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Aspects of Fundamental Rights Convergence in Europe with Some Comparative References to the Developments in Germany, United Kingdom and France
Abstract
In the field of Fundamental Rights a process of convergence is going on in Europe. There are three protection levels which are autonomous but functionally interconnected: the national constitutions, the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) and, for the member states of the European Union, the EU Fundamental Rights Charter. A total convergence comes into effect when the EU Charter applies in the member states, alternatively to the national Constitution. The impact of the ECHR on the signatory states’ orders leads to a relative convergence by conceptual transfer. In Germany, the national fundamental rights have to be interpreted in the light of the ECHR independently from its internal rank equivalent to ordinary federal law. In UK the Human Rights Act has established a mechanism which effects the adaptation of legislation to the jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Human Rights Court. In France, Article 55 of the Constitution gives the ECHR primacy over internal legislation. The accession of the EU to the ECHR is not yet been realized but the influences of the Strasbourg jurisprudence are significant. The EU Charter has to be interpreted, in important parts, in the light of the ECHR. It seems justified to state that fundamental rights in Europe undergo a significant convergence process.
The adoption of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has completed, from certain point of view, human rights evolution at the EU level. The Union Charter followed the concept of the protection of fundamental rights as a general principle of EU law formulated by the Court of Justice of the European Union. In line with Article 51(1), the Union Charter is addressed to the institutions of the European Union as well as to the Member States. However, the provisions of the Union Charter are binding on the Member States only when they are implementing Union law. Accordingly, it is necessary to answer the question whether the Member State is “implementing Union law” when the national court is deciding a case which has human rights dimension or a national law is being drafted and adopted. If so, the Union Charter has to be applied or taken into consideration. Case law of the Court of Justice of the EU is of cardinal relevance in this respect and it has to be duly analyzed. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights has been gradually influencing legal systems of the Member States including the Czech Republic. Czech courts apply the Union Charter, though not always in conformity with Article 51(1). All Czech courts are obliged to apply the Union Charter; however, specific attention has to be paid to the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. Jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court includes decision-making in the area of the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. It applies the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms as well as international human rights treaties such as the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The approach of the Constitutional Court is crucial because it defines the status of the Union Charter in Czech legal system, it interprets the Czech Charter in the light of the Union Charter, and thus affects decision-making of other courts.
This text refers to the origin, development and meaning of theprinciple of proportionality, according to its evolution in case law, both comparative law and in our legal system. The principle of proportionality has its roots in Germany, being developed by the constitutional jurisprudence of this country, and then expand its application in Europe, the American system of human rights and the various Latin American countries. Thus, the paper examines the emergence and development in Europe theprinciple of proportionality and its application made by the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, considering a statement of the statements that are considered more representative in this regard.
Si bien el Derecho nos ofrece siempre varias soluciones posibles aplicables a un caso o situación, la determinación de cuál de ellas es la más adecuada es lo mismo que preguntarse cuál de todas ellas es la más razonable. En este trabajo se analizará el origen del principio de razonabilidad y la forma en que ha sido desarrollado en Estados Unidos. Asimismo, se señalará la forma en que este principio ha sido recogido en nuestra Constitución, y cómo ha sido aplicado por la jurisprudencia de nuestro Tribunal Constitucional, para finalmente extraer un listado de criterios de razonabilidad emanados de dicha jurisprudencia.
This book explores the development of both the civil law conception of the Legal State and the common law conception of the Rule of Law. It examines the philosophical and historical background of both concepts, as well as the problem of the interrelation between the two doctrines. The book brings together twenty-five leading scholars from around the world and provides both general and specific jurisdictional perspectives of the issue in both contemporary and historical settings. The Rule of Law is a legal doctrine the meaning of which can only be fully appreciated in the context of both the common law and the European civil law tradition of the Legal State (Rechtsstaat). The Rule of Law and the Legal State are fundamental safeguards of human dignity and of the legitimacy of the state and the authority of state prescriptions.
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