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Brief overview of diversity of wild Indian Musaceae
... A total of ca. 37 wild taxa of Musaceae have been reported to occur in these regions (Sabu et al., 2016). Recently, new taxa have been discovered from these areas, of which most of the endemic species are facing conservation issues (Uma, 2006;Sabu et al., 2016;Singh, 2014). ...
... 37 wild taxa of Musaceae have been reported to occur in these regions (Sabu et al., 2016). Recently, new taxa have been discovered from these areas, of which most of the endemic species are facing conservation issues (Uma, 2006;Sabu et al., 2016;Singh, 2014). Such wild species, popularly known as Crop Wild Relatives, could possibly harbor traits of economic importance that are presently lacking in commercial cultivars (Maxted et al., 2010). ...
... The species is unique as it produces green floral bracts and fruits with golden yellow pulp (indicating the presence of Beta carotene), which is a desirable trait for incorporation in commercial bananas. Due to increasing anthropogenic activities, the species population is dwindling in nature and it has been categorized as threatened species (Sabu et al., 2016;Singh, 2014). In its native habitat, elephants have been reported to consume its fruits and during this process, they damage the plants (Singh, 2014). ...
The quest for prospecting crop wild relatives in search of traits of economic importance has been gaining importance worldwide. Endemic species of such significance need to be given urgent attention for conservation , not only for their future potential uses in modern day agriculture but also due to the roles they play in the ecosystem of their areas of origin and rather narrow distribution. In this research, various aspects of assisted regeneration viz. pretreatment, substrate, storage life, stage for transplanting and post-transplanting survival were studied in an endemic, threatened wild banana species (Musa indandamanensis). Based on germination percentage, growth parameters, seedling vigour index and seedling survival, treatment of freshly extracted seeds with 0.1% KNO 3 for 24 h prior to sowing in vermicompost as substrate was recommended for mass multiplication of the species. Seed storage behavior was studied in the species, which suggested that the species exhibits intermediate seed storage behavior. Seed viability was reduced over time especially after three months of storage and corresponding reduction in seedling vigour index was also recorded. Based on photosynthetic pigments analysis, eight leaf stage was found to be the best for transplanting the seedlings in the field with 100% survival. The species was conserved in field gene bank and Biological Park for facilitating its characterization and subsequent utilization.
... The distribution of M. sanguinea was reported for the first time from Mahuni forests along the banks of Dihing River, Upper Assam, by Gustav Mann (1869). Later, it was also reported from Yunnan, China, by Liu et al. (2002) and it was reported as an extinct species in India by Sabu et al. (2014) and . In contrast, the present study re-reported the presence of M. sanguinea from Tirap district, Arunachal Pradesh, NE India. ...
The present study emphasized the distribution and utilization of both wild and domesticated Musa spp. of the Nocte tribe from Tirap district, Arunachal Pradesh. An extensive field survey was conducted from July to October 2023. A total of 62 households were surveyed randomly with the help of a semi-constructed questionnaire and personal interview. About 69% of the informants were from the age group of 31-60 years. About 84% live in a nuclear family type. Maximum informants were male (74.19%) and were married (80.64%). Only 17.75% of the informants were illiterate and were farmers (46.77%). In this study, 13 wild Musa spp. were reported from Tirap district, and 4 Musa spp. were found to be cultivated by the tribe. Of these, 76.47% were wild, and the rest were domesticated. M. itinerens had a widespread distribution range and occurred in various habitats between 155 and 1,711 masl altitudes. The highest use percentage was found in the Edible use category with 33%, followed by Ceremonies and Rituals (19%), Commercial uses (12%), and both Other and Packing purposes (10% each). Among the plant parts, inflorescences had the highest usage with 30%, followed by leaf (24%), pseudo stem (21%), etc. Among all Musa spp., M. itinerens had the highest number of usages (14 uses), followed by M. nagensium (12 uses).
... The subspecies siamea is documented in Thailand but the great variability reported questions about the validity of its subspecies status [46]. This range does not appear to extend westward into the northeastern Indian subcontinent, where, however, several other Musa species are attested [92,93]. Only a few isolated instances of the Burmannica complex are reported in Assam and Meghalaya [72]. ...
Many species are defined in the Musa section within its natural diversification area in Southeast Asia. However, their actual number remains debated as botanical characterisation, distribution and intraspecific variability are still poorly known, compromising their preservation and their exploitation as crop wild relatives of cultivated forms. To address the underexplored Musa diversity in mainland Southeast Asia, at the northern edge of the natural range, 208 specimens were collected in Vietnam, Laos and China, mainly belonging to Musa balbisiana, M. itinerans, M. acuminata and M. yunnanensis. Data on location, morphology, environment and local knowledge were recorded, and leaf samples collected for high-throughput genotyping. This study combines geographical, morphological, and genomic diversity to clarify the taxonomic classification. The collected species exhibit highly distinctive morphologies and genomes, just as they differ in ranges and life traits. Intraspecific genomic diversity was also observed, although not necessarily morphologically perceptible. Mainland Southeast Asia is confirmed as a primary diversification centre for the Musa section. The diversity observed is only partially represented in major international ex situ collections, calling for their urgent enrichment and the promotion of in situ management procedures, for the protection of these threatened species and to better harness their potential in breeding programmes. Although considered wild, the species studied are all affected to varying extents by human use. Musa yunnanensis and M. acuminata subsp. burmannica are the most strictly wild forms, with spontaneous interspecific hybrids first described in this study. Although gathered as fodder, they were only occasionally dispersed outside their endemic zones. Musa itinerans is not cultivated per se, but natural populations are widely exploited, leading to a geographically structured diversity. The diversity of M. balbisiana is widely distributed and geographically structured by human activities. This species should be regarded as domesticated. These various stages, from simple opportunistic gathering to true domestication, shed light on the evolutionary history of today’s cultivated varieties.
... This species grows in the wild and is characterized by its large, angular fruits and its ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions. Conservation efforts are also important to preserve the genetic diversity of wild Musa species in India [4]. These species face threats from habitat loss, deforestation, and climate change, which can potentially reduce the available genetic resources for future banana breeding and conservation efforts. ...
Bananas are rich source of vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. They are known to have a range of health benefits such as improving digestion, promoting heart health, boosting energy levels, and supporting the immune system. In the present study, both phytochemical and antimicrobial aspects of commonly reported wild Musa varieties (Musa balbisiana & Musa acuminata) were elaborated. The phytochemical analysis of fruit peel and meristem obtained from wild Musa species (Musa balbisiana and Musa acuminata) shows the presence of different metabolic components such as alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, etc. The antimicrobial study shows effect of wild Musa fruit peel ethanol extract on gram negative bacteria (E. coli). At low concentration of fruit peel extract (10 mg/ml) of both species, there is no zone of inhibition. The antimicrobial properties are observed (2 mm Zone of Inhibition) when 50 mg/ml of Musa balbisiana fruit peel extract was applied. No antimicrobial activities were observed in all the Musa acuminata fruit peel extract. Further studies may be carried out to evaluate the ethnobotanical aspects of wild Musa and steps should be taken by the Government for conservation as well as commercialization of different products that are obtained from these wild Musa species.
... Due to the importance of banana's diverse genetic resources, in this review we discuss research conducted in different banana species under drought stress, with a specific focus on the banana genotypes of the northeastern region of India, which is considered one of the significant locations of origin of the Musaceae family. 100 for around 81% of India's entire diversity of wild Musaceae [46]. This further supports the 101 idea that this area is one of the primary places of origin for the family Musaceae and shows 102 that the area bordering Bangladesh, China, and Myanmar is a biodiversity-rich area for 103 the Musaceae. ...
The enormous perennial monocotyledonous herb banana (Musa spp.), which includes dessert and cooking varieties, is found in more than 120 countries and is a member of the order Zingiberales and family Musaceae. The production of bananas requires a certain amount of precipitation throughout the year, and its scarcity reduces productivity in rain-fed banana-growing areas due to drought stress. To increase the tolerance of banana crops to drought stress, it is necessary to explore crop wild relatives (CWRs) of banana. Although molecular genetic pathways involved in drought stress tolerance of cultivated banana have been uncovered and understood with the introduction of high-throughput DNA sequencing technology, next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, and numerous “omics” tools, unfortunately, such approaches have not been thoroughly implemented to utilize the huge potential of wild genetic resources of banana. In India, the northeastern region has been reported to have the highest diversity and distribution of Musaceae, with more than 30 taxa, 19 of which are unique to the area, accounting for around 81% of all wild species. As a result, the area is regarded as one of the main locations of origin for the Musaceae family. The understanding of the response of the banana genotypes of northeastern India belonging to different genome groups to water deficit stress at the molecular level will be useful for developing and improving drought tolerance in commercial banana cultivars not only in India but also worldwide. Hence, in the present review, we discuss the studies conducted to observe the effect of drought stress on different banana species. Moreover, the article highlights the tools and techniques that have been used or that can be used for exploring and understanding the molecular basis of differentially regulated genes and their networks in different drought stress-tolerant banana genotypes of northeast India, especially wild types, for unraveling their potential novel traits and genes.
... Due to the importance of banana's diverse genetic resources, in this review we discuss research conducted in different banana species under drought stress, with a specific focus on the banana genotypes of the northeastern region of India, which is considered one of the significant locations of origin of the Musaceae family. 100 for around 81% of India's entire diversity of wild Musaceae [46]. This further supports the 101 idea that this area is one of the primary places of origin for the family Musaceae and shows 102 that the area bordering Bangladesh, China, and Myanmar is a biodiversity-rich area for 103 the Musaceae. ...
The enormous perennial monocotyledonous herb banana (Musa spp.), which includes dessert and cooking varieties, is found in more than 120 countries and is a member of the order Zingiberales and family Musaceae. The production of bananas requires a certain amount of precipitation throughout the year, and its scarcity reduces productivity in rain-fed banana-growing areas due to drought stress. To increase the tolerance of banana crops to drought stress, it is necessary to explore crop wild relatives (CWRs) of banana. Although molecular genetic pathways involved in drought stress tolerance of cultivated banana have been uncovered and understood with the introduction of high-throughput DNA sequencing technology, next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, and numerous “omics” tools, unfortunately, such approaches have not been thoroughly implemented to utilize the huge potential of wild genetic resources of banana. In India, the northeastern region has been reported to have the highest diversity and distribution of Musaceae, with more than 30 taxa, 19 of which are unique to the area, accounting for around 81% of all wild species. As a result, the area is regarded as one of the main locations of origin for the Musaceae family. The understanding of the response of the banana genotypes of northeastern India belonging to different genome groups to water deficit stress at the molecular level will be useful for developing and improving drought tolerance in commercial banana cultivars not only in India but also worldwide. Hence, in the present review, we discuss the studies conducted to observe the effect of drought stress on different banana species. Moreover, the article highlights the tools and techniques that have been used or that can be used for exploring and understanding the molecular basis of differentially regulated genes and their networks in different drought stress-tolerant banana genotypes of northeast India, especially wild types, for unraveling their potential novel traits and genes.
... Cheesman is distributed across peninsular India and Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman is restricted to the Northeastern states of India (Sabu et al., 2016). Compared to cultivated bananas, which have been researched in several countries, wild seeded bananas have not drawn much interest, and they are less exploited folklore species. ...
Ensete superbum Roxb. Cheesman (wild banana) is a plant traditionally used for the treatment of fever and diarrhea. On a preliminary screening, the ripe peel aqueous extract (PA) exhibited higher cytotoxicity (cell viability of 49% against HCT‐15 at 75 µg/ml; and 46% against Caco2 at 50 µg/ml), superior anti‐inflammatory (IC50 of 0.49 µg/ml), and greater anti‐mutagenic activity at 500 µg/plate compared to the aqueous extracts of seed (SA), flower (FA) and bract (BA). Therefore, we further evaluated the anti‐proliferative activity of PA and its fractions. The ability to inhibit the growth of cell lines (HCT‐15 and Caco2) was used for the bio‐guided fractionation and isolation of active compounds in PA using chromatographic techniques. Multiple extractions of the PA yielded the peel dioxane fraction (PD), and column fractionation of PD yielded eight compounds, of which three (Compound D—PDD, Compound E—PDE, and Compound G—PDG) possessed higher cytotoxic activity. At 10 µg/ml, the cell viability of HCT‐15 was 50.1%, 46.5%, and 61.9%, respectively; Caco2 was 98.2%, 62.9%, and 64.7%, respectively, for PDD, PDE, and PDG. These compounds also showed apoptotic effect as evidenced by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential, dual staining (acridine orange/ethidium bromide), DNA fragmentation, and the ROS status in colorectal cell lines. The UPLC‐HRMS/MS, FTIR, and NMR data revealed the active compounds as quercetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside, 3,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, and 4′,5,7‐trihydroxyflavone. These findings indicate the anti‐proliferative potential of PA, and warrant further investigation of its active principles in the amelioration of colorectal cancer in in vivo models.
Practical Application
The potential of an underutilized crop as a source of therapeutic agents for colon cancer was established, as the study showed a high cytotoxic activity of wild bananas against HCT‐15 and Caco2 cell lines. Bioactivity guided fractionation of peel fraction identified the active compounds present in wild banana, and their anticancer activity was attributed to the induction of cell death. The study indicated that wild banana has the potential to inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells.
An emended description of an endemic and unique wild banana species is provided, including the history of the genus Musa L. in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and its habitat ecology and phylogenetic inference. A thorough review revealed that Musa indandamanensis L.J. Singh infructescence is the longest among wild banana species recorded so far. The detailed description and relevant information on the unique characters of a wild banana species, M. indandamanensis L.J. Singh (Musaceae) were based on a critical review of living specimens largely based on field observations during field explorations conducted between 2012–2023. Other authentic herbarium materials and museum exhibits were also provided. The characteristicsof the young pseudostem, which is light green with a silvery white appearance, the long cylindrical inflorescence with dark green bracts, the bract with an incised apex, the infructescence (fruiting axis) that is over 4-meters long, the golden yellow or orange ripened fruits with orange pulp, and the abundance of viable seeds, all combine to make this a unique banana
species.
North-East India being at the confluence of the Indian Malayan, Indo-China and Indian realms is known to be one of the ‘biodiversity hotspots’ of the world. The region is the adobe of diverse plant species with a high level of endemism. The region comprises of more than 200 angiosperm family, and many of the genera are economically and medicinally important. North-East India comprises of eight states which are inhabited by different tribes/communities of diverse ethnicities. These tribes/communities are dependent on local plants for their food, shelter and health care. The diversity of medicinal plants in North-East India is enormous and is reflected in the number of species and their ethnobotanical uses. The people of North-East India rely much on indigenous traditional knowledge system and use various parts of the plants for the treatment of various ailments. Knowledge about the diversity of medicinal plants is crucial for translational research, sustainable utilization and conservation.KeywordsNorth-East IndiaAngiospermMedicinal plantsBiodiversity
In the present study Musa indandamanensis L. J. Singh is described and illustrated as a new species from Little Andaman, the Bay Islands, India.
Musa mannii has been considered as extinct in the wild. There is no information on any collected specimen ever; the description by Baker in 1892 was based on a living specimen, and neotypification is based on a figure drawn of that living plant, published after description. Recently, M. mannii was rediscovered after a lapse of more than a century growing wild in northeastern India. Detailed description, illustration, photographs, distribution, ecological data, taxonomic history and additional notes are provided. IUCN status has been assigned here as Critically Endangered in the wild and conservation measures to be undertaken based on a field study are also provided.
The taxonomy of Musa flaviflora and M. thomsonii has been in a state of flux since their inception. Due to their close resemblance and lack of proper types and protologues they were treated as conspecific. Both species have been studied in detail based on live collection and protologues for their taxonomic status and circumscription. Here both the species are correctly identified and provided detailed description after the type collection. Photographs, distribution, types and ecological notes of both species are also provided.
Since the publication of Musa nagensium Prain in 1904, this taxon has not been collected from the Indian forests or misidentified under different species. Here, M. nagensium is rediscovered after a lapse of more than a century from North-East India. M. nagensium var. hongii is reduced to the synonomy of M. nagensium. Detailed description, photographs, notes on distribution, ecological details and notes on variation are provided. IUCN conservation status based on the field study is also provided.
Musa cheesmanii is rediscovered after 57 years. A note on its extended distribution is also discussed. Detailed description and photographs are provided for easy identification.
Musa chunii Häkkinen, a Chinese species with ornamental potential is reported for the
first time from India. A detailed description, photographs, conservation measures and relevant
notes on the species are provided.
A new subspecies of Musa velutina belonging to section Rhodochlamys from northeastern India is described and illustrated as Musa velutina subsp. markkuana. A detailed description, distribution, ecology, phenology and relevant taxonomic notes are provided.
Since the publication of Musa ochracea by Shepherd in 1964, based on a specimen from an unknown locality, this taxon has not been collected from the wild. Here Musa ochracea is rediscovered after a lapse of about half a century from NorthEast India. Detailed description, illustration, photographs, distribution and ecological details are provided. IUCN conservation status based on the field study is also provided.
One wild banana, Musa sabuana belonging to the Sect. Musa is newly described from Panchavati and Ramakrishnapur Dam area in Andaman Islands, India. This extremely rare new species is found only in Middle and Little Andamans. Additional notes, IUCN status, Phenology and photographs are also provided.
Musa argentii Gogoi & Borah (Musaceae), a new species, is described and illustrated
from Lohit District, Arunachal Pradesh, India based on observed morphological
characteristics in the field. Its distribution and habitat are described, and a key to the
species is provided.
Musa markkui R.Gogoi & S.Borah, a new species of Musa of the section
Rhodochlamys, is described and illustrated from Lohit valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India based
on observed morphological characters in the field. A key to M. markkui and related taxa is
provided.
Random genomic probes were used to detect RFLPs in 19 Musa species and subspecies. A total of 89 phylogenetically informative alleles were scored and analyzed cladistically and phenetically. Results were in general agreement with morphology-based phylogenetic analyses, with the following exceptions: our data unambiguously places M. boman in section Australimusa, and indicates M. beccarii is very closely related to M. acuminata. Additionally, no support was found for the separation of section Rhodochlamys from section Musa. A comparison of morphology-based and RFLP-based phylogenetic analyses is presented.
Musa velutina var. variegata, a new variety from Assam, North-East India is described and illustrated based on morphology. This extremely rare variety was found only in Makum Area of Tinsukia District in Assam. A detailed description, distribution, ecology, phenology, illustration, colour plates and relevant notes are provided. A key to the Sect. Rhodochlamys in North-East India is provided.
Musa paracoccinea is published as a new species. Two imperfectly known species, M. nagensium and M.
sanguinea are accepted. Musa lushanensis, M. luteola and M. dechangensis are reduced as synonyms of M. basjoo.
It is pointed out here that M. wilsonii and M. rubra used in the Chinese literature such as Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin.
and Fl. Yunnan. are in fact misidentifications of M. itinerans and M. sanguinea, respectively.
Musa paracoccinea is published as a new species. Two imperfectly known species, M. nagensium and M. sanguinea are accepted. Musa lushanensis, M. luteola and M. dechangensis are reduced as synonyms of M. basjoo. It is pointed out here that M. wilsonii and M. rubra used in the Chinese literature such as Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. and Fl. Yunnan. are in fact misidentifications of M. itinerans and M. sanguinea, respectively.
Musa balbisiana var. elavazhai, a new variety from South India is described here. A detailed description and photographs are provided for the easy identification of the variety.
A wild banana species from West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India, belonging to section Rhodochlamys, is newly described as Musa arunachalensis. A detailed description, additional notes, illustration, phenology and photographs are provided.
A new species of Musa belonging to the Sect. Musa from Meghalaya, NorthEast India is described as Musa cylindrica. A detailed description, distribution, ecology, phenology and key to the related species are provided.
Musa puspanjaliae R. Gogoi & Häkkinen, a new species of Musa sect. Musa, is described and illustrated from west Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, India based on morphological characteristics observed in the field. The new species is common in Sessa, Zero Point to Ramda on Sepa road of west Kameng and Hazi Basti, Ziro of lower Subansiri district in Arunachal Pradesh. A key to M. puspanjaliae and related taxa is provided.
The wild bananas (Musa) were described in numerical terms many years ago, well before ‘numerical taxonomy’ became popular. Those descriptions, slightly supplemented, are here subjected to analysis by modern methods. Principal co-ordinate and clustering techniques give essentially similar results. Five groupings, rather than the four sections traditionally recognized, can be discerned. The fifth group contains five taxa previously included in section Musa (informally ‘Eumusa’) or of uncertain affinity. This group is only somewhat weakly distinguishable from section Australimusa. Several species previously regarded as of uncertain affinity seem to find ‘natural’ places. The results are by no means revolutionary but do encourage modest alteration of traditional views.
In the Zingiberales, a primarily tropical order of monocotyledons, most phylogenists currently recognize eight families: Musaceae, Strelitziaceae, Lowiaceae, Heliconiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Costaceae, Cannaceae, and Marantaceae. Some taxonomists still prefer the earlier classifications that included Strelitziaceae, Lowiaceae, and Heliconiaceae in Musaceae s.l., and Costaceae as a part of Zingiberaceae s.l. Attempts to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the order have been made by Lane, Tomlinson, and Dahlgren & Rasmussen. An original analysis of the evolutionary relationships of the eight families of the Zingiberales based on the principles of phylogenetic systematics is presented here. The most parsimonious topology is (Musaceae (Strelitziaceae (Lowiaceae (Heliconiaceae ((Zingiberaceae, Costaceae) (Cannaceae, Marantaceae)). The cladogram rejects the recognition of Musaceae s.l. as an evolutionary group. A new phylogenetic classification based on the cladogram is proposed that recognizes eight families, two superfamilies, and five suborders within the Zingiberales.
The role of bats and sunbirds in the pollination ecology of Musa itinerans Cheesman (Musaceae) was studied in the tropical seasonal rain forests of Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan, China. It was found that both long–tongued fruit bats (Macroglossus sobrinus) and sunbirds (Arachnothera longirostris) were effective pollinators of M. itinerans. Nectar production had two peaks, one during the day and one during night (0800–1200 h and 2000–2400 h), which allowed the two different foragers to visit at specific times. The visitation patterns of the two foragers coincided with both flowering time and nectar production. By measuring the differences in fruit weight and seed production among different bagging experiments, we found that birds and bats were equally effective as pollinators of this species.
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