Article

Polyphenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Cold-Pressed Seed Oil from Finola Cultivar of Cannabis sativa L

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to characterize the polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of cold-pressed seed oil from Finola cultivar of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Several methodologies have been employed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of Finola hempseed oil (FHSO) and both lipophilic (LF) and hydrophilic fractions (HF). The qualitative and quantitative composition of the phenolic fraction of FHSO was performed by HPLC analyses. From the results is evident that FHSO has high antioxidative activity, as measured by DPPH radical (146.76 mmol of TE/100 g oil), inhibited β-carotene bleaching, quenched a chemically generated peroxyl radical in vitro and showed high ferrous ion chelating activity. Reactivity towards 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation and ferric-reducing antioxidant power values were 695.2 µmol of TE/100g oil and 3690.6 µmol of TE/100 g oil respectively. FHSO contains a significant amount of phenolic compounds of which 2780.4 mg of quercetin equivalent/100 g of total flavonoids. The whole oil showed higher antioxidant activity compared with LF and HF. Our findings indicate that the significant antioxidant properties shown from Finola seed oil might generally depend on the phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, such as flavanones, flavonols, flavanols and isoflavones.

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... According to some research, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine, which is derived from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) meal, was discovered to have the highest antioxidant and arginase inhibitory action. In addition to improving endothelial functionality and decreasing oxidative stress, which is a key factor in the initiation and progression of endothelial dysfunction associated with a variety of disorders, including cardiovascular disease, arginase inhibition may boost bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) [56]. Phenylpropionamides extracted from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) are thought to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, which are the most significant biological impacts. ...
... Phenylpropionamides extracted from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) are thought to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, which are the most significant biological impacts. Thus N-trans-caffeolyltyramine exhibit DPPH free radicals scavenging activity and ORAC antioxidant activity, LDL protection against oxidation, arginase inhibitory activity, and in vitro prevention of H 2 O 2 induced cell death [57,58,59,60]; N-trans feroryyltyramine, N-trans-cafeoloctopamine, N-trans-coumaroyltyramine, Cannabisin A, B, C, D and E present in Cannabis sativa L. seeds have anti--neuroinflammatory action in vivo, DPPH free radical scavenging activity [17,56,[61][62][63][64][65]; Sativamide A and B can reduce cell death induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress [57]; coumaroylaminobutanol glucopyranoside might decrease the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of inflammatory pathway of activated B cells (NF-κB) and activate of the Nfr-2 antioxidant pathway [64]. ...
... From a chemical standpoint the sativamides A and B, which are the unique bioactive hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) substances, are non-lignanamide molecules produced from N-trans-caffeoyltyramine. Pretreatment of the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y with 50 μM of sativamide A or B demonstrated its ability to prevent cell mortality induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress, which has been proven to play a major role in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease (AD [56,62]. ...
Article
This review is devoted to an analysis of the hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) seeds’ nutritional aspects and food production perspectives, that can become a valuable source of multifunctional components for functional food production. Cannabis sativa L. is a multipurpose crop with lowenvironmental impact traditionally cultivated in Western cultures for fiber production. The propagation of synthetic fibers and the production of intoxicating drugs from certain narcotic strains resulted in the banning of its cultivation. Thus, culturing the varieties that are widely known as „industrial hemp“ has only been practiced for the past two decades. Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) is grown not only for its economic importance but also for the seeds’ nutritional value. Hemp seeds consists of 25–35% lipids with perfectly balanced fatty acids (FAs); 20–25% proteins, which are easy to digest and contain all essential amino acids; 20–30% carbohydrates, mainly dietary fiber; and vitamins and minerals. Besides its nutritional value, hempseed is also rich in antioxidants and bioactive compounds such as bioactive peptides, polyphenols with high free radicals scavenging activity, and cannabinoids. Therefore, this study reviews the scientific knowledge about Cannabis sativa L. seeds and their progressive aspects of cultivation, functional and therapeutic potential, and its use in functional food production.
... The cannabis plant also contains phenolic compound groups, although the quantities are lower than terpenes [69,73,85,87,[93][94][95][96][97][98]: flavonoids such as cannflavins A, B and C, proanthocyanidin, luteolin quercetin, quercetin-3-Orutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, epicatechin, catechin, rutin, orientin, vitexin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-Oglucoside, daidzein, genistein, naringin, and naringenin; phenolic acids such as gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-cumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and phydroxybenzoic acid. Stibenoids (denbinobin, canniprene, cannabispirone) and phenolic amides (cannabisin A y B, Ntrans-coumaroyltyramine, N-trans-feruloyltyramine, Ntrans-caffeoyltyramine) also present in plant [93,97,99,100]. ...
... Palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and αlinoleic are the fatty acids present in larger quantities, followed by palmitoleic, stearic, γ-linoleic, linolenic, vaccenic, caproic, caprylic, and gadoleic acids [73,76,96,[103][104][105]. Respect to alkaloids, annabisativina, cannabisativine, cannabinine, tetanocannabin, anydrocannabisativina, cannabimines A-D, trigonellini, muscarine, hordenine and dihidroxiisoechilunilina are highlighted [2,78,87,96]. Finally, γtocopherol is the highest tocopherol, while β-tocopherol and α-tocopherol are present in lower quantities [69,73,98]. ...
Article
The plant kingdom offers a wealth of molecules with potential efficacy against various human, animal, and plant crop infections and illnesses. Cannabis sativa L. has garnered significant attention in recent decades within the scientific community due to its broad biological activity. Key bioactive compounds such as cannabinoids and phenolic compounds have been isolated from this plant, driving its bioactivity. Numerous studies have highlighted the impact of different agronomic practices, particularly fertilization, on the phytochemical composition, notably altering the percentage of various chemical groups. This review aims to present updated fertilization recommendations, crop requirements, and their implications for the chemical composition of C. sativa plants, along with major biological properties documented in the literature over the past five years. Various databases were utilized to summarize information on fertilization and crop requirements, chemical composition, bioassays employed, natural products (extracts or isolated compounds), and bioactivity results. Through this review, it is evident that C. sativa holds promise as a source of novel molecules for treating diverse human diseases. Nonetheless, careful consideration of agronomic practices is essential to optimize chemical composition and maximize therapeutic potential.
... Other researchers [53] found during their studies that, depending on fertilization, the amount of biologically active compounds ranged from 6.55 to 12.39 mg/gRUE and from 2.52 to 4.74 mg/gRUE for TPC and TFC, respectively. Smergilio et al. [54] also characterized the total polyphenols in Finola hemp seed oil, finding the TPC equal to 267.5 mg(GAE)/100 g. A lower total (2.1 mg GAE/100 g) was estimated for Fedora hemp seed oil. ...
... mg/100 g. These results are consistent with those of Smeriglio et al. [54], who reported that the total tocopherol content of hemp oil corresponds to 11.40 mg/100 g. In another study, Anwar et al. [43] conducted a detailed analysis of hemp seed oil from three agroecological zones in Pakistan. ...
Article
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The popularity of hemp cultivation for industrial purposes has been steadily growing for many years. With the addition of products derived from these plants to the Novel Food Catalogue, maintained by the European Commission, a significant increase in interest in hemp food is also expected. The aim of the study was to determine the characteristics of hempseed, oil, and oil cake samples produced from experimental plots grown in different conditions. The research was conducted on the Henola variety, one of the newest and most popular varieties of hemp, recently bred for grain and oil. The content of bioactive compounds in grain and oil has been subjected to detailed chemical analyses in order to determine the effect of fertilization, the method of plant cultivation, and processing conditions on their quantity. The test results and the statistical analysis carried out showed a significant impact of the tested factors on the content of some of the tested bioactive compounds. The obtained results will help in the development of an effective method of cultivation for this hemp variety in order to maximize the content of the desired bioactive compounds per unit of cultivation area.
... In fact, a clear synergism between polyphenols, acting both as metal chelators and radical scavengers, and tocopherols, acting as radical scavengers, has already been displayed in previous studies dealing with cold-pressed oils with high PUFA levels [70,85]. However, the antioxidant activity of phenolics is strictly related to the compound family and content, which in turn depend on genotype, geographical origin, cultivation practices of the hemp, and extraction and storage conditions of the oil [43,[86][87][88]. ...
... Consequently, the total polyphenol content of fresh oils from our study would be more similar to that reported by Ciano and coworkers and Tura and colleagues [29,68]. On the other hand, Smeriglio and colleagues [88] reported much higher and non-comparable total phenolics (267,500 mg/kg) in cold-pressed hempseed oil obtained from the same cultivar used in this study. ...
Article
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Cold-pressed hempseed oil (HO) has been increasingly exploited in the human diet for its excellent nutritional and healthy properties. However, it has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and chlorophylls, which inevitably accelerate its oxidative deterioration, especially in the presence of light. In this scenario, the filtration technology may ameliorate the oxidative stability of the oil, with positive effects on its nutritional quality and shelf life. Therefore, in this study, the oxidative stability and minor compounds of non-filtered and filtered HO (NF-HO and F-HO) were monitored over 12 weeks of storage in transparent glass bottles. F-HO showed a better hydrolytic and oxidative status than NF-HO during storage. As a result, F-HO also displayed better preservation of total MUFAs and PUFAs in the autoxidation process. Filtration consistently reduced chlorophylls, thus causing a variation in the natural color of HO. Accordingly, F-HO not only revealed an increased resistance to photooxidation but it was also suitable for storage in clear bottles within 12 weeks. F-HO predictably showed lower carotenoids, tocopherols, polyphenols, and squalene compared to NF-HO. However, filtration appeared to play a "protective role" toward these antioxidants, which had lower degradation rates in F-HO than NF-HO for 12 weeks. Interestingly, the element profile of HO was not affected by filtration and remained stable during the study period. Overall, this study may be of practical use to both producers and marketers of cold-pressed HO.
... The average TPC content was 4.7 mg GAE/g dm, which is comparable with our findings for Carmagnola Selected water extracts (5.1 mg GAE/g) (fEr-rantE & al. 2019). SmEriglio & al. (2016) investigated TPC and antioxidant activity in the Finola hempseed oil. However, antioxidant activity was expressed as mmoles of Trolox equivalent per 100 g of fresh weight and TPC as mg GAE per 100 g of fresh weight, which cannot be compared directly with our results (SmEriglio & al. 2016). ...
... SmEriglio & al. (2016) investigated TPC and antioxidant activity in the Finola hempseed oil. However, antioxidant activity was expressed as mmoles of Trolox equivalent per 100 g of fresh weight and TPC as mg GAE per 100 g of fresh weight, which cannot be compared directly with our results (SmEriglio & al. 2016). In a study of PalmiEri & al. (2021) TPC in essential oil of Carmagnola was assessed and the results were higher than in our study. ...
Article
Hemp (Cannabis sativa) contains a great variety of secondary plant constituents. Besides cannabinoids and terpenoids, polyphenols also play an important role in hemp. Besides their role in plant defense mechanisms, they exhibit many positive effects, e.g. antioxidant acitivity, which may be beneficial for human health. In our study, total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity in female inflorescences in six different hemp phenotypes of three varieties (Carmagnola Selected [C], Tiborszallasi [T], and Finola Selection [F]) were determined. Two different extraction solvents were used: water and ethanol (99.8 %). TPC was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent, and antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method. TPC and antioxidant activity analysis both showed better results for ethanolic extracts. The highest TPC was found in ethanolic extracts of the Finola Selection phenotype FIV (31.8 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry matter) and the highest antioxidant activity in the FII phenotype (75.3 %). For water extracts the highest TPC was evaluated in the FII phenotype (6.4 mg GAE/g dry matter) and the highest antioxidant activity in CII and TIII phenotypes (65 %).
... Terpenes and polyphenols have also been discovered; they contribute to the aroma as well as the innate antioxidant properties. Flavonoids, such as flavanones, flavanols, and isoflavones, were the most prevalent phenolic chemicals, as shown in Table 3 [78]. Cannflavin C Anti-inflammatory agent; anti-cancer agent [80,81] As demand rises, it is anticipated that hemp use in the food and supplement industries will increase over the next several years, with significant social, economic, and hygienic ramifications. ...
... Consequently, the hemp market is beginning to thrive all over the world. To fulfill industrial hemp's commercial viability as a continuous source of high-value functional food components and nutraceutical goods, regulatory bodies must separate it from medicinal cannabis (marijuana) [72,75,78,81]. ...
Article
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Hemp is a high-value crop that originated in Central Asia and is a historic but emerging cultivated plant. It may be grown for fiber, food, paper making, textiles, and therapeutic reasons. In the 21st century, market interest in hemp and its products has notably increased because seed portions can be utilized in the agri-food business, the woody component of the stem can be used in green buildings, the outer layer of the stems can be used in the textile industry, and the extraction of bioactive components from roots can play a vital role in the pharmacological industries. Hemp has recently been demonstrated to be a viable alternative for economies built on synthetic materials by the food, pharmaceutical, textiles, paper, building, and energy industries, among others. As a result, the goal of this study is to assemble the significant advancements in hemp, as well as to identify research gaps and research direction opportunities. The hemp plant will be provided more encouragement to be grown and be used. Many applications of hemp may be pushed to the next level for both producing a green environment and profit. A strong vision and a well-defined plan will pave the path for the discovery of new technologies and concepts.
... HSs as reported in the literature are characterised by a high phenol content, localised more in the hull than in the kernel [39,40], as well as in oil (flavanones, flavonols, flavanols, and isoflavones) [41]. In particular, the main phenolic compounds identified in HSs are the lignans, phenols derived from the shikimic acid biosynthetic pathway, also called phenylpropionamides thanks to their particular chemical structure. ...
... They are part of two major groups, known as phenolic amides and lignanamides [38]. Lignanamides are those most commonly found within HS, including cannabisin B and N-trans-caffeoyltyramine, which are the main phenolic compounds in the hull fraction; catechin, in the cotyledonary fraction [38], as well as cannabisin A, F, I, and Q and grossamide [40][41][42]. ...
Article
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The growth of the world population has prompted research to investigate new food/feed alternatives. Hemp-based products can be considered excellent candidates. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is an environmentally sustainable plant widespread worldwide. Following the reintroduction of its cultivation, hemp is attracting interest, especially in the food/feed industry. To date, scientific research has mainly focused on its nutritional aspect. Therefore, the aim of the work was also to investigate the functional profile (total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (Ferric- reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)) of hemp-based products (hempseeds (HSs), flowers, and HS protein extract), following methanol extraction and in vitro digestion, to study the behaviour of the molecules involved. The results show an interesting nutritional value, even when compared to matrices used in the food/feed industry, such as soy and flaxseeds. The functional profile revealed a very interesting TPC following methanol extraction for HSs, flowers, and HS protein extract, respectively, (550.3 ± 28.27; 2982.8 ± 167.78; and 568.9 ± 34.18 mg Tannic Acid Equivalent (TAE)/100 g). This trend was also confirmed for FRAP (50.9 ± 4.30; 123.6 ± 8.08; and 29.73 ± 1.32 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent (AAE)/100 g), recording values similar/higher than soy protein extract and flaxseeds (17.4 ± 1.55; and 10.4 ± 0.44 mg AAE/100 g). The results were also maintained following physiological digestion. These results, although promising, need further investigation, confirming what has been observed with different antioxidant activity assays and identifying individual molecules involved in functional pathways. This information will be necessary to gain a better understanding of the functional characteristics of these matrices for use in food/feed formulations.
... The optimal nutritional ratio of LA to ALN is 3:1 which is desirably pursued in CSO. These two polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) possess potential anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and antiarrhythmic attributes (11). ...
... The fatty acid composition of CSO and its pharmacologically active constituents have gained much attention recently. CSO also have noteworthy volumes of tocopherols and other terpenoids, which are stated to display vital antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflammatory, and anti-thrombotic activity along with omega-3 PUFAs (11). It is claimed that the anticonvulsive, anti-epileptic, and antimicrobial features of CSO is due to the presence of cannabidiol (CBD), although the CBD concentrations may seem low within the oil. ...
Article
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Introduction : Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative central nervous system disease derived by immune mechanisms, which ultimately results in clinical debilities. Numerous nutraceuticals have been cited to be effective in treatment of central nervous system complications. Objectives : This study investigated the effect of Cannabis sativa L. seed oil on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Materials and Methods : Female C57bl/6 mice were assigned randomly into three groups (8 in each). Group-A received no myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), group B was immunized by MOG and treated with oil, while in group C animals were immunized and treated with normal saline. Clinical scores were recorded every other day throughout the study and after four weeks, all mice were sacrificed and spinal cords were incised for molecular and histopathological evaluations. Results : Significant differences were observed in mean clinical scores between control and experiment groups ( P <0.001). Cannabinoid receptor-1 gene expression increased significantly in treatment group ( P <0.001). Histopathologic evaluations also showed a significant decrease in overall infiltrated and vacuolated area and immune cells infiltration into the central nervous system in the treatment group ( P <0.01). Conclusion : Cannabis sativa L. oil extract administration alleviated inflammation and paralysis in animal model. Therefore, its oil extract might be useful in soothing inflammatory and auto-immune diseases. However, additional research might be required.
... Another class of phenolic compounds identified in hemp is that of dihydrostylbenoids, of which canniprene is the maximum exponent (Montserrat-de la Paz et al., 2014) and is endowed with antiinflammatory activity by inhibiting the synthesis of proinflammatory eicosanoids (Leizer et al., 2000). A study by Smeriglio et al. (2016) aimed at studying the polyphenolic compounds of cold-pressed hemp seed oil of the Finola cultivar, found a total content of phenols (TPC) equal to 267.5 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g From a study by Siano et al. (2019) it was found that the TPC content could be influenced by the cultivar as they found a 10 times lower value (2.1 mg GAE/100 g) for the oil obtained from the seeds of the Fedora cultivar. ...
... The evaluation of the quantification of tocopherols in the different hemp seed oils was reviewed by Izzo, Pacifico, et al., 2020). Hemp seeds have a total tocopherol content between 3.47 and 13.25 mg/100 g and this data is in agreement with what is supported by Smeriglio et al. (2016), who found a total tocopherol content of 11.40 mg/100 g in cold-pressed Finola cultivar hemp seed oil. Instead, from an analysis conducted by (Anwar et al., 2006) on hemp seed oil from different areas of Pakistan, a total tocopherol content of between 63.03 and 85 mg/100 g is shown. ...
Chapter
Hemp seed represents an import feedstock for the future of food. Hemp is the queen plant of sustainability and brings copious yields with low demands, in terms of water, energy, and land. Moreover, is a plant renetting the soil and fits perfect in crops rotations. The food market sector of hemp seed derivatives is in a constant raise and aims to hit 5 billion of USD in the next five years. This source is so rich in nutrients and health-related compounds that just a supplementation in the final meal improves the quality of the final product. In this chapter, we present the more interesting bioactives compounds present in hemp seeds, which result abundantly in a derived food product, and could be bio-available after intestinal digestion by the host, thus generating a beneficial health-related effect.
... The significant antioxidant properties shown by hemp seed oil might generally depend on the phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, such as flavanones, flavonols, and isoflavones. Smeriglio et al. (2016) have characterized the polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of cold-pressed seed oil from Finola cultivar of industrial hemp. Several methodologies have been employed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of Finola hempseed oil (FHSO) and both lipophilic (LF) and hydrophilic fractions (HF). ...
... FHSO contains a significant amount of phenolic compounds of which 2780.4 mg of QE.100 g -1 of total flavonoids. The whole oil showed higher antioxidant activity compared with LF and HF (Smeriglio et al., 2016). Afridi et al. (2019) examined if the inclusion of dietary hempseed (HS) and hempseed oil (HO) in the diet of the fish could revert the copper-induced toxic effects on the muscle fatty acid profile of rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala). ...
Article
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Industrial hemp is a multi-use crop that has been widely cultivated to produce fibers and nutrients, such as protein, dietary fiber, minerals, and unsaturated fatty acids, which make them a good fortifying component in food production. The antioxidant capability of hemp oils has been reported. In the current study, for evaluating the antioxidant activity of commercial hemp oil "Annabis BIO" derived from certified industrial hemp seeds without the psychoactive substance THC (Olomouc, Czech Republic), biomarkers of oxidative stress [2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), oxidatively modified proteins (OMP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC)] were used in models of the blood collected from adult healthy rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), the blood of rainbow trout with clinical symptoms of ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN), and equine plasma. A volume of 0.1 mL of the hemp oil was added to 1.9 mL of fish blood or equine plasma. After incubation of the mixture for 60 min with continuous stirring, biomarkers of oxidative stress were studied in samples. After in vitro incubation of hemp oil with the blood of clinically healthy rainbow trout, we noted a statistically significant decrease in biomarkers of lipid peroxidation by 55.6% (p <0.05). The highest increase in TBARS level was observed after in vitro incubation of hemp oil with the blood of UDN-affected rainbow trout. In vitro incubation of hemp oil with equine plasma resulted in a statistically significant increase in the level of ketonic derivatives (by 29%, p <0.05) and aldehydic derivatives of OMP (by 33.1%, p <0.05). Incubation of hemp oil with the blood of UDN-affected trout resulted in a decrease of the ketonic derivative of OMP (by 43.3%, p <0.05). Incubation of hemp oil with equine plasma, we observed a statistically significant decrease in TAC level by 56.6% (p <0.05). Similarly, after incubation hemp oil with blood samples of UDN-affected trout, a statistically significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity (by 59.3%, p <0.05) was observed. The results suggest that the investigated hemp oil have shown varied antioxidant capacities. Accordingly, this study proposes that the therapeutic benefit of this hemp oil can be, at least in part, attributed to using different biological materials (blood, plasma) used in vitro in the current study.
... Phenolic compounds are plant-derived metabolites with major antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity that reduces the risk of chronic diseases [15,30,55]. The presence of phenolic compounds of the HsO also highlights a powerful positive influence on oxidative stability and sensory attributes of the oil [6,40,53,56], but the total phenolic content of the HsO depends on the extraction method. Cold-pressed HsO shows concentrations ranging from 1.208 mg GAE/100 g of oil [49] to 440.0 mg GAE/100 g of oil [55] in contrast to solvent-extracted oils that exhibit values reaching up to 5160 mg GAE/100 g of oil [40] (Table 4). ...
Article
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Industrial hemp is mainly cultivated for its fibers aimed at the production of textiles, paper, and cordage; the inflorescences for medicinal purposes; and the seeds are used by the food industry due to their high nutritional and functional matrix of protein, fiber, lipids, and microelements. Hemp seed oil (HsO) is a unique source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a phenomenal ω6:ω3 ratio of 2.5-3.0, significantly enhancing human health when consumed daily. HsO is mostly obtained through cold pressing due to minimal thermal treatment, and although of lower yield compared to solvent extraction, it presents higher quality lipid fractions and organoleptic characteristics such as color, taste, flavor, and density. Although HsO is a powerful source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and phytosterols, its production lacks standardized quality control parameters, except for THC, which is subject to EU legislation. Therefore, it is essential to build up a quality protocol system for standardizing seed conservation, oil extraction methods, and quality parameters. This review aims to display an overall nutritional framework of the HsO and encourage further research into its use in the food value chain.
... For comparison, it is useful to define the antioxidant capacity as described in Huang et al.: ≥ 50% DDPH* radical scavenged <5 min (rapid), 5-30 min (intermediate), and >30 min (slow) (Huang et al., 2005). Hemp seed oils have been reported to have intrinsic antioxidant activity due to tocopherol content (Smeriglio et al., 2016). The DDPH* radical scavenging capacity of HO V and HO R were examined at mass equivalent concentrations (wt: vol) respective to the feruloylated samples, which were examined at 0.25-2.50 ...
Article
The transesterification of ethyl ferulate (EF) and unrefined, virgin, cold pressed hemp seed oil (HOV) and refined, bleached, deodorized cold pressed hemp seed oil (HOR) using a commercial lipase, Novozym 435 (Candida antarctica B lipase immobilized on an acrylic resin), was examined in 150-mL, shaken, batch reactions at 60°C for 2 weeks. The reactions produced feruloylated hemp seed oils, FHOV and FHOR, respectively, and the reactions were monitored to determine the difference between virgin and refined hemp seed oil on the transesterifications. The FHOV and FHOR reactions both reached EF conversion equilibrium of 58% after ca. 168 h. Ultraviolet (UV) absorbing and antioxidant capacity of the FHOV and FHOR were determined. Both FHOV and FHOR (50 μM in ethanol) were excellent UVA II absorbers, λmax 322 nm, and exhibited absorption into the UVB. The DDPH* radical (200 μM) scavenging of the FHOV and FHOR (0.25–2.5 mM) were both shown to be rapid antioxidants (50% DDPH* radical scavenged in <5 min) at 1.0 and 2.5 mM suggesting that inherent components contained in the HOV did not adversely affect enzyme activity relative to transesterification using HOR. Overall, using less expensive, unrefined, virgin hemp seed oil versus more expensive, refined hemp seed oil did not appreciably affect the enzyme kinetics of the transesterification reactions nor the UV absorbing and antioxidant efficacy of the resultant feruloylated hemp seed oils, making FHOV a less expensively produced feruloylated hemp seed oil for cosmetic and personal care applications.
... Briefly, nitrite has the ability to be converted into nitrous acid or nitric oxide, which can subsequently react with polyphenols or other endogenous substances, reducing residual nitrites [58]. According to Smeriglio et al. [59], cold-pressed hemp oil from Finola hemp, such as the one used in the present study, has a high content of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids and tocopherols. 11.71 c ± 0.391 5.06 b ± 1.161 5.59 b ± 1.310 1.13 a ± 0.841 0.00 a ± 0.000 *** S0 = control-NaNO 2 100 mg/Kg; S1 = Hemp seed oil 2%-NaNO 2 50 mg/Kg; S2 = Hemp seed oil 4%-NaNO 2 50 mg/Kg; S3 = Hemp seed oil 2%; S4 = Hemp seed oil 4%. ...
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Recently, products of plant origin have been utilized to extend the shelf life of meat products. This study examined the impact of hemp seed oil as a replacement for animal fat and sodium nitrite on the nutritional, physicochemical, technological, and sensory traits of fermented salamis. Five treatments were prepared: S0 (100 mg/kg NaNO2), S1 (2% hemp oil and 50 mg/kg NaNO2), S2 (4% hemp oil and 50 mg/kg NaNO2), S3 (2% hemp oil), and S4 (4% hemp oil). The addition of hemp seed oil did not affect proximate composition but improved fatty acid composition and lipid quality nutritional indices. Microbial growth was consistent across all treatments. Active acidity (pH) and water activity (aw) were influenced by hemp seed oil and/or sodium nitrite. Salamis containing only hemp seed oil exhibited lower redness and chroma values during storage. Hemp seed oil led to higher lipid peroxidation, mitigated by sodium nitrite. The addition of hemp seed oil and varying levels of sodium nitrite significantly impacted salami texture. Sensory evaluation showed consumer acceptance of hemp seed oil-enhanced salamis. In conclusion, hemp seed oil can be used as a functional ingredient to improve the nutritional value and healthiness of fermented meat products when combined with reduced sodium nitrite content.
... The presence of phosphatidylinositol and tetrasaccharides hydrate, also supports previous reports on the diverse functional compounds present in Cannabis seeds [48]. Moreover, the detection of isomers, such as Cannabisin B [isomer 1], echoes findings from other studies emphasizing the intricate chemical complexity of Cannabis seeds [50]. Collectively, our results align with and build upon prior research, providing valuable insights into the functional potential of Moroccan Cannabis sativa L. seeds. ...
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This study investigated the molecular, phytochemical, and biological aspects of ten local Moroccan traditional landrace Cannabis seeds. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed using DNA barcode determination, revealing two distinct molecular profiles: “Cannabis, species sativa, subspecies indica” and “Cannabis, species sativa, subspecies sativa”. Furthermore, a new sequence was identified by sequencing of the THCA synthase coding gene. Chemical profiling via HPLC-ESI-FULL-MS and GC-MS-MS of AMSD1 maceration extracts revealed 13 non-volatile chemicals, including 3 inactive cannabinoids and 3 polyphenols, and 24 intriguing volatile compounds, including 7 previously unreported in Cannabis seed extracts. Moreover, the in vitro/in silico analysis provision of biological activities through their antioxidant power, antimicrobial effect, and cytotoxicity potency, as well as antiviral activity, were realized. These results contribute to a thorough comprehension of Moroccan Cannabis seeds, illuminating their molecular, phytochemical, and biological features. Furthermore, they highlight the seeds as a potential source of nutritious components with antioxidant properties, offering valuable insights for future research.
... Several studies have reported the antiemetic, aperitif, and therapeutic effects of cannabinoids in treating neurological disorders such as epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. 21 Cannabis oil is a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids, notably linoleic and linolenic acid 2,22,23 , which provide high nutritional value to humans. 24,25 Moreover, several studies have demonstrated the hypotensive, cholesterol-lowering, and cardiovascular disease preventive properties of cannabis oil. ...
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Background: Cannabis sativa var indica is the variety grown in the northern reliefs of Morocco, exclusively for resin and narcotics production. Despite the extensive research on the botany, phytochemistry,and pharmacology of Rif's cannabis, there is limited comparative research on the fruits and oils of different strains cultivated in the region. Objective: This study examined the biometric, germinative and physicochemical properties of three cannabis strains grown in the Western Rif region of Morocco.Materials and methods: three cannabis strains (Beldiya, Khardala and Critical) were characterized by their biometric parameters (weight, length and width), germinative and physicochemical properties. Results:The study revelated that there are notable differences in the biometric properties and germination ratesof the achenes of the strains studied. Additionally, significant variations were observed between the strains with regards to their oil yield, as well as the levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. The results also revealed a correlation between biometric parameters, germination rate and phytochemical content. Conclusion: The oils of all strains studied were extra virgin, and the Beldiya strain's fruit oil was found to be particularly rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, making it a potentially useful ingredient in nutrition and health applications. Overall, this study provides useful information for researchers and growers interested in the cultivation and use of cannabis fruits and oils in various industries. Key words: Biometry, Cannabis strains, fruit, germination, oil, Rif.
... When the FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power) assay was employed on C. sativa species, it resulted in an antioxidant capacity that ranged from 0.262 to 0.533 mg/mL [30]. Other researchers [31] determined the antioxidant capacity with both assays on hemp seed oil, and the reported values were 146.76 mmol of TE/100 g oil for the DPPH assay and 3690.6 µmol of TE/100 g oil for the FRAP assay. ...
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The current investigation examines the application of pulsed electric fields (PEFs) for isolating polyphenols from Cannabis sativa var. Futura 75 leaves. Firstly, the solvent composition, which included ethanol, water, and various mixtures of the two, was explored, along with the liquid-to-solid ratio. Subsequently, the primary parameters associated with PEFs (namely, pulse duration, pulse period, electric field intensity, and treatment duration) were optimized. The extracted samples were analyzed to determine their total polyphenol content (TPC), and individual polyphenols were also evaluated through high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed through ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and DPPH assays. The extracts prepared utilizing PEFs were compared to the extracts obtained without PEFs in terms of their TPC, FRAP values, and DPPH activity. The results indicate that the most effective extraction parameters were a pulse duration of 10 μs, a pulse period of 1000 μs, and an electric field strength of 0.9 kV/cm after 25 min of extraction. The most efficient solvent was determined to be a 50% (v/v) mixture of ethanol and water in a 20:1 liquid-to-solid ratio. The extract obtained under the optimal conditions exhibited a ~75% increase in TPC compared to the extract obtained without any application of PEFs, while some individual polyphenols exhibited an increase of up to ~300%. Furthermore, significant increases of ~74% and ~71% were observed in FRAP and DPPH assays. From the information provided, it was observed that the tested variables had an impact on the recovery of polyphenols from C. sativa leaves.
... [71][72][73] These bioactive compounds have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties, and modulate the expression of genes involved in skin and hair development and maintenance. [73][74][75][76] The use of cannabis seeds for hair and skin care reflects the cultural and medicinal value of this plant in the lifestyle of women in these regions. ...
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Cannabis sativa (family Cannabaceae) is a plant of Asian origin, widely recognized for its psychoactive and therapeutic properties, which have been harnessed for recreational and medicinal purposes since ancient times. Currently, a number of scientific studies have investigated the medicinal value of Cannabis, while traditional knowledge regarding its therapeutic and cosmetic applications is steadily declining. This research project aimed to collect data on the traditional uses of Cannabis sativa in the provinces of Taounate and Al Hoceïma, located in Northern Morocco, by conducting an ethnobotanical survey. Eighty-five structured questionnaires were distributed to traditional practitioners, peasants, herbalists, and users of the plant over a period of four months. The questionnaires consisted of open-ended and closed-ended questions, covering topics such as the plant parts used, the modes of administration, the indications, the dosage, the frequency of use, and the adverse effects of Cannabis sativa L. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data and chi-square tests were used to determine the associations between the variables. The study revealed that Cannabis sativa is commonly utilized as a recreational or medicinal plant for several purposes, including the treatment of physical and mental health conditions, cosmetic application, and even as a building material. Furthermore, the findings indicated that various factors, such as demographic data and patterns of cannabis use, are associated with the specific plant parts used and the modes of administration.
... The Fe 2+ chelating capacity of the M. myristica flour also suggests that it may mitigate transition metals availability, thereby decelerating and/or inhibiting free radicals-mediated oxidative chain reactions in food and biological systems. As earlier reported by (Smeriglio et al. 2016), this can improve food quality, stability and safety, and human health. ...
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The bioactive compounds in a food matrix can exist either in their free form or bound to other endogenous compounds, which may affect their bioactivities. This study investigated the impact of endogenous proteins and lipids on the phenolics profile, anti-nephrolithiasis, and antioxidant activities of Monodora myristica (African nutmeg) seed. Endogenous proteins and lipids in M . myristica seed flour were removed by deproteinization and defatting, to obtain the deproteinized, defatted, and deproteinized-defatted flours. The native flour served as a control. Phenolics compounds in the flours were quantified using HPLC-DAD, while nephrolithiasis-associated enzymes (xanthine oxidase and urease) inhibitory and antioxidant activities were determined using a spectrophotometer. Nine phenolic compounds (gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p -coumaric, ellagic acids, catechin, rutin, quercetin and luteolin) were detected in the native flour, with quercetin as the most abundant. The concentrations of the phenolic compounds, nephrolithiasis-associated enzymes inhibitory, and antioxidant activities of the flour decreased significantly due to deproteinization and defatting. Overall, the native flour had the highest concentrations of phenolics and the most potent enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities, followed by the defatted, deproteinized, and deproteinized-defatted flours. Hence, endogenous proteins and lipids may enhance the phenolics profile, anti-nephrolithiasis and antioxidant activities of M. myristica seed. This could have application in the development of functional food products and nutraceuticals targeting nephrolithiasis. Graphical Abstract
... Among them, variety Marina EO had the greatest ability to neutralize ABTS* + radicals. Smeriglio et al. (2016) analyzed polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity in cold-pressed oil from seeds of industrial hemp variety Finola. For determining in vitro antioxidant activity of seeds oil, lipophilic (LF) and hydrophilic fractions (HF), several assays were applied. ...
Article
Cannabis sativa L. known as industrial hemp manifests high capability in the manufacturing of valuable nutraceuticals with health benefits. This study was focused on investigation of chemical profile and bioactive potential of extracts isolated from three hemp varieties (Helena, Marina and Fedora 17). In addition, great attention was directed towards the use of green extraction techniques and maximum utilization of raw material. In that regard conventional (hydrodistillation – HD) and novel extraction techniques (microwave-assisted hydrodistillation – MWHD, supercritical fluid extraction – SFE and microwave-assisted extraction – MAE) were applied for isolating various fractions (essential oil, lipid extracts and liquid extract) with promising bioactive potential. Essential oils and lipid extracts were characterized regarding yield, terpenoid profile determined by GC-MS and in vitro antioxidant activity towards DPPH and ABTS + radicals. Furthermore, the content of two major cannabinoids was determined in plant material and in extract obtained by SFE. Sequential SFE technique allows obtaining lipid extracts in the first step of process as well as raffinates after SFE in the second step. MAE was applied for isolation of polyphenolic fraction from raw materials and SFE raffinates. Polyphenolic content was determined by spectrophotometric assays and UHPLC-Triple-quadrupole-MS. The results suggested that hemp is an excellent source of valuable terpenoid, cannabinoid and polyphenolic antioxidant agents, and further research should be focused on their utilization in dietary supplements and functional foods.
... Due to its phenol content, HSO also has a high antioxidant capacity (activities) (Smeriglio et al. 2016). According to Vitorovic et al. (2021), HSO is a dietary source of natural antioxidants for health promotion and could play a role in disease prevention. ...
... There is a strong relationship between phenols and antioxidant activity (23). The antioxidant constituents and the phenolic compounds showed the potential to prevent the oxidative degradation of cellular components (24). V. serpens also contain antioxidant constituents such as ascorbic acid, ascorbate oxidase peroxidase and catalase (12) along with the phenolic contents, which can be on the reason behind its nephroprotection activities against hepatotoxins and nephrotoxins respectively. ...
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The current study was planned to examine the nephroprotective effect of the crude extract and its various fractions of Viola serpense Wall against paracetamol-induced toxicity in rabbits. The serum creatinine levels of all fractions, as well as the crude extract, were found to have a greater effect. The effect on urine urea by the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fraction in high doses (300 mg/kg b.wt.) and crude extract and chloroform in low doses (150 mg/kg bwts.) were comparatively more effective and comparable to silymarin. The creatinine clearance of the fractions except for chloroform, aqueous at 300 mg/kg and the hydro-methanolic extracts at both doses were highly significant. The histological structures of kidneys in crude extract and chloroform-treated groups showed more improvement at the lower doses. The fractions n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanolic exhibited an inverse dose relationship in the histology of the kidney. However, the aqueous fraction showed a dose-dependent nephroprotective effect. Finally, the crude extract and fractions significantly improved paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits.
... In particular, cannflavin A, cannflavin B and cannflavin C are the major hemp prenylated flavanones [7], that are peculiar for this plant. Hemp seed-oil has demonstrated antioxidant activity, which is probably due to the high content of flavonoids [21,22]. When utilized as a food source, hemp seeds have exhibited excellent nutraceutical properties [23]. ...
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Cannabis sativa L. is a dioecious plant belonging to the Cannabaceae family. The discovery of the presence of many biologically-active metabolites (cannabinoids) in fibre-type Cannabis (hemp) has recently given rise to the valorisation of this variety. In this context, the present study was aimed at the multi-component analysis and determination of the main non-psychoactive cannabinoids (cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, cannabigerol and cannabigerolic acid) in female inflorescences of different hemp varieties by means of 13C quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR). The method proposed here for the first time for the determination of cannabinoids provided reliable results in a competitive time with respect to the more consolidated HPLC technique. In fact, it gave sufficiently precise and sensitive results, with LOQ values lower than 750 μg/mL, which is easily achievable with concentrated extracts, without affecting the quality of 13C-qNMR spectra. In conclusion, this method can be considered as a promising and appropriate tool for the comprehensive chemical analysis of bioactive cannabinoids in hemp and other derived products in order to ensure their quality, efficacy and safety.
... In comparison to this, BHA at concentration of 1 mg/mL methanolic as well as ethanolic matrix, showed inhibition of 99.7%, and 91.7%, respectively. This finding is consistent with that of Smeriglio et al. (2016), who reported high antioxidative activity of Cannabis flower measured by β-carotene bleaching assay. ...
... On the contrary, Smeriglio et al., (2016); and Izzo et al., (2020) reported a total tocopherols content in hemp seed oil of 11.40 mg/100 g and in the range 3.47-13.25 mg/100 g, respectively. ...
Article
Despite hemp has a long history as food, in the last years the interest in cannabis cultivars, including new varieties, requires a deeper investigation of hemp seed-based food products as a precious source of biomolecules. In the present work, a comprehensive characterization of the minor components occurring in hemp seed-based food products i.e. oil, flour and flour by-product, is reported. For this goal, volatile (i.e. terpenes, hydrocarbons, furans and ketones) and non-volatile (i.e. tocopherols, cannabinoids and phenolic compound) metabolites were investigated by means of different chromatographic techniques. HPLC in combination with PDA, fluorescence, and MS detection was employed to analyse non-volatile fraction. Furthermore, GC coupled with FID and MS detectors were used for the analysis of volatiles and unsaponifiable compounds, the latters after conversion into more volatile trimethylsylil derivatives. Terpenes represented the most abundant compounds among volatiles. A total of 58 compounds belonging to the unsaponifiable matter was identified only in hempseed oils. Among tocopherols, γ-tocopherol was quantified at the highest level. Phenols and cannabinoids were also investigated, and a total of 52 compounds were identified and quantified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study providing a thorough chemical characterization of minor fraction of hemp products.
... Colebrookea oppositifolia is extensively used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [168,169]. Considering these properties of Colebrookea, it is further evaluated by Viswanatha et al. in 2018 for its cerebroprotective potential against ischemic stroke-induced brain injury [170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182]. ...
Article
Background Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. is a valuable traditional therapeutic plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae. It is a dense and wool-like shrub that is mostly found in subtropical regions of some countries of Asia, such as China and India. It has been widely used for the mitigation of nervous system disorders like epilepsy. The active constituents of the plant have exhibited antioxidant, anti-microbial, and antifungal properties, which are considered due to the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids as chief chemical constituents. Flavonoids like quercetin, landenein, chrysin, and 5, 6, 7-trimethoxy flavones cause protein denaturation of the microbial cell wall. Objectives To comprehend and assemble the fragmented pieces of evidence presented on the traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the plant to reconnoiter its therapeutic perspective and forthcoming research opportunities. Methods The available information on Colebrookea oppositifolia has been established by electronically searching peer-reviewed literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct over the earlier few years. Results The plant has been greatly used for the preparation of many herbal medicines which are used for treating traumatic injuries, fever, rheumatoid arthritis, headache, and gastric problems. From the aerial parts of the plant, a phenylethanoid glycoside named acteoside has been isolated and evaluated for its therapeutic potential viz. immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, analgesic, anti-tumour, antispasmodic, antioxidant, antibacterial, free radical scavenger, and improving sexual function. Acteoside showed neuroprotective activities against Aβ-peptide, which is neurotoxic and causes apoptosis. The petroleum ether extract of the plant leaves offers many active compounds like sitosterol, n-triacontane, hydroxydotriacontyl ferulate, acetyl alcohol, and 3,7,4,2-tetramethoxyflavones which have shown hepatoprotective potential. Conclusion The plant should be evaluated further for the estimation of some other health benefits. The consequences of restricted pharmacological screening and reported phytomolecules of Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. advocate that there is still an exigent requisite for in-depth pharmacological studies of the plant.
... Moreover, Smeriglio et al. 39 , defined the presence in methanolic extract of cold-pressed Italy hemp seed oil some of phenolic acids, flavanones, flavonols, isoflavones, flavones and flavanols. In other study, the identified compounds in hemp seed oil were vanillic acid, catechin and epicatechin 41 . Only p-coumaric acid and vanillic acid have been identified in Tunisian milk thistle oil, and the amount of p-coumaric acid ranged from 0.26 mg to 0.9 mg/100 g oil . ...
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In the study the cold-pressed, natural (unfiltered, unrefined) vegetable oils: hemp and milk thistle seed oils were tested for their chemical composition and antioxidant properties. The physico-chemical parameters, content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were determined. Solid phase extraction and simple extraction with the use of methanol, ethanol, 80% methanol, 80% ethanol were used to obtain the extracts for the analysis of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in oils. The composition of phenolic compounds was studied by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC–DAD) and spectrophotometric test with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant property of extracts was established by means of the following methods: with the DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical, ABTS•+ (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical, FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant parameter) and CUPRAC (cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity). Moreover the influence of chlorogenic acid on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation process in the hemp and milk thistle seed oils was also investigated. The tested oils showed different antioxidant properties which was related to the their different chemical composition. The main phenolic compounds present in hemp seed oil were vanillic, ferulic and p-coumaric acids, (-)epicatechin, catechin, kaempferol and procyanidin B2, whereas in milk thistle seed oil—catechins, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, p-coumaric acid, phloridzin, quercetin, protocatechuic acid, kaempferol, and syringic acid. The methanolic extracts of hemp and milk thistle seed oils showed the highest antiradical activity, whereas the ethanolic extracts revealed the best reducing properties. The obtained antioxidant parameters for hemp seed oil were: the IC50 = 3.433 ± 0.017 v/v (DPPH test), the percent of ABTS•+ inhibition = 93.301 ± 1.099%, FRAP value = 1063.883 ± 39.225 µmol Fe²⁺, CUPRAC value = 420.471 ± 1.765 µmol of Trolox. Whereas the antioxidant parameters for milk thistle seed oil were: the IC50 = 5.280 ± 0.584 v/v (DPPH test), 79.59 ± 3.763% (ABTS test), 2891.08 ± 270.044 µmol Fe²⁺ (FRAP test), 255.48 ± 26.169 µmol of Trolox (CUPRAC assay). Chlorogenic acid effectively inhibited the lipid peroxidation process in hemp and milk thistle seed oils.
... Related to the total phenolic content present in hemp seed oil, Yu et al. (2005) reported 0.44 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and a phenolic acid content of 188.23 mg GAE/100 g where chlorogenic acid and trans-p-coumaric acid are the most remarkable acids (Smeriglio et al., 2016). Regarding the flavonoid content, Teh and Birch (2013) reported 19.50 mg luteolin equiv/100 g, naringerin and epicatechin being present, among others. ...
Chapter
Nutrition security is a challenge of the XXI century for achieving a sustainable health. Hemp cultivation contributes to the European Green Deal objectives and is a potential solution for producing a more sustainable food chain and contributing to the nutrition security of the global population. Hemp, Cannabis sativa cultivars containing less than 0.2% of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is a multipurpose crop which can be used to produce feed, food and supplements among other products (biodegradable plastics, paper, paint). Hemp seeds are the hemp component most used in the food context, and the products derived from them (oil, cake, flour and proteins) are gaining popularity in human nutrition. In the European Union (EU), only marketing of hemp seeds and their derivatives, such as hemp seed oil, hemp seed flour, defatted hemp seed, and germinated hemp seed is authorized. Other parts of the plant are considered as novel foods. Nutrition claims “high dietary fiber, high protein, low saturated fat, high omega-3 fatty acids, high polyunsaturated fat, high unsaturated fat” can be attributed to those hemp products. In addition, hemp is a source of bioactive compounds, cannabinoids and others, with great impact in health including that of the brain-gut axis which is essential for achieving optimal physical and emotional conditions. The present chapter represents an updated revision of the state of the art on the potential of hemp in nutrition security.
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The significance of getting sufficient sleep for maintaining good health and wellbeing is widely known. The American Psychiatric Association classifies insomnia as the most common sleep–wake disorder characterized by difficulty with sleep quality, timing, and quantity. The residual effects and the social stigma associated with the use of sedative drugs incline patients toward seeking alternative therapy. Ayurveda presents an exhaustive elucidation of the etiology, manifestations, and therapeutic modalities concerning insomnia. Among the extensively prescribed Panchakarma (the five-fold bio-purification process) interventions for insomnia management, Nasya (instillation of oils, powders, or juices through the nasal route) holds a significant position. Nasya is considered an effective way to directly deliver medicines to the brain by bypassing the blood–brain barrier through olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways. Anandkand , an important book on Indian alchemy, mentions various formulations of hemp, including the use of hemp seed oil ( Vijaya Beej Tail ) for Nasya . A narrative analysis of hemp seed oil Nasya for insomnia was conducted using Ayurvedic texts and electronic databases. Although valued for its nutraceutical properties, there is limited clinical data on its effectiveness in treating insomnia. No relevant clinical studies were found for its use in treatment of insomnia, but some preclinical and clinical studies exist for other conditions. The presence of a perfect proportion of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids, coupled with its antioxidant properties and the existence of preclinical findings suggesting the sedative and anti-anxiety effects of hemp seed extracts by influencing the benzodiazepine receivers linked to gamma-aminobutyric acid, makes it a choice for Nasya therapy in clinically managing insomnia. A significant enhancement in scientific research efforts is imperative to maximize its potential utilization.
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The Cannabis plant contains many groups of bioactive metabolites with potential pharmacological properties. These properties have mainly been attributed to cannabinoids and terpenoids, with other groups receiving little attention. The usefulness of the abundant group of chlorophyll derivatives (CDs) was illustrated in various applications, but little is known regarding their presence and significance in Cannabis. We hypothesized that the heating accompanying the process extract preparation would result in a pool of CDs that have lost the central magnesium (Mg) ion. Herein, we introduce a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach for separating, identifying, and quantifying Mg-free CDs in Cannabis extracts after decarboxylation. We assessed 14 Cannabis cultivars representing the four types of chemovars and identified 69 distinct Mg-free CDs. These were separated into five families: Pheophorbide a, Pheophorbide b, Pheophytin a, Pheophytin b, and Purpurin 18. The structure of the Mg-free CDs was determined through their MS/MS fragmentation spectra as phytylated derivatives compared to dephytylated ones, and then further to pyroderivatives, alkylated and oxidized CDs. Substantial variation was found between the four different chemovar types and within different cultivars of the same chemovar, with the family of Pheophytin a, the most prevalent in all extracts. Type III chemovar high-cannabidiol plants contained significantly higher amounts of Mg-free CDs. These differences in abundance may result in variations in the therapeutic effects of plants that are considered similar according to their cannabinoid profiles.
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The present study is devoted to optimizing process parameters for solvent extraction to improve both the yield and quality of hemp seed oil. To this end, an augmented simplex lattice mixture design was carried out involving three solvents with different polarities: n-hexane, 2-propanol, and ethyl acetate. The findings indicated that the optimal blend for obtaining oil with a high yield and excellent quality was 40 % n-hexane, 40 % 2-propanol, and 20 % ethyl acetate. This ternary mixture gave a maximum yield of 33.24 % and extracted an oil very rich in bioactive compounds, enabling us to replace 60 % of the hexane with two other extraction solvents, 2-propanol and ethyl acetate, which are less toxic to human health and more environmentally friendly. The ideal blend was able to extract an oil with high levels of total phenolic content (226.43 mg GAE/kg), total tocopherols (458.61 mg/kg), total phytosterols (6299.44 mg/kg), and total carotenoids and chlorophylls (19.92 and 66.59 mg/kg, respectively). Moreover, the evaluated oil exhibited significant antioxidant activity as determined by DPPH and FRAP tests (74.64 % reduction and 49.16 mg TEg/100 g, respectively). This oil's richness in bioactive compounds gave it better oxidation stability. Furthermore, the phenolic profile of hemp seed oil from every solvent mixture was unveiled using HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS2, identifying many phenolic compounds, such as N-caffeoyltyramine, cannabisins (A, B, C and O) isocannabisine N, demethylgrossamide, 3,3-didemethylgrossamide, 3,3-demethylheliotropamide, and grossamide. Moreover, the analyses indicated a substantial presence of hydroxycinnamic acids and lignan amides (up to 58.79 and 85.01 mg/kg, respectively) in the oil extracted with a binary mixture of 2-propanol – ethyl acetate (50–50 %).
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Underutilised agricultural land and former peat production areas in northern Europe are potentially suitable for growing lignocellulosic biomass that could be used in various non-food applications. In this study, the biorefining process of Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass), Phragmites australis (common reed), and Cannabis sativa (oil and fibre hemp cultivars) was assessed based on their chemical composition and biological activity using various analytical techniques. Two-stage accelerated solvent extraction was used first with hexane, followed by EtOH/H2O (95/5, v/v) to extract the lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions of the samples collected during and after the growing season. Later, pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE) and two-stage extraction were performed to examine the biorefinery potential of aqueous extracts focusing on extraction efficiency, quality, and chemical composition of the plant materials. Combining two-stage and elevated extraction temperatures with PHWE resulted in high levels of total dissolved solids (TDS), carbohydrates, phenolics, and bioactivities. Data showed that TDS yielded over 400 mg g⁻¹ for summer oil hemp and approximately 300 mg g⁻¹ for reed canary grass and common reed. Summer-harvested plants had carbohydrate yields of 110–155 mg g⁻¹, while autumn yields were 40–60 mg g⁻¹ for hemp and 120–170 mg g⁻¹ for reed canary grass and common reed, respectively. The findings suggest that aboveground biomass from marginal lands holds potential as a valuable source of bioactive compounds for biorefinery feedstocks, thereby presenting new opportunities for sustainable biomass-based valorisation and future optimisation of two-stage extraction methods targeting hemicellulose-rich fractions.
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The cold-pressed hempseed oil (HO) has been increasingly exploited in human diet for its excellent nutritional and healthy properties. However, it has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and chlorophylls, which inevitably accelerate its oxidative deterioration, especially in presence of light. In this scenario, the filtration technology may ameliorate the oxidative stability of the oil, with positive effects on its nutritional quality and shelf-life. Therefore, in this study, the oxidative stability and minor compounds of non-filtered and filtered HO (NF-HO and F-HO) were monitored over 12 weeks of storage in transparent glass bottles. F-HO showed a better hydrolytic and oxidative status than NF-HO during storage. As a result, F-HO displayed also a better preservation of total MUFA and PUFA in the autoxidation process. Filtration consistently reduced chlorophylls, thus, causing a variation of the natural color of HO. Accordingly, F-HO not only revealed an increased resistance to photooxidation but was also suitable for storage in clear bottles within 12 weeks. F-HO predictably showed lower carotenoids, tocopherols, polyphenols, and squalene compared to NF-HO. However, filtration appeared to play a “protective role” toward these antioxidants, which had lower degradation rates in F-HO than NF-HO for 12 weeks. Interestingly, the element profile of HO was not affected by filtration and remained stable during the study period. Overall, this study may be of practical use to both producers and marketers of cold-pressed HO.
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For many years, Colombia was one of the countries with the largest illegal cultivation of cannabis around the world. Currently, it is going through a period of transition with a new government law that recently allows the cultivation, transformation, and commercialization of such plant species. In this sense, the identification of strategies for the valorization of products or by-products from Cannabis sativa represent a great opportunity to improve the value chain of this crop. One of these products is hemp seeds, which are exceptionally nutritious and rich in healthy lipids (with high content of three polyunsaturated fatty acids: linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and gamma-linolenic acid), good quality protein, and several minerals. In addition, hemp seeds contain THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) or CBD (cannabidiol) in traces, molecules that are responsible for the psychoactive and therapeutic properties of cannabis. These low terpenophenolic contents make it more attractive for food applications. This fact, together with the constant search for proteins of vegetable origin and natural food ingredients, have aroused an important interest in the study of this biomass. Some bioactivities of phytochemical compounds (polyphenols and terpenoids, mainly) present in hemp seeds have provided antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review summarizes and discusses the context of hemp use in Latin-American and the new opportunities for hemp seeds culture in Colombia considering the valuable nutritional value, main functional bioactivities, and recent advances in food market applications of hemp seeds.
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Введение: Повышение пищевой ценности рационов питания населения относится к приоритетным задачам национального и международного уровня. Мучные кондитерские изделия представляют собой перспективную основу для обогащения их функциональными ингредиентами. Семена конопли и продукты их переработки вызывают научный интерес в исследованиях области питания. В последние годы обсуждение данного сырья заметно возросло ввиду создания сортов технической конопли с низким содержанием наркотических компонентов – тетрагидроканнабинола (ТГК) (0,1…0,3%), легализации возделывания и ее переработки. В связи с этим использование продуктов переработки семян конопли является актуальным направлением, однако, недостаточно изученным.Цель: Изучение эффективности использования продуктов переработки семян конопли для повышения пищевой ценности мучных кондитерских изделий. Материалы и методы: В данном исследовании изучались продукты переработки семян конопли – конопляная мука, измельченное ядро семян конопли, обрушенные семена конопли, белковый концентрат из семян конопли, измельченные семена конопли, конопляное масло и клетчатка семян конопли, в качестве добавок при изготовлении мучных кондитерских изделий. Исследуемые образцы вносились при замесе теста в рецептуру маффинов.Результаты: Физико-химические показатели определялись стандартными методами анализа. Плотность образцов по сравнению с контролем менялась в зависимости от вносимой добавки. При внесении клетчатки и конопляного масла плотность образцов увеличивалась (0,58 и 0,56 г/см3 соответственно). Добавление измельченных семян конопли и муки из семян конопли напротив приводили к снижению плотности образцов – 0,41 г/см3 каждый. Обрушенные семена конопли, белковый концентрат и клетчатка семян конопли положительно влияли на упек образцов (15,87, 16,15 и 16,26% соответственно). Отмечено, что лучший удельный объем был у образца с содержанием 10% конопляной муки – 2,54 см3/г. В результате хранения все продукты переработки семян конопли снижали скорость черствения маффинов. Установлено, что лучшими органолептическими показателями обладали маффины с конопляным маслом, которое полностью заменяло подсолнечное масло в рецептуре образцов. Также высокой комплексной оценкой по органолептическим показателям обладали образцы с конопляной клетчаткой (5%). По уровню энергетической ценности полученные образцы относят к продуктам со средней энергетической ценностью.Выводы: Расширение ассортимента пищевых продуктов, содержащих добавки семян конопли и продуктов их переработки, а также активное потребление населением этих изделий будет содействовать реализации национальных программ по оздоровлению населения.
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Hemp is an ancient crop whose production has been curtailed until recently due to restriction imposed because of phytocannabinoids presence. Industrial hempseed low in tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol is increasingly being grown in many countries, and its acreage is expected to increase further. Commercial hempseed processing generates two major products, oils and proteins and hempseed hulls as a by‐product. The polyunsaturated fatty acid rich oil has 3 : 1 n −6/ n− 3 ratio considered to benefit human health along with γ‐linolenic and stearidonic acids rarely encountered in commercial plant oils. Edestin one of the earliest and easily extractable hempseed proteins can be hydrolyzed along with other hempseed proteins to obtain hydrolysates and bioactive peptides with vascular tone modulation and other beneficial functionalities. The hull is a rich source of lignanamides with demonstrated neuroprotective effects. This chapter reviews the composition of industrial hempseed and processed products, as well as their characteristics, functionality, health benefits, and mode of action. Hempseed components, oil, protein, and lignanamides share common mechanism of action – NF‐κB signaling pathway and apoptosis despite their different mode of action.
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Cannabis sativa L. (Family: Cannabaceae) is reported as one of the oldest cultivated crops for various purposes such as food, medicine and fiber. It is believed to be originated in central Asia around northwest Himalayas and has spread around the world. It is documented to be used as medicine in India and China for almost six thousand years. However, due to the presence of psychoactive tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) compounds such as (-)-trans-△9-tetrahydrocannabinol (△9-THC) and (-)-trans-△8-tetrahydrocannabinol (△8-THC), its cultivation and use is restricted/regulated in many countries. On the other hand, cannabidiol (CBD) oil is gaining a lot of attention in recent years for various medicinal purposes such as the treatment of chronic pain and opioid dependence. Apart from the highly disputed medicinal purposes, hemp seeds are used as food and nutritional products in various cultures around the world. Similarly, the oil obtained from the seeds is used as edible oil and other purposes. One of the main industrial use is the production of high-quality fiber from the stem bark used in textiles, clothing, papers, building materials and biofuel. This chapter covers the history, taxonomy, distribution and current uses and future potentials of hemp as sustainable agricultural crop.Keywords Cannabis sativa HempTetrahydrocannabinol CannabidiolFiberCBD oil
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Cannabis is the most versatile species. Hemp and marijuana have been used for fibre, oil, medicinal and recreational purposes from millennia. Throughout the last century, the plant has been generally outlawed because of its psychotropic effects in many nations. In recent past, the studies on cannabis revealed the evidence of its high medicinal properties and its uses in treating life threatening diseases, which leads to the relaxation of legislation in many counties. Now, the genetic and genomics as well as the cannabis derived products enjoys renewed attention. In this chapter, the discussion was made on the advent of genomics and breeding strategies to improve various traits of cannabis. This will bring insights on future direction of cannabis breeding.
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This study aims to map the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of 50 Greek olive oil samples from the 2005-2006 season according to production region and cultivar and to compare the 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and Folin-Ciocalteu tests for use with olive oil. Antioxidant capacities determined in the hydrophilic fraction range between 5.42 - 22.5 mM gallic acid Kg-1 olive oil for the ABTS method and 1.29 - 9.95 mM Kg-1 for the DPPH method while in total, olive oil TAC ranges between 77 - 177 mM Kg-1 as assessed by the DPPH method. The results of total phenol content range between 3.8 and 29.4 mM Kg-1 olive oil. Total phenol content correlates with total antioxidant capacity assessed in the hydrophilic fraction through the DPPH (r = 0.89) and the ABTS (r = 0.69) assays. The hydrophilic fraction DPPH values correlate significantly with the ABTS values (r = 0.81). However, the DPPH values for total olive oil correlate poorly with the ABTS assay, the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the DPPH assay in hydrophilic fraction. Although total phenolic content shows good correlation with ABTS and DPPH values and could serve as a useful indicator for olive oil antioxidant capacity, the use of a battery of tests contributes to better characterization of the antioxidant capacity of olive oil.
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The protective effect of myricetin against tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes was investigated. Incubating erythrocytes with t-BHP (10(-5) M) caused development of oxidative stress, as evidenced by significant (p < 0.05) increase in erythrocyte malondialdedyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl content, and decrease in intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH), membrane sulphydryl (-SH) groups. Incubation of erythrocytes with myricetin, simultaneously with t-BHP, protected the erythrocytes from oxidative stress, an effect which was dose-dependent. The results demonstrate that myricetin attenuates t-BHP induced oxidative damage, suggesting that supplementation of diet with myricetin/myricetin rich food may be beneficial in all pathological conditions where the antioxidant system of the body is overwhelmed.
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I. INTRODUCTION Fatty acids in foods occur mainly in the form of esters with the alcohol glycerol. The predominant esters are triacylglycerols accompanied by minor amounts of mono-and diacylglycerols and free fatty acids. In fact, most fats and oils can be classi ed as mixtures of mixed glycerides. To understand the chemical and physical properties of these food fats and oils, we have to go back to the properties of the component fatty acids. However, many of the properties of food fats and oils are not simply a re! ection of the properties of the component fatty acids but are also inluenced by the nature of their incorporation into the acylglycerols. In this chapter, therefore, both the properties of fatty acids and their behavior in the form of acylglycerols will be covered.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the bioactivity of the methanol fraction (MF) and n-hexane fraction (HF) of Thymus capitatus leaves in relation to their constituents analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effects of T. capitatus on the growth of pathogenic bacteria associated with respiratory diseases (13 gram-positive and 4 gram-negative) were determined using a microdilution method. The MF was particularly effective on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), ferric-reducing antioxidant power and β-carotene bleaching assays. A strong activity using β-carotene bleaching test was observed with the MF (IC50 of 0.7 μg/mL after 30 min of incubation). In the hypoglycaemic test, a selective α-amylase inhibitory activity was detected with the HF begging the most active (IC50 of 422.5 μg/mL). T. capitatus may represent a source of natural bioactive compounds.
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Phenolic compounds have a fundamental importance in the nutritional and sensory characteristics of virgin olive oil. Problems regarding their qualitative and quantitative evaluation have not been completely solved; hence, in this paper the extractive and HPLC methods of analysis are examined and some modifications are presented. By means of these techniques, elenolic acid and four unknown compounds having phenolic behavior were separated from virgin olive oil. Four of them were correlated with total phenols evaluated by means of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and two of them were correlated with olive oil autoxidation stability.
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This study was conducted to determine the fatty acid (FA) compositions and oxidative stabilities of cold-pressed cranberry, carrot, hemp, and caraway seed oils. The cold-pressed cranberry and hemp seed oils exhibited higher -linolenic acid (18:3n-3) contents with levels of 22 and 19 g/100 g fatty acids, respectively. Cold-pressed carrot seed oil contained about 82% oleic acid and had the lowest total saturated fatty acids among all tested oils. Cold-pressed caraway seed oil had the greatest oxidative stability with an OSI value of 150 hours. In addition, cold-pressed carrot seed oil had the lightest color while hemp seed oil was the darkest among all the oils tested.
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Oxidative stability of flax and hemp oils, and of flax and hemp oils stripped of their minor components, was evaluated in the dark at 60°C and under fluorescent light at 27°C. Several analytical methods were used to assess the oxidative stability of oils. Oil extracts were also investigated for their scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and for their total phenolic contents. The results indicate that bioactive constituents of these edible oils play a major role in their oxidative stability. However, the FA composition of the oils and their total content of tocopherols as well as the type of pigments present contribute to their stability. Nonstripped flax and hemp oils were more stable than their corresponding stripped counterparts. Furthermore, nonstripped hemp oil had a higher oxidative stability than nonstripped flax oil as evidenced by scavenging of DPPH radical and consideration of total phenolic contents.
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The seed of Cannabis sativa L. has been an important source of nutrition for thousands of years in Old World cultures. Non-drug varieties of Cannabis, commonly referred to as hemp, have not been studied extensively for their nutritional potential in recent years, nor has hempseed been utilized to any great extent by the industrial processes and food markets that have developed during the 20th century. Technically a nut, hempseed typically contains over 30% oil and about 25% protein, with considerable amounts of dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. Hempseed oil is over 80% in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and is an exceptionally rich source of the two essential fatty acids (EFAs) linoleic acid (18:2 omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 omega-3). The omega-6 to omega-3 ratio (n6/n3) in hempseed oil is normally between 2:1 and 3:1, which is considered to be optimal for human health. In addition, the biological metabolites of the two EFAs, gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 omega-6; GLA) and stearidonic acid (18:4 omega-3; SDA), are also present in hempseed oil. The two main proteins in hempseed are edestin and albumin. Both of these high-quality storage proteins are easily digested and contain nutritionally significant amounts of all essential amino acids. In addition, hempseed has exceptionally high levels of the amino acid arginine. Hempseed has been used to treat various disorders for thousands of years in traditional oriental medicine. Recent clinical trials have identified hempseed oil as a functional food, and animal feeding studies demonstrate the long-standing utility of hempseed as an important food resource.
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Bergamot ( Citrus bergamia Risso) is a less commercialized Citrus fruit, mainly used for its essential oil extracted from the peel. Bergamot peel (BP) represents about 60% of the processed fruits and is regarded as primary waste. However, it contains good amounts of useful compounds, such as pectins and flavonoids. Many of the bioactivities of Citrus flavonoids appear to impact vascular endothelial cells. Herein, we report the protective effect of two flavonoid-rich extracts from BP (endowed with radical-scavenging properties and lacking genotoxic activity) against alterations in cell modifications induced by the pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as demonstrated by monitoring intracellular levels of malondialdehyde/4-hydroxynonenal, reduced and oxidized glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity, and the activation status of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Thus, BP appears to be a potential source of natural antioxidant/anti-inflammatory phytocomplexes to be employed as ingredients of nutraceutical products or functional foods.
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4-methylcoumarins that possess two hydroxyl groups ortho to each other in the benzenoid ring have shown to have excellent antioxidant and radical-scavenging properties in different experimental models. Furthermore, they cannot be metabolized by the liver P450 monoxygenases and thus cannot form 3,4-coumarin epoxides, which are believed to be mutagenic. Herein, we present a study on the structure activity relationship of eight synthetic 4-methylcoumarins, carried out by employing a series of different chemical cell-free tests. These compounds were tested by means of three assays involving one redox reaction with the oxidant (DPPH assay, ABTS.+ assay and FRAP). Other assays were employed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the coumarins under investigation against NO, O2.- and HClO, which are some of the major reactive oxygen and nitrogen species causing damage in the human body. Finally, we have measured the protective capacity of these coumarins against the oxidative damage in a simple biomimetic model of phospholipid membranes. Our results confirm the good antioxidant activity of the 7,8-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarins. In general, their activity is not significantly affected by the introduction of an ethoxycarbonylmethyl or an ethoxycarbonylethyl moiety at the C3 position. A discrete antioxidant activity is retained also by the 7,8-diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarins, although they are less efficient than the corresponding 7,8-dihydroxy compounds. Furthermore, as demonstrated in the brine shrimp toxicity test, none of the tested coumarins significantly affect the larvae viability. Two of the 4-methylcoumarins (7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin and 7,8-dihydroxy-3-ethoxycarbonylethyl-4-methylcoumarin), very interestingly, showed strong scavenging activities against the superoxide anion and were also very effective in protecting the lipid bilayer against peroxidation. On the basis of these findings, these 4-methylcoumarins may be considered as potential therapeutic candidates for pathological conditions characterized by free radical overproduction.
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This study was designed to examine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oils and methanol extracts of Myrtus communis var. italica L. leaf, stem and flower. Myrtle leaf and flower were the valuable organs for the essential oil production representing a yield of 0.61% and 0.30% (w/w), respectively. The essential oil composition of myrtle leaf and flower was characterized by high proportions of alpha-pinene, the main compound of monoterpene hydrocarbon class, with 58.05% for leaf and 17.53% for flower. Stem was rich in oxygenated monoterpenes, largely due to 1,8-cineole with 32.84%. The total phenol contents varied between different myrtle parts; leaf extract had higher total phenol content (33.67 mg GAE/g) than flower (15.70 mg GAE/g) and stem (11.11 mg GAE/g) extracts. Significant differences were also found in total tannin contents among different myrtle parts, representing 26.55 mg GAE/g in leaf, 11.95 mg GAE/g in flower, 3.33 mg GAE/g in stem. The highest contents of total flavonoids and condensed tannins were observed in stem (5.17 and 1.99 mg CE/g, respectively) and leaf (3 and 1.22 mg CE/g, respectively) extracts. The HPLC analysis indicated that the main phenolic class was hydrolysable tannins (gallotannins) in leaf (79.39%, 8.90 mg/g) and flower (60.00%, 3.50mg/g) while the stem was characterized by the predominance of flavonoid class (61.38%, 1.86 mg/g) due to the high presence of catechin (36.91%, 1.12 mg/g). Antioxidant activities of the essential oil and the methanolic extract from different myrtle parts were evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging, beta-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching, reducing power and metal chelating activity assays. In all tests, methanolic extracts of different myrtle parts showed better antioxidant activity than essential oils.
Article
The occurrence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), termed as prooxidants, is a characteristic of normal aerobic organisms. The term “reactive oxygen species” collectively denotes oxygen-centered radicals such as superoxide (O2·-)and hydroxyl (·OH), as well as nonradical species derived from oxygen, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), singlet oxygen (1ΔgO2) and hypochlorous acid (HOC1). Radical reactions are central to the maintenance of homeostasis in biological systems. Radical species perform a cardinal role in many physiological processes such as cytochrome P450-mediated oxidative transformation reactions, a plethora of enzymic oxidation reactions, oxidative phosphorylation, regulation of the tone of smooth muscle, and killing of microorganisms.1–3 Excessive generation of free radicals can have deleterious biological consequences.4–6 Organisms are equipped with an armamentarium of defense systems, termed antioxidants in order to safeguard them against the onslaught of ROS.1–3,7 When the generation of prooxidants overwhelms the capacity of antioxidant defense systems oxidative stress ensues. This can cause tissue damage leading to pathophysiological events. ROS play a pivotal role in the action of numerous foreign compounds (xenobiotics). Their increased production seems to accompany most forms of tissue injury.4,5 Whether sustained and increased production of ROS is a primary event in human disease progression or a secondary consequence of tissue injury has been discussed.5,6 Whatever may be the case, the formation of free radicals has been implicated in a multitude of disease states ranging from inflammatory/immune injury to myocardial infarction and cancer.
Article
A simple, automated test measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma, the FRAP assay, is presented as a novel method for assessing "antioxidant power." Ferric to ferrous ion reduction at low pH causes a colored ferrous-tripyridyltriazine complex to form. FRAP values are obtained by comparing the absorbance change at 593 nm in test reaction mixtures with those containing ferrous ions in known concentration. Absorbance changes are linear over a wide concentration range with antioxidant mixtures, including plasma, and with solutions containing one antioxidant in purified form. There is no apparent interaction between antioxidants. Measured stoichiometric factors of Trolox, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and uric acid are all 2.0; that of bilirubin is 4.0. Activity of albumin is very low. Within- and between-run CVs are <1.0 and <3.0%, respectively, at 100-1000 micromol/liter. FRAP values of fresh plasma of healthy Chinese adults: 612-1634 micromol/liter (mean, 1017; SD, 206; n = 141). The FRAP assay is inexpensive, reagents are simple to prepare, results are highly reproducible, and the procedure is straightforward and speedy. The FRAP assay offers a putative index of antioxidant, or reducing, potential of biological fluids within the technological reach of every laboratory and researcher interested in oxidative stress and its effects.
Article
Several fresh orange juices, obtained from five different Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck varieties (three pigmented varieties, Moro, Sanguinello, and Tarocco, and two blond varieties, Valencia late and Washington navel), were subjected to antioxidant profile determination (including total polyphenols, flavanones, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and ascorbic acid). The antioxidant activity of these juices was then assessed by means of different "in vitro" tests (bleaching of the stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical; peroxidation, induced by the water-soluble radical initiator 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride, on mixed dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/linoleic acid unilamellar vesicles; scavenging activity against nitric oxide; total antioxidant status). All orange juices tested showed an evident antioxidant effect. Our findings indicate the following: (1) the antioxidant efficiency of orange juices may be attributed, in a significant part at least, to their content of total phenols, (2) while ascorbic acid seems to play a minor role; (3) the antioxidant activity of orange juices is related not only to structural features of phytochemicals contained in them, but also to their capability to interact with biomembranes; (4) finally, as to pigmented juices, their antioxidant efficiency appears to be widely influenced by the anthocyanin level. One could speculate that the supply of natural antioxidant phenols through daily consumption of orange juice might provide additional protection against in vivo oxidation of cellular biomolecules.
Article
Fresh strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), raspberries (Rubus idaeus Michx.), highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), and lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) were stored at 0, 10, 20, and 30 degrees C for up to 8 days to determine the effects of storage temperature on whole fruit antioxidant capacity (as measured by the oxygen radical absorbing capacity assay, Cao et al., Clin. Chem. 1995, 41, 1738-1744) and total phenolic, anthocyanin, and ascorbate content. The four fruit varied markedly in their total antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant capacity was strongly correlated with the content of total phenolics (0.83) and anthocyanins (0.90). The antioxidant capacity of the two blueberry species was about 3-fold higher than either strawberries or raspberries. However, there was an increase in the antioxidant capacity of strawberries and raspberries during storage at temperatures >0 degrees C, which was accompanied by increases in anthocyanins in strawberries and increases in anthocyanins and total phenolics in raspberries. Ascorbate content differed more than 5-fold among the four fruit species; on average, strawberries and raspberries had almost 4-times more ascorbate than highbush and lowbush blueberries. There were no ascorbate losses in strawberries or highbush blueberries during 8 days of storage at the various temperatures, but there were losses in the other two fruit species. Ascorbate made only a small contribution (0.4-9.4%) to the total antioxidant capacity of the fruit. The increase observed in antioxidant capacity through postharvest phenolic synthesis and metabolism suggested that commercially feasible technologies may be developed to enhance the health functionality of small fruit crops.
Article
A major development of carcinogenesis research in the past 20 years has been the discovery of significant levels of DNA damage arising from endogenous cellular sources. Dramatic improvements in analytical chemistry have provided sensitive and specific methodology for identification and quantitation of DNA adducts. Application of these techniques to the analysis of nuclear DNA from human tissues has debunked the notion that the human genome is pristine in the absence of exposure to environmental carcinogens. Much endogenous DNA damage arises from intermediates of oxygen reduction that either attack the bases or the deoxyribosyl backbone of DNA. Alternatively, oxygen radicals can attack other cellular components such as lipids to generate reactive intermediates that couple to DNA bases. Endogenous DNA lesions are genotoxic and induce mutations that are commonly observed in mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Their mutagenicity is mitigated by repair via base excision and nucleotide excision pathways. The levels of oxidative DNA damage reported in many human tissues or in animal models of carcinogenesis exceed the levels of lesions induced by exposure to exogenous carcinogenic compounds. Thus, it seems likely that oxidative DNA damage is important in the etiology of many human cancers. This review highlights some of the major accomplishments in the study of oxidative DNA damage and its role in carcinogenesis. It also identifies controversies that need to be resolved. Unraveling the contributions to tumorigenesis of DNA damage from endogenous and exogenous sources represents a major challenge for the future.
Article
There is increasing evidence that aldehydes generated endogenously during the degradation process of biological molecules are involved in many of the pathophysiologies associated with cardiovasular diseases such as atherosclerosis and the long-term complications of diabetes. Major sources of reactive aldehydes in vivo are lipid peroxidation, glycation, and amino acid oxidation. Although the types of aldehydes are varied, the important aldehydes that can exert biological effects relevant to the pathobiology of oxidant injury are represented by 2-alkenals, 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, and ketoaldehydes. These aldehydes exhibit facile reactivity with proteins, generating stable products at the end of a series of reactions. The protein-bound aldehydes can be detected as constituents not only in in vitro oxidized low-density lipoproteins but also in animal models of atherosclerosis and in human patients with increased risk factors or clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, indicating that they could indeed be involved in the caldiovascular pathology. On the other hand, a number of reactive aldehydes have been implicated as inducers in generating intracellular oxidative stress and activation of stress signaling pathways, that integrate with other signaling pathways to control cellular responses to the extracellular stimuli.
Article
We recently reported the improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay using fluorescein (FL) as the fluorescent probe. The current ORAC(FL) assay is limited in hydrophilic antioxidant due to the aqueous environment of the assay. Lipophilic antioxidants mainly include the vitamin E family and carotenoids, which play a critical role in biological defense systems. In this paper, we expanded the current ORAC(FL) assay to lipophilic antioxidants. Randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin (RMCD) was introduced as the water solubility enhancer for lipophilic antioxidants. Seven percent RMCD (w/v) in a 50% acetone-H(2)O mixture was found to sufficiently solubilize vitamin E compounds and other lipophilic phenolic antioxidants in 75 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). This newly developed ORAC assay (abbbreviated ORAC(FL-LIPO)) was validated through linearity, precision, accuracy, and ruggedness. The validation results demonstrate that the ORAC(FL-LIPO) assay is reliable and robust. For the first time, by using 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-carboxylic acid as a standard (1.0), the ORAC values of alpha-tocopherol, (+)-gamma-tocopherol, (+)-delta-tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol acetate, tocotrienols, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, and gamma-oryzanol were determined to be 0.5 +/- 0.02, 0.74 +/- 0.03, 1.36 +/- 0.14, 0.00, 0.91 +/- 0.04, 0.16 +/- 0.01, and 3.00 +/- 0.26, respectively. The structural information of oxidized alpha-tocopherol obtained by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry reveals that the mechanism for the reaction between the vitamin E and the peroxyl radical follows the hydrogen atom transfer mechanism, which is in agreement with the notion that vitamin E is the chain-breaking antioxidant.
Article
Four kinds of solvent extracts from three Chinese barley varieties (Ken-3, KA4B, and Gan-3) were used to examine the effects of extraction solvent mixtures on antioxidant activity evaluation and their extraction capacity and selectivity for free phenolic compounds in barley through free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal chelating activity, and individual and total phenolic contents. Results showed that extraction solvent mixtures had significant impacts on antioxidant activity estimation, as well as different extraction capacity and selectivity for free phenolic compounds in barley. The highest DPPH* and ABTS*+ scavenging activities and reducing power were found in 80% acetone extracts, whereas the strongest *OH scavenging activity, O2*- scavenging activity, and metal chelating activity were found in 80% ethanol, 80% methanol, and water extracts, respectively. Additionally, 80% acetone showed the highest extraction capacity for (+)-catechin and ferulic, caffeic, vanillic, and p-coumaric acids, 80% methanol for (-)-epicatechin and syringic acid, and water for protocatechuic and gallic acids. Furthermore, correlations analysis revealed that TPC, reducing power, DPPH* and ABTS*+ scavenging activities were well positively correlated with each other (p < 0.01). Thus, for routine screening of barley varieties with higher antioxidant activity, 80% acetone was recommended to extract free phenolic compounds from barley. DPPH* scavenging activity and ABTS*+ scavenging activity or reducing power could be used to assess barley antioxidant activity.
Article
This study describes the radioprotective ability of a hydrolysate prepared using an enzyme-acid hydrolysis method from the green mussel Perna viridis in terms of its ability to prevent radiation-induced damage in plasmid DNA, cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and DNA damage in mice lymphocytes. The mussel hydrolysate (MH) present during irradiation showed significant protection from gamma-radiation-induced strand breaks in plasmid DNA as evaluated by gel electrophoresis. Viability studies by trypan blue dye exclusion and MTT assay showed that preincubation of mice splenic lymphocytes with MH protected them from gamma-radiation-mediated killing. Moreover, the presence of MH during irradiation of isolated mice lymphocytes significantly decreased the DNA damage, as measured by comet assay. Measurement of intracellular ROS by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence revealed that the presence of MH effectively reduced the ROS generated in lymphocytes by both chemical method and gamma-irradiation. Prevention of DNA damage both in plasmid and lymphocytes and cell death in lymphocytes appears correlated with reduction of oxidatively generated free radicals. It is concluded that protection against radiation-induced cell death and DNA damage by MH was attributable to reduction of reactive free radical species generated by gamma-radiation.
Article
Almond (Prunus dulcis[Mill.] D.A. Webb) skins have been proposed as a source of bioactive polyphenols. In this article, the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of almond skins obtained from different processes (blanching [freeze-drying], blanching + drying, and roasting) were studied. A total of 31 phenolic compounds corresponding to flavan-3-ols (33% to 56% of the total of phenolic compounds identified), flavonol glycosides (9% to 36%), hydroxybenzoic acids and aldehydes (6% to 26%), flavonol aglycones (1.7% to 18%), flavanone glycosides (3% to 7.7%), flavanone aglycones (0.69% to 5.4%), hydroxycinnamic acids (0.65% to 2.6%), and dihydroflavonol aglycones (0% to 2.8%) were determined in the skins from 3 different varieties of almonds. The total contents of phenolic compounds identified were significantly (P < 0.05) higher (around 2-fold) in the roasted samples than in the blanched almonds (freeze-dried). Industrial drying (oven drying) of the blanched almond skins produced an increase (< 2-fold) in the contents of phenolic compounds, although the results were only statistically significant (P < 0.05) for some samples. The antioxidant activity (ORAC values) was higher for the roasted samples (0.803 to 1.08 mmol Trolox/g), followed by the samples subjected to blanching + drying (0.398 to 0.575 mmol Trolox/g) and then the blanched (freeze-dried) samples (0.331 to 0.451 mmol Trolox/g). Roasting is the most suitable type of industrial processing of almonds to obtain almond skin extracts with the greatest antioxidant capacity.
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Finola hempseed oil (FHSO), lypophilic (LF) and hydrophilic fractions (HF) Results are expressed as mean (n = 3) of three independent experiments
Figure 6. Beta carotene bleaching curves of reference compound (BHT), Finola hempseed oil (FHSO), lypophilic (LF) and hydrophilic fractions (HF). Results are expressed as mean (n = 3) of three independent experiments. POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FHSO Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Phytother. Res. (2016)
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