin olive oil. Four of them were correlated with total phenols evaluated by means of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and two of them were correlated with olive oil autoxidation stability.
This study was conducted to determine the fatty acid (FA) compositions and oxidative stabilities of cold-pressed cranberry, carrot, hemp, and caraway seed oils. The cold-pressed cranberry and hemp seed oils exhibited higher -linolenic acid (18:3n-3) contents with levels of 22 and 19 g/100 g fatty acids, respectively. Cold-pressed carrot seed oil contained about 82% oleic acid and had the lowest total saturated fatty acids among all tested oils. Cold-pressed caraway seed oil had the greatest oxidative stability with an OSI value of 150 hours. In addition, cold-pressed carrot seed oil had the lightest color while hemp seed oil was the darkest among all the oils tested.
Oxidative stability of flax and hemp oils, and of flax and hemp oils stripped of their minor components, was evaluated in
the dark at 60°C and under fluorescent light at 27°C. Several analytical methods were used to assess the oxidative stability
of oils. Oil extracts were also investigated for their scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and for
their total phenolic contents. The results indicate that bioactive constituents of these edible oils play a major role in
their oxidative stability. However, the FA composition of the oils and their total content of tocopherols as well as the type
of pigments present contribute to their stability. Nonstripped flax and hemp oils were more stable than their corresponding
stripped counterparts. Furthermore, nonstripped hemp oil had a higher oxidative stability than nonstripped flax oil as evidenced
by scavenging of DPPH radical and consideration of total phenolic contents.
The seed of Cannabis sativa L. has been an important source of nutrition for thousands of years in Old World cultures. Non-drug varieties of Cannabis, commonly referred to as hemp, have not been studied extensively for their nutritional potential in recent years, nor has hempseed been utilized to any great extent by the industrial processes and food markets that have developed during the 20th century. Technically a nut, hempseed typically contains over 30% oil and about 25% protein, with considerable amounts of dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. Hempseed oil is over 80% in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and is an exceptionally rich source of the two essential fatty acids (EFAs) linoleic acid (18:2 omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 omega-3). The omega-6 to omega-3 ratio (n6/n3) in hempseed oil is normally between 2:1 and 3:1, which is considered to be optimal for human health. In addition, the biological metabolites of the two EFAs, gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 omega-6; GLA) and stearidonic acid (18:4 omega-3; SDA), are also present in hempseed oil. The two main proteins in hempseed are edestin and albumin. Both of these high-quality storage proteins are easily digested and contain nutritionally significant amounts of all essential amino acids. In addition, hempseed has exceptionally high levels of the amino acid arginine. Hempseed has been used to treat various disorders for thousands of years in traditional oriental medicine. Recent clinical trials have identified hempseed oil as a functional food, and animal feeding studies demonstrate the long-standing utility of hempseed as an important food resource.
Bergamot ( Citrus bergamia Risso) is a less commercialized Citrus fruit, mainly used for its essential oil extracted from the peel. Bergamot peel (BP) represents about 60% of the processed fruits and is regarded as primary waste. However, it contains good amounts of useful compounds, such as pectins and flavonoids. Many of the bioactivities of Citrus flavonoids appear to impact vascular endothelial cells. Herein, we report the protective effect of two flavonoid-rich extracts from BP (endowed with radical-scavenging properties and lacking genotoxic activity) against alterations in cell modifications induced by the pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as demonstrated by monitoring intracellular levels of malondialdehyde/4-hydroxynonenal, reduced and oxidized glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity, and the activation status of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Thus, BP appears to be a potential source of natural antioxidant/anti-inflammatory phytocomplexes to be employed as ingredients of nutraceutical products or functional foods.
4-methylcoumarins that possess two hydroxyl groups ortho to each other in the benzenoid ring have shown to have excellent antioxidant and radical-scavenging properties in different experimental models. Furthermore, they cannot be metabolized by the liver P450 monoxygenases and thus cannot form 3,4-coumarin epoxides, which are believed to be mutagenic. Herein, we present a study on the structure activity relationship of eight synthetic 4-methylcoumarins, carried out by employing a series of different chemical cell-free tests. These compounds were tested by means of three assays involving one redox reaction with the oxidant (DPPH assay, ABTS.+ assay and FRAP). Other assays were employed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the coumarins under investigation against NO, O2.- and HClO, which are some of the major reactive oxygen and nitrogen species causing damage in the human body. Finally, we have measured the protective capacity of these coumarins against the oxidative damage in a simple biomimetic model of phospholipid membranes. Our results confirm the good antioxidant activity of the 7,8-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarins. In general, their activity is not significantly affected by the introduction of an ethoxycarbonylmethyl or an ethoxycarbonylethyl moiety at the C3 position. A discrete antioxidant activity is retained also by the 7,8-diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarins, although they are less efficient than the corresponding 7,8-dihydroxy compounds. Furthermore, as demonstrated in the brine shrimp toxicity test, none of the tested coumarins significantly affect the larvae viability. Two of the 4-methylcoumarins (7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin and 7,8-dihydroxy-3-ethoxycarbonylethyl-4-methylcoumarin), very interestingly, showed strong scavenging activities against the superoxide anion and were also very effective in protecting the lipid bilayer against peroxidation. On the basis of these findings, these 4-methylcoumarins may be considered as potential therapeutic candidates for pathological conditions characterized by free radical overproduction.
This study was designed to examine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oils and methanol extracts of Myrtus communis var. italica L. leaf, stem and flower. Myrtle leaf and flower were the valuable organs for the essential oil production representing a yield of 0.61% and 0.30% (w/w), respectively. The essential oil composition of myrtle leaf and flower was characterized by high proportions of alpha-pinene, the main compound of monoterpene hydrocarbon class, with 58.05% for leaf and 17.53% for flower. Stem was rich in oxygenated monoterpenes, largely due to 1,8-cineole with 32.84%. The total phenol contents varied between different myrtle parts; leaf extract had higher total phenol content (33.67 mg GAE/g) than flower (15.70 mg GAE/g) and stem (11.11 mg GAE/g) extracts. Significant differences were also found in total tannin contents among different myrtle parts, representing 26.55 mg GAE/g in leaf, 11.95 mg GAE/g in flower, 3.33 mg GAE/g in stem. The highest contents of total flavonoids and condensed tannins were observed in stem (5.17 and 1.99 mg CE/g, respectively) and leaf (3 and 1.22 mg CE/g, respectively) extracts. The HPLC analysis indicated that the main phenolic class was hydrolysable tannins (gallotannins) in leaf (79.39%, 8.90 mg/g) and flower (60.00%, 3.50mg/g) while the stem was characterized by the predominance of flavonoid class (61.38%, 1.86 mg/g) due to the high presence of catechin (36.91%, 1.12 mg/g). Antioxidant activities of the essential oil and the methanolic extract from different myrtle parts were evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging, beta-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching, reducing power and metal chelating activity assays. In all tests, methanolic extracts of different myrtle parts showed better antioxidant activity than essential oils.
The protective effect of myricetin against tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes was investigated. Incubating erythrocytes with t-BHP (10(-5) M) caused development of oxidative stress, as evidenced by significant (p < 0.05) increase in erythrocyte malondialdedyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl content, and decrease in intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH), membrane sulphydryl (-SH) groups. Incubation of erythrocytes with myricetin, simultaneously with t-BHP, protected the erythrocytes from oxidative stress, an effect which was dose-dependent. The results demonstrate that myricetin attenuates t-BHP induced oxidative damage, suggesting that supplementation of diet with myricetin/myricetin rich food may be beneficial in all pathological conditions where the antioxidant system of the body is overwhelmed.
The occurrence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), termed as prooxidants, is a characteristic of normal aerobic organisms. The term “reactive oxygen species” collectively denotes oxygen-centered radicals such as superoxide (O2·-)and hydroxyl (·OH), as well as nonradical species derived from oxygen, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), singlet oxygen (1ΔgO2) and hypochlorous acid (HOC1). Radical reactions are central to the maintenance of homeostasis in biological systems. Radical species perform a cardinal role in many physiological processes such as cytochrome P450-mediated oxidative transformation reactions, a plethora of enzymic oxidation reactions, oxidative phosphorylation, regulation of the tone of smooth muscle, and killing of microorganisms.1–3 Excessive generation of free radicals can have deleterious biological consequences.4–6 Organisms are equipped with an armamentarium of defense systems, termed antioxidants in order to safeguard them against the onslaught of ROS.1–3,7 When the generation of prooxidants overwhelms the capacity of antioxidant defense systems oxidative stress ensues. This can cause tissue damage leading to pathophysiological events. ROS play a pivotal role in the action of numerous foreign compounds (xenobiotics). Their increased production seems to accompany most forms of tissue injury.4,5 Whether sustained and increased production of ROS is a primary event in human disease progression or a secondary consequence of tissue injury has been discussed.5,6 Whatever may be the case, the formation of free radicals has been implicated in a multitude of disease states ranging from inflammatory/immune injury to myocardial infarction and cancer.
A simple, automated test measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma, the FRAP assay, is presented as a novel method for assessing "antioxidant power." Ferric to ferrous ion reduction at low pH causes a colored ferrous-tripyridyltriazine complex to form. FRAP values are obtained by comparing the absorbance change at 593 nm in test reaction mixtures with those containing ferrous ions in known concentration. Absorbance changes are linear over a wide concentration range with antioxidant mixtures, including plasma, and with solutions containing one antioxidant in purified form. There is no apparent interaction between antioxidants. Measured stoichiometric factors of Trolox, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and uric acid are all 2.0; that of bilirubin is 4.0. Activity of albumin is very low. Within- and between-run CVs are <1.0 and <3.0%, respectively, at 100-1000 micromol/liter. FRAP values of fresh plasma of healthy Chinese adults: 612-1634 micromol/liter (mean, 1017; SD, 206; n = 141). The FRAP assay is inexpensive, reagents are simple to prepare, results are highly reproducible, and the procedure is straightforward and speedy. The FRAP assay offers a putative index of antioxidant, or reducing, potential of biological fluids within the technological reach of every laboratory and researcher interested in oxidative stress and its effects.
Several fresh orange juices, obtained from five different Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck varieties (three pigmented varieties, Moro, Sanguinello, and Tarocco, and two blond varieties, Valencia late and Washington navel), were subjected to antioxidant profile determination (including total polyphenols, flavanones, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and ascorbic acid). The antioxidant activity of these juices was then assessed by means of different "in vitro" tests (bleaching of the stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical; peroxidation, induced by the water-soluble radical initiator 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride, on mixed dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/linoleic acid unilamellar vesicles; scavenging activity against nitric oxide; total antioxidant status). All orange juices tested showed an evident antioxidant effect. Our findings indicate the following: (1) the antioxidant efficiency of orange juices may be attributed, in a significant part at least, to their content of total phenols, (2) while ascorbic acid seems to play a minor role; (3) the antioxidant activity of orange juices is related not only to structural features of phytochemicals contained in them, but also to their capability to interact with biomembranes; (4) finally, as to pigmented juices, their antioxidant efficiency appears to be widely influenced by the anthocyanin level. One could speculate that the supply of natural antioxidant phenols through daily consumption of orange juice might provide additional protection against in vivo oxidation of cellular biomolecules.
Fresh strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), raspberries (Rubus idaeus Michx.), highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), and lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) were stored at 0, 10, 20, and 30 degrees C for up to 8 days to determine the effects of storage temperature on whole fruit antioxidant capacity (as measured by the oxygen radical absorbing capacity assay, Cao et al., Clin. Chem. 1995, 41, 1738-1744) and total phenolic, anthocyanin, and ascorbate content. The four fruit varied markedly in their total antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant capacity was strongly correlated with the content of total phenolics (0.83) and anthocyanins (0.90). The antioxidant capacity of the two blueberry species was about 3-fold higher than either strawberries or raspberries. However, there was an increase in the antioxidant capacity of strawberries and raspberries during storage at temperatures >0 degrees C, which was accompanied by increases in anthocyanins in strawberries and increases in anthocyanins and total phenolics in raspberries. Ascorbate content differed more than 5-fold among the four fruit species; on average, strawberries and raspberries had almost 4-times more ascorbate than highbush and lowbush blueberries. There were no ascorbate losses in strawberries or highbush blueberries during 8 days of storage at the various temperatures, but there were losses in the other two fruit species. Ascorbate made only a small contribution (0.4-9.4%) to the total antioxidant capacity of the fruit. The increase observed in antioxidant capacity through postharvest phenolic synthesis and metabolism suggested that commercially feasible technologies may be developed to enhance the health functionality of small fruit crops.
A major development of carcinogenesis research in the past 20 years has been the discovery of significant levels of DNA damage arising from endogenous cellular sources. Dramatic improvements in analytical chemistry have provided sensitive and specific methodology for identification and quantitation of DNA adducts. Application of these techniques to the analysis of nuclear DNA from human tissues has debunked the notion that the human genome is pristine in the absence of exposure to environmental carcinogens. Much endogenous DNA damage arises from intermediates of oxygen reduction that either attack the bases or the deoxyribosyl backbone of DNA. Alternatively, oxygen radicals can attack other cellular components such as lipids to generate reactive intermediates that couple to DNA bases. Endogenous DNA lesions are genotoxic and induce mutations that are commonly observed in mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Their mutagenicity is mitigated by repair via base excision and nucleotide excision pathways. The levels of oxidative DNA damage reported in many human tissues or in animal models of carcinogenesis exceed the levels of lesions induced by exposure to exogenous carcinogenic compounds. Thus, it seems likely that oxidative DNA damage is important in the etiology of many human cancers. This review highlights some of the major accomplishments in the study of oxidative DNA damage and its role in carcinogenesis. It also identifies controversies that need to be resolved. Unraveling the contributions to tumorigenesis of DNA damage from endogenous and exogenous sources represents a major challenge for the future.
There is increasing evidence that aldehydes generated endogenously during the degradation process of biological molecules are involved in many of the pathophysiologies associated with cardiovasular diseases such as atherosclerosis and the long-term complications of diabetes. Major sources of reactive aldehydes in vivo are lipid peroxidation, glycation, and amino acid oxidation. Although the types of aldehydes are varied, the important aldehydes that can exert biological effects relevant to the pathobiology of oxidant injury are represented by 2-alkenals, 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, and ketoaldehydes. These aldehydes exhibit facile reactivity with proteins, generating stable products at the end of a series of reactions. The protein-bound aldehydes can be detected as constituents not only in in vitro oxidized low-density lipoproteins but also in animal models of atherosclerosis and in human patients with increased risk factors or clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, indicating that they could indeed be involved in the caldiovascular pathology. On the other hand, a number of reactive aldehydes have been implicated as inducers in generating intracellular oxidative stress and activation of stress signaling pathways, that integrate with other signaling pathways to control cellular responses to the extracellular stimuli.
We recently reported the improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay using fluorescein (FL) as the fluorescent probe. The current ORAC(FL) assay is limited in hydrophilic antioxidant due to the aqueous environment of the assay. Lipophilic antioxidants mainly include the vitamin E family and carotenoids, which play a critical role in biological defense systems. In this paper, we expanded the current ORAC(FL) assay to lipophilic antioxidants. Randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin (RMCD) was introduced as the water solubility enhancer for lipophilic antioxidants. Seven percent RMCD (w/v) in a 50% acetone-H(2)O mixture was found to sufficiently solubilize vitamin E compounds and other lipophilic phenolic antioxidants in 75 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). This newly developed ORAC assay (abbbreviated ORAC(FL-LIPO)) was validated through linearity, precision, accuracy, and ruggedness. The validation results demonstrate that the ORAC(FL-LIPO) assay is reliable and robust. For the first time, by using 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-carboxylic acid as a standard (1.0), the ORAC values of alpha-tocopherol, (+)-gamma-tocopherol, (+)-delta-tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol acetate, tocotrienols, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, and gamma-oryzanol were determined to be 0.5 +/- 0.02, 0.74 +/- 0.03, 1.36 +/- 0.14, 0.00, 0.91 +/- 0.04, 0.16 +/- 0.01, and 3.00 +/- 0.26, respectively. The structural information of oxidized alpha-tocopherol obtained by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry reveals that the mechanism for the reaction between the vitamin E and the peroxyl radical follows the hydrogen atom transfer mechanism, which is in agreement with the notion that vitamin E is the chain-breaking antioxidant.
Four kinds of solvent extracts from three Chinese barley varieties (Ken-3, KA4B, and Gan-3) were used to examine the effects of extraction solvent mixtures on antioxidant activity evaluation and their extraction capacity and selectivity for free phenolic compounds in barley through free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal chelating activity, and individual and total phenolic contents. Results showed that extraction solvent mixtures had significant impacts on antioxidant activity estimation, as well as different extraction capacity and selectivity for free phenolic compounds in barley. The highest DPPH* and ABTS*+ scavenging activities and reducing power were found in 80% acetone extracts, whereas the strongest *OH scavenging activity, O2*- scavenging activity, and metal chelating activity were found in 80% ethanol, 80% methanol, and water extracts, respectively. Additionally, 80% acetone showed the highest extraction capacity for (+)-catechin and ferulic, caffeic, vanillic, and p-coumaric acids, 80% methanol for (-)-epicatechin and syringic acid, and water for protocatechuic and gallic acids. Furthermore, correlations analysis revealed that TPC, reducing power, DPPH* and ABTS*+ scavenging activities were well positively correlated with each other (p < 0.01). Thus, for routine screening of barley varieties with higher antioxidant activity, 80% acetone was recommended to extract free phenolic compounds from barley. DPPH* scavenging activity and ABTS*+ scavenging activity or reducing power could be used to assess barley antioxidant activity.
This study describes the radioprotective ability of a hydrolysate prepared using an enzyme-acid hydrolysis method from the green mussel Perna viridis in terms of its ability to prevent radiation-induced damage in plasmid DNA, cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and DNA damage in mice lymphocytes. The mussel hydrolysate (MH) present during irradiation showed significant protection from gamma-radiation-induced strand breaks in plasmid DNA as evaluated by gel electrophoresis. Viability studies by trypan blue dye exclusion and MTT assay showed that preincubation of mice splenic lymphocytes with MH protected them from gamma-radiation-mediated killing. Moreover, the presence of MH during irradiation of isolated mice lymphocytes significantly decreased the DNA damage, as measured by comet assay. Measurement of intracellular ROS by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence revealed that the presence of MH effectively reduced the ROS generated in lymphocytes by both chemical method and gamma-irradiation. Prevention of DNA damage both in plasmid and lymphocytes and cell death in lymphocytes appears correlated with reduction of oxidatively generated free radicals. It is concluded that protection against radiation-induced cell death and DNA damage by MH was attributable to reduction of reactive free radical species generated by gamma-radiation.