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Wine Tourism Moving Towards Sustainable Viticulture? Challenges, Opportunities and Tools to Internalize Sustainable Principles in the Wine Sector
Abstract
This article sets forth definitions for analysis, drivers and main issues in order to internalize sustainability principles in wine tourism. It analyzes current frameworks used to evaluate sustainability performance or guide implementation of sustainability programmes presented as assessments, labels, guides and/or certifications. They are classified here in three main groups: (1) general frameworks applied to sustainability criteria or environmental management and management processes; (2) frameworks focused on tourism, using a territorial scale; and (3) sustainable viticulture frameworks, programmes and certifications supported by national or regional initiatives. A cross-analysis of each category discusses the approach of the classical tripod (environmental, economical and social aspects), in addition to territorial aspects, in a cross-disciplinary perspective. Finally, it summarizes challenges and opportunities to wine tourism, highlighting the main issues in each dimension of sustainability and territorial aspects and detailing how tourism can act to reinforce sustainable viticulture programmes enhancing territorial aspects and wine sustainability.
... afectaciones al paisaje y ecosistemas, insumos, desperdicios (Grimstad & Burgess, 2014;Warner, 2007;Sabbado Flores & Vieira Medeiros, 2016 ...
... Primero con la construcción de un sistema de monitoreo sobre los impactos medioambientales y sociales en la región, y la consecuente promoción de procesos de siembra y producción ecológica. Del conocimiento de los turoperadores también se refleja la necesidad de crear producto turístico diversificado, que ponga en valor el patrimonio cultural, natural e histórico, integrador de la comunidad (Alonso & Liu, 2012;Sabbado Flores & Vieira Medeiros, 2016). ...
... Con estos resultados evidencian la necesidad de desarrollar estrategias de sensibilización a los visitantes, en cumplimiento con el deber ser del turismo sustentable, que apuesta por experiencias que contribuyan al fortalecimiento de conocimientos y comportamientos a favor del medio ambiente, brindando la oportunidad de ampliar la percepción de la fragilidad del entorno, las actividades recreativas compatibles con el entorno, la mejor valoración del patrimonio cultural, histórico y natural, generando beneficios en la comunidad, con el objetivo de mantener los atributos que hacen a la región única (Sabbado Flores & Vieira Medeiros, 2016;Holohan & Remaud, 2014). ...
... According to Flores and Medeiros (2016), although sometimes the positive impacts of tourism are overestimated, its potential for multiplier effects should not be underestimated, in the sense that wine tourism can be an important tool to promote a wine region while improving a support structure (such as accommodation, food, leisure, shopping, and entertainment) that can interact with other sectors of the territory. Wine tourism has the capacity to play a significant role in the STD, sustaining regional, economic and social foundations and taking care of environmental dimensions (Mitchell; Hall, 2000). ...
Rural tourism has emerged as a tool capable of “reviving” and promoting rural areas, generating sufficient conditions to combat aspects such as poverty and rural exodus, through the generation of employment and income, appreciation of local products, among others. In this scenario, wine tourism also gains space, raised as a strategy to promote the territory and the wine sector. However, when not properly planned and coordinated, wine tourism can bring considerable negative impacts, especially to resident populations. Thus, the present work aimed to identify the role of wine tourism in the Sustainable Territorial Development of Vale dos Vinhedos, based on the analysis of territorial indicators and the perceptions of residents, entrepreneurs, and key actors in the territory. In view of this, the main contributions of wine tourism in the generation of socioeconomic benefits were observed, in the presence of its negative impacts, as well as the main conflicts manifested through the expansion of wine tourism practice in Vale dos Vinhedos.
... The local impact of wine tourism has both positive aspects, namely an opportunity for development (Lopes et al., 2018;Ferreira & Hunter, 2017;Correia & Brito, 2016), as well as negative ones, in terms of local attitude to wine tourists and environmental effects. These negative aspects have long been a source of concern (Poitras & Donald, 2006), and have more recently been examined e.g. in (Xu et al., 2016;Flores & Medeiros, 2016;Sun & Drakeman, 2022). A crucial point in this respect, which is receiving increasing attention, is the adoption of sustainable practices in the wine tourism sector (Nave et al., 2021). ...
We analyze why the impact of wine tourism in Spain lags behind France and Italy. We argue that a key factor is a lack of attraction of foreign enotourists, especially among tourists who visit a wine PDO region anyway. The international tourist profiles visiting such Spanish wine PDOs are identified and segmented with the ultimate objective of fine-tuning the gastro-touristic offer in these regions. In particular, an innovative two-step Latent Class Model (LCM) with covariates is developed. The first step concerns the sociodemographic profiles of potential international enotourists, which is therefore complementary to existing segmentations of actual enotourists. The second step uses touristic activities in order to profile the possible ways of reaching different types of tourists. The daily expenditure and the tourists' valuation are included as covariates, allowing to predict the probability of class membership, and thus to define priority target profiles for market positioning.
... Academic literature indicates that the sustainable development of wineries requires the implementation of innovations that are able to balance their economic benefit with social and environmental welfare in the environment in which they operate (Amarando et al., 2019). In this context, wine tourism is a product innovation capable of generating wealth for wineries, society and the environment (Flores and Medeiros, 2016;Crespi-Vallbona and Mascarilla-Mir o, 2020). In the following section, the link between wine BFJ tourism and green innovations is explored in more detail, given that this typology of green innovations can be explained through the increase in the stock of ecological knowledge derived from the development of wine tourism activities. ...
Purpose
This research focuses on analysing the effect of wine tourism on green product and process innovations developed by Spanish wineries. In addition, age, size and membership in a protected designation of origin (PDO) are introduced as control variables to increase the precision of the cause–effect relationship analysed.
Design/methodology/approach
The study proposes a conceptual model based on previous studies, which is tested using structural equations (partial least squares structural equation modelling [PLS-SEM]) with data collected from 202 Spanish wineries.
Findings
The research results show that wine tourism activity has a positive and significant influence on green product and process innovation.
Originality/value
The research contributes to the academic literature in several ways. First, the study advances knowledge and understanding of the benefits generated by wine tourism. Second, the research contributes to the literature that analyses the wine tourism–sustainability link, since it is predicted that this type of tourism can increase the capacity for green innovation. Third, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no previous research that has analysed wine tourism as a catalytic variable for green innovation. Fourth, the proposed theoretical model has not been previously addressed in the academic literature, so the study represents an important advance in scientific knowledge.
... There are also other negative impacts that need to be considered, such as water consumption, waste generation and the impact on biodiversity (V azquez-Vicente et al., 2021). However, several researches on the subject point out that, when WT is properly developed, it can bring additional income to a community, halt the adverse effects of rural depopulation, protect wildlife and natural habitats and act as a structuring element of the territory through the protection of its heritage, its wine-growing landscape and its customs (Flores and Medeiros, 2016;Trigo and Silva, 2022). ...
Purpose
The research focuses on analysing the effect of wine tourism (WT) on the green performance (GP) of Spanish wineries, as well as the mediating role of green intellectual capital (GIC) and the moderating effect of circular economy practices (CEPs) developed by wineries in this main relationship. In addition, age, size and protected designation of origin (PDO) membership are introduced as control variables to increase the precision of the cause–effect relationships analysed.
Design/methodology/approach
A conceptual model is proposed through the literature review carried out and then verified through structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) based on data obtained from a survey of 202 Spanish wineries between September 2021 and January 2022.
Findings
The results of the study show that WT activity has a positive and significant effect on the GP of wineries, also demonstrating the mediating effect of GIC and the moderating role of CEPs in this relationship.
Originality/value
The study contributes to the academic literature in several ways. First, to the best of our knowledge, no previous study has addressed the impact of WT on the set of wineries' ecological intangibles. Second, to the authors’ knowledge, no previous study has analysed the mediating effect of GIC on the WT-GP relationship. Third, there is no previous attempt to deal with the moderating role of CEPs in the main relationship under analysis. Fourth, the proposed theoretical model has not been previously addressed in the academic literature.
... Amongst the eight issues that are identified as 'emerging' in present and future literature, Thach (2016) highlights 'Environmental Impact' and 'Increased Saturation and Competition/ Sustainability'. Albeit from a variety of directions, a number of scholars have attempted to explore wine tourism with respect to sustainability (Alonso & Liu, 2012a;Flores & Medeiros, 2016;Grimstad, 2011;Poitras & Getz, 2006). Yet, no published evidence to date incorporates the resilience viewpoint into the existing theoretical framework of wine tourism 1 . ...
This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of the intertwined challenges that, on the one hand, pose a threat to the resilience of wine tourism, whilst on the other hand, prevent the sector’s further development. The study, conducted in the Greek context, is based on personal, in-depth interviews with 39 key stakeholders and national experts. Thematic Analysis was used to interpret the qualitative data and identify prominent themes in participants’ responses. Specific stress factors were grouped into three main categories (i.e., economic, social and environmental), laying the basis for the development of an integrative resilience framework for wine tourism.
This study aims to examine the influence of wine tourism on the adoption of environmentally friendly innovations in products and processes among Spanish wineries. To accurately identify cause-and-effect relationships, the research incorporates control variables such as the age of the winery, its size, and its affiliation with a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). The study is based on a conceptual model derived from existing literature, and it employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) for empirical analysis, using data from 202 Spanish wineries. The findings reveal that wine tourism significantly and positively impacts the development of eco-friendly product and process innovations.
This study aims to explore the influence of Wine Tourism (WT) on the Sustainable Performance (SP) of wineries in Spain. It particularly investigates how Corporate Social Legitimacy (CSL) and Green Innovation (GI) may act as intermediary factors in this relationship. Additionally, the research considers the age of the winery, its size, and whether it is part of a protected designation of origin as control variables to enhance the accuracy of the identified cause‐and‐effect relationships. This research introduces a theoretical framework, grounded in prior literature, and examines it through structural equation modeling. The analysis is based on data gathered from 196 wineries in Spain, collected over the period from September 2022 to January 2023. The results of this study highlight a notable and positive correlation between the advancement of WT and the SP of wineries in Spain. Additionally, the study uncovers that CSL and GI play a partially mediating role in this connection. The uniqueness and significance of this study can be attributed to several crucial factors. First, it enhances the understanding and knowledge regarding the advantages associated with WT development. Second, no prior research has conducted a comprehensive study on the WT development as a catalyst for economic, social, and environmental outcomes within the context of Spanish wineries. Third, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous study has simultaneously analyzed the mediating role of CSL and GI as mediators in the relationship between WT development and the SP of wineries.
Sustainable management in the sector of winemaking, despite being a relatively recent development, is deeply linked to the tradition of the sector, that has centuries of history (Da Silva Lopes et al, The changing and flexible nature of imitation and adulteration: The case of the global wine industry, 1850–1914. Business History Review, 94(2), 347–371, 2020), a tradition that has seen the art of winemaking evolve in response to the changing dynamics of our world, and has shaped the current practices of wine production, strengthening the relationship between humanity and wine, a relationship that has been both a source of artistic expression and a reflection of the environmental and societal contexts of each era (Forbes et al, Social sustainability in the global wine industry: Concepts and Cases. Palgrave MacMillan, 2020).
Chapter 9
Green Innovation in Wine Tourism: Insights From the Spanish Wine Sector
Javier Martínez Falcó, Eduardo Sánchez-García, Bartolomé Marco-Lajara, Luis A. Millán-Tudela, Cristina Raluca Gh. Popescu
The purpose of this study is to investigate how wine tourism influences the adoption of environmentally friendly product and process innovations by Spanish wineries. The research includes control variables like the winery's age, its size, and its association with a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) to accurately delineate cause-effect relationships. A conceptual model, grounded in existing literature, forms the basis of this study and is empirically examined through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), drawing on data from 202 Spanish wineries. The results demonstrate that wine tourism substantially and positively impacts the development of green product and process innovations. This research contributes to academic discourse in several ways. It enhances the understanding of the beneficial outcomes linked with wine tourism and adds to the existing knowledge on the nexus between wine tourism and sustainability.
With more than 40 million tourists visiting wineries each year, wine tourism is increasingly seen as a business strategy that provides economic benefits not only for the wine industry but also for the surrounding region. These economic benefits come with the environmental cost of increasing carbon emissions. This important environmental issue, however, has received very limited attention in existing wine tourism policies, wine industry carbon footprint studies, and wine industry sustainability frameworks. In this study, we provide the first-ever macro-level carbon emission profile for wine tourism activities in Australia. Using environmentally extended input-output modelling, we offer a comprehensive picture of the carbon footprint of this growing market, showing that tourism is responsible for more than one-third of the wine industry’s carbon footprint. We also provide a tradeoff analysis that discusses the amount of emissions that are produced to earn one-dollar of revenue via wine tourism. The results demonstrate that the failure to take the carbon costs of wine tourism into account may encourage the pursuit of an unlimited growth approach to wine tourism, which will increase greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to the effects of climate change that are already being felt in the wine sector.
تعد البصمة الايكولوجية معيار أساسي لتحقيق الاستدامة السياحية داخل المقصد السياحي، كما تساعد في الحفاظ علي البيئة من خلال تقليل الآثار السلبية عليها، وتحقيق التوافق مع البيئة في المقصد السياحي. وقد هدفت الدراسة إلي استكشاف أثر البصمة الايكولوجية علي اتجاهات السائحين في اختيار المقصد السياحي، وكذلك التعرف علي العلاقة بين ممارسات البصمة الايكولوجية أثناء زيارة المقصد السياحي واتجاهات السائحين في اختيار المقصد السياحي. ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة؛ قام الباحث بتوزيع 611 استمارة استقصاء علي عينة عشوائية من السائحين من الجنسيات المختلفة حول العالم، وتم الاعتماد علي تحليل 527 استمارة صالحة للتحليل. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلي وجود علاقة ارتباط طردية موجبة بين البصمة الايكولوجية واتجاهات السائحين في اختيار المقصد السياحي، حيث بلغت قيمة الارتباط 0.599، كما ان هناك علاقة ارتباط طردية موجبة بين الممارسات أثناء زيارة المقصد السياحي واتجاهات السائحين في اختيار المقصد السياحي، حيث بلغت قيمة الارتباط 0.496. كما أثبتت الدراسة أيضاً أن هناك علاقة تأثير معنوية بين البصمة الايكولوجية واتجاهات السائحين في اختيار المقصد السياحي بنسبة 24.8%.
Sustainability is a paradigm that affects many sectors due to an increasing of stakeholders' pressure, economic or political reasons. The wine industry is concerned about sustainability in both senses: it confronts threats from sustainability issues, such as climate change, chemical exposure and water and energy availability and its activities have their own impacts. In this sense, understanding sustainability in the wine world requires identifying definitions and principles, but also a review of current practices. This paper sets forth a cross-country analysis about current sustainability assessment frameworks in six countries (South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, US, Chile and France) in order to identify their main aspects, drivers and issues. A cross-analysis discusses the presentation, the scale, the scope, the governance, the deepness, the learning potential and the content, in a cross-disciplinary perspective. The common grounds are summarized in terms of main indicators linked with official guidelines. Most of the frameworks are certifications or labels in voluntary programs, using a qualitative approach to check compliance with guidelines, without proposing the improvement of sustainability performance. They are more focused on operation and on mitigating impact. All frameworks have indicators considering the main environmental issues to the wine industry. The frameworks development should move toward a more effective proposition for improving wine sustainability, in order to answer to the operational challenges with a strategic thinking. The analysis performed can contribute to the development of sustainability programs, improve current methods and encourage the diffusion of sustainability practices to the individuals or in terms of national programs.
The present study aimed to evaluate the current situation of wine tourism in the Campos de Cima da Serra of Rio Grande do Sul state, in order to identify trends and obstacles for this activity in the state. This study was performed through descriptive research with utilization of a questionnaire applied to wineries that have vineyards located in this region. Data collection was conducted in December 2016 and January 2017. It was verified that because it is a new wine-growing region, wine tourism is underdeveloped, however, there is a great potential for the development of this activity in the region. The main obstacles to the consolidation of wine tourism in this region are the lack of skilled manpower and infrastructure to welcome visitors. It is concluded that wine tourism presents opportunity of growth for the companies, being an important activity in the generation of revenue, since the direct sales to the consumer has great importance, and red wine is the product of greater prominence in that region.
objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes cargas de gemas
na ocorrência de antracnose nos ramos e folhas das variedades
Cabernet Franc e Sauvignon Blanc em regiões de altitude de Santa
Catarina. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro diferentes cargas de
gemas: 15, 30, 50 e 75 gemas.planta-1. As regiões de elevada altitude de
Santa Catarina apresentam alta ocorrência de antracnose e, com a redução
do adensamento do dossel vegetativo, é possível reduzi-la. Ao adotar um
sistema de poda com elevada carga de gemas, deve-se adotar medidas
preventivas para evitar os prejuízos causados pela alta intensidade de
antracnose.
Sustainability is playing a key role in the wine industry as shown by the attention paid at several levels by the academia, institutions and associations. Nevertheless, the principle itself of sustainability opens a wide debate and it significantly affects firms in all their activities. Using a systematic literature review, this paper wants to highlight some of the questions that academics must face when they approach the issue of sustainability with a specific focus on the wine industry. In particular the paper aims to: highlight where research is going and what has already been done; define the contribution of background research in explaining the determinants of sustainable orientation in the wine industry; and understand the role of research (and academics' social responsibility) for the diffusion of a sustainable orientation within the wine industry. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed overview of the main research contributions to the issue of sustainability in the wine industry.
Purpose:– To explore the extent to which the biodiversity trails are imparting knowledge of sustainable viticultural practices, and adding to the winery experience and wine purchase behaviour of winery visitors.
Sustainable development and marketing are applied across the tourism spectrum, yet a need exists to make them relevant to specific forms of tourism, such as wine tourism. In this consumer-driven economy, tourism marketers often seek effective ways to market destinations. This study attempts to identify the environmental wine tourist by examining environmental personality characteristics and certain demographics on purchase intention, thus making it possible to better understand their concerns and motivations, which should aid marketing and advertising efforts. The results suggest wine tourists may be willing to pay for environmentally friendly wines with females possessing stronger environmental attitudes about protecting wine region destinations, thus influencing stronger behaviors toward purchase intention.
Sustainable development has broad appeal and little specificity, but some combination of development and environment as well as equity is found in many attempts to describe it. However, proponents of sustainable development differ in their emphases on what is to be sustained, what is to be developed, how to link environment and development, and for how long a time. Despite the persistent definitional ambi-guities associated with sustainable development, much work (over 500 efforts) has been devoted to developing quantitative indicators of sustainable development. The emphasis on sustainability indicators has multiple motivations, which include decision making and management, advocacy, participation and consensus building, and research and analysis. We select a dozen prominent examples and use this review to highlight their similarities and differences in definition of sustainable development, motivation, process, and technical methods. We conclude that there are no indicator sets that are universally accepted, backed by compelling theory, rigorous data collection and anal-ysis, and influential in policy. This is due to the ambiguity of sustainable development, the plurality of purpose in characterizing and measuring sustainable development, and the confusion of terminology, data, and methods of measurement. A major step in reducing such confusion would be the acceptance of distinctions in terminology, data, and methods. Toward this end, we propose an analytical framework that clearly distin-guishes among goals, indicators, targets, trends, driving forces, and policy responses. We also highlight the need for continued research on scale, aggregation, critical limits, and thresholds.
Sustainability indices for countries provide a one-dimensional metric to valuate country-specific information on the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic, environmental, and social conditions. At the policy level, they suggest an unambiguous yardstick against which a country's development can be measured and even a cross-country comparison can be performed. This article reviews the explanatory power of various sustainability indices applied in policy practice. We show that these indices fail to fulfill fundamental scientific requirements making them rather useless if not misleading with respect to policy advice.
The aim of this paper is to provide a categorisation of sustainability assessment tools within the broader objective of lifting the understanding of sustainability assessment from the environmental-focused realm to a wider interpretation of sustainability. The suggested framework is based on three main categories: indicators/indices, product-related assessment, and integrated assessment tools. There is furthermore the overarching category of monetary valuation tools that can be used as a part of many of the tools listed in the three categories. The tools are also divided by their spatial focus and the level of nature–society system integration. Discussion focuses on if and how the tools fulfil the objectives from the more current understanding of sustainability assessment.
Gary Zucca1,2, David E Smith3,4, Darryl J Mitry5,61National University, Stockton, CA, USA; 2Owner and Winemaker, Zucca Mountain Vineyards, Vallecito, CA, USA; 3National University, Costa Mesa, CA, USA; 4Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Graduate School Faculty, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA; 6National University, San Diego, CA, USAAbstract: Producers in the wine industry are increasingly competing in the area of product differentiation. The focus of this article is product differentiation via sustainable viticulture and consumer perception. The authors report on their independent research, assess previous findings in the literature, and examine the industry trends. The study concludes with important observations on wine consumer perceptions of sustainable practices in the wine industry and implications for industry practices and product development.Keywords: California, biologique, organic, biodynamic, sustainable
Christopher Taylor1, Nelson Barber2, Cynthia Deale31School of Business, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, Roosevelt County, NM, USA; 2Whittemore School of Business, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA; 3Department of Hospitality Management, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC , USAAbstract: Wine tourism marketers frequently seek new ways to promote destinations, often executing ecologically sustainable practices. As consumer environmental knowledge of a wine tourism destination increases, consumer attitudes change, influencing perceptions of the environmental policies of a wine region. In this consumer-driven economy, it is therefore important to search for effective ways to market destinations, and one approach is selective marketing. By focusing on consumers in this manner, it is possible to understand better their concerns and motivations, which should aid in marketing and advertising efforts. This study investigated wine consumers environmental concerns and attitudes about wine regions. Results suggest environmental attitudes differed by demographics regarding the impact of wine tourism, providing ideas on further marketing efforts for those involved in wine tourism.Keywords: sustainable wine tourism, green products, wine marketing, consumers
Hall, C.M., Sharples, E., Cambourne, B. & Macionis, N. (eds.) 2000, Wine Tourism Around the World: Development, Management and Markets, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. 348pp, ISBN 0 7506 4530 X (Hbk)
– paperback edition 2002 ISBN 0 7506 5466 X
For copies of the book please order via a library or purchase online
Après l'anti-roman et la contre-culture, la non-croissance. Trois symptômes, certes très différents, de la remise en question des valeurs par une société à la recherche de nouvelles parades idéologiques aux problèmes demeurés insolubles malgré les progrès spectaculaires de la croissance matérielle ou apparus à la suite de celle-ci : le malaise généralisé des jeunes, la persistance de la misère, l'agression contre l'environnement, la frustration du Tiers Monde qui en est à se demander si au concept même de développement, fondé sur l'efficacité, ne devrait pas se substituer celui de la libération, axé sur la justice sociale et la création d'un homme nouveau.
Previous research has suggested that consumers are becoming increasingly concerned by the effects of conventional agricultural food production practices on human health and environmental wellbeing. This study sought to understand whether environmentally sustainable practices in the vineyard would equate to advantages in the wine marketplace. Structured questionnaires were used to ascertain the views of wine consumers in Christchurch, New Zealand. The findings of this study indicate that consumers have a strong demand for wine which is produced using “green” production practices. Consumers believe that the quality of sustainable wine will be equal to or better than conventionally produced wine, and they are prepared to pay a higher price for this wine.
Ecological economics is a major forum for discussion of theoretical and analytical aspects of measuring sustainability. The role of sustainability indicators as an evaluation method for sustainability within the emerging context of governance merits further analysis. Focusing on policy processes surrounding the production of sustainability indicators, this paper addresses two questions: what is the potential utility of indicators for policy; and in what ways can indicators influence governance? The former is addressed by exploring three disciplines with long histories of indicator application: public administration studies, urban studies and environmental sciences. The latter is addressed by distilling key perspectives from public policy literature on knowledge utilisation and policy learning, which become the foundation for clarifying the notion of policy-resonant indicators. This clarification is achieved by canvassing the spectrum of the influences on indicators and the mechanisms of their resonance in policy processes. The final section of the paper brings these arguments together by exploring two major insights in terms of challenges for ecological economics: strengthening indicator theory and practice by addressing four key ingredients; and mobilisation of indicators through their active use within the context of governance.
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