Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin: a poorly studied sub-basin of northwestern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Abstract

The streams in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (mainly in the Alto Jacuí sub-basin belonging to the Laguna dos Patos system) have scarce information about their ichthyofauna. Thereby for providing information about stream species, the purpose of the present study was to inventory the ichthyofauna of the streams of the Alto Jacuí sub-basin, located in northwestern state of Rio Grande do Sul. The samples were taken bimonthly from June 2012 to June 2013 using electrofishing technique in 10 streams. A total of 13,247 specimens were collected belonging to 42 species, 10 families and six orders. We report the occurrence of five new species that have not yet been described by researchers.

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Check List the journal of
biodiversity data
Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin: a poorly studied sub-basin of
northwestern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Karine O. Bonato* and Clarice B. Fialho
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Biologia Animal, CEP 91501–970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
* Corresponding author. E-mail: kakabio2005@yahoo.com.br
Abstract: e streams in the state of Rio Grande do
Sul (mainly in the Alto Jacuí sub-basin belonging to the
Laguna dos Patos system) have scarce information about
their ichthyofauna. ereby for providing information
about stream species, the purpose of the present study
was to inventory the ichthyofauna of the streams of the
Alto Jacuí sub-basin, located in northwestern state of
Rio Grande do Sul. e samples were taken bimonthly
from June 2012 to June 2013 using electroshing
technique in 10 streams. A total of 13,247 specimens
were collected belonging to 42 species, 10 families and
six orders. We report the occurrence of ve new species
that have not yet been described by researchers.
Key words: stream; Alto Jacuí sub-basin; Laguna dos
Patos system; ichthyofauna inventory
INTRODUCTION
Fish are considered the most diverse group of
vertebrates (Lowe-MacConnell 1999), with an estimated
richness of 32,900 species (Froese and Pauly 2014). By
December 2013, Pelayo-Villamil et al. (2014) had found
14,782 described species of sh that occur only in
freshwater. Although there is a lack of a complementary
information, current estimates of the icthyofauna
in the Neotropical region are that there are about
6,000 to 8,000 species, totaling 13% of the vertebrate
biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems worldwide, with
Brazilian continental waters showing 21% of global
diversity (Reis et al. 2003; Agostinho et al. 2005).
ere is still a lack of knowledge of sh richness,
mainly in South America, Africa and Asia, whichis due
to a lack of sampling and databasingPelayo-Villamil et al.
2014). Brazil has the largest river networks in the world
(Galves et al. 2009); however, many Brazilian basins
and sub-basins have not yet been sampled (Agostinho
et al. 2005), or there exists little information about
their sh fauna, especially with medium-sized and small
water bodies such as streams (Castro 1999). According
to Langeani et al. (2007) streams are the environments
that have the highest number of new species still to be
discovered. But the small size of streams and headwater
environments makes these places more susceptible
to anthropogenic action and they may experience
signicant change in their population structure, leading
to the disappearance of the most sensitive species
(Galves et al. 2009). is situation makes it dicult to
understand ecological, biological and biogeographical
processes (Barletta et al. 2010).
Although the situation has been changing in the last
two decades with an increase of studies (biological,
ecological and systematic studies) in streams, there is a
lack of knowledge in some regions such as in southern
Brazil. Most studies in the state of Rio Grande do Sul
refer to large rivers, lagoons or estuarine areas (Fialho et
al. 1998; Garcia and Vieira 2001; Bastos 2002; Garcia et
al. 2003; Majolo 2005; Maltchik et al. 2005; Dufech and
Fialho 2006; Garcia et al. 2006; Petry and Schulz 2006;
Ribeiro and Köhler 2007; Dufech and Fialho 2009;
Flores-Lopes et al. 2010; Saccol-Pereira and Fialho 2010).
e only stream environment studies from Rio Grande
do Sul are: Tagliani (1994), Becker (2002), Bozzeti and
Schulz (2004), Vilella et al. (2004), Hirschmann (2009),
Silva (2009), Winkler-Sosinski et al. (2009), Costa and
Schulz (2010) and Volcan et al. (2011).
Little information are available about sampling and
studies of the ichthyofauna in streams for the Jacuí
river basin and no studies of the upper region of the
basin, called the Alto Jacuí sub-basin. Malabarba (1989)
showed a list of freshwater sh present in the Laguna dos
Patos system and cited species found in Jacuí River and
its tributaries. Alves and Fontoura (2009) identied the
distributive pattern of migratory sh of the Jacuí River
basin, but the data were obtained through interviews,
collections, literature and technical studies (EIA-RIMA
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ISSN 1809-127X © 2016 Check List and Authors
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12
1867
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Lists of species

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Bonato and Fialho | Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin
Subtropical Ombrophilous Forest. e economy is based
on agriculture (soybeans, corn, wheat and rice) and
livestock. e basin is drained by the Jacuí, Jacuí-Mirim,
Jacuizinho, Caixões, Ivaí and Soturno rivers (SEMA
2010). e Jacuí River is the main tributary of the basin
and it is responsible for 85% of the waters forming the
Lago Guaíba (FEPAM 2011).
us, this study was conducted in 10 streams (Figures
1 and 2–11) in northwestern Rio Grande do Sul, which
corresponds to the Alto Jacuí sub-basin (Table 1). All
streams ow into the Jacuí River, which is one of the
main tributaries to the Laguna dos Patos system.
Data collection
Fish samples were collected with authorization
number 34940 from register number 3196382 from
Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Bio diversid-
ade (ICMBio). is study was approved by the Ethics
Committee on Animal Use of the Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Sul (permit number 24434) and was
conducted in accordance with protocols in their ethical
and methodological aspects for the use of sh.
e sh were collected in June, August, October and
December 2012; February, April and June 2013. Each
sampling event lasted four days. For the sampling,
we used electroshing with three stages of 30 min
each, in stretches of 50 m per sampling stream. After
sampling, sh were euthanized with 10% eugenol (Vidal
et al. 2008; Lucena et al. 2013a), xed in 10% formalin
Estudo e Relatório de Impacto Ambiental) developed in
the study region. Additionally there are some taxonomic
reviews and descriptions of new species that are
distributed on this drainage (Ottoni and Chee 2009;
Menezes and Ribeiro 2010; Carvalho and Reis 2011).
We emphasize that to understand the ecological
mechanisms in these little-explored environments we
must use many tools, including ichthyofaunal studies.
Streams are highly heterogeneous environments
(Winemiller et al. 2008) and this allows for the
establishment of numerous species of sh. Further,
more studies of streams in south Brazil are necessary
because some basins are not as well explored as the
Alto Jacuí sub-basin. erefore, the aim of this study
is to inventory and provide more information about
distribution and species richness of ichthyofauna in
the Alto Jacuí sub-basin located in northwestern Rio
Grande do Sul.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site
e Alto Jacuí sub-basin belongs to the large Laguna
dos Patos system and is located in the state of Rio Grande
do Sul in the northwestern Middle Plateau and Central
Depression region. e Alto Jacuí has its headwaters
located in the municipality of Passo Fundo and occupies
an area of 16,062 km2 with its rivers owing into the
Lago Guaíba (COAJU 2009). e basin’s vegetation
consists of Seasonal Deciduous Forest and some areas of
Figure 1. Sampling streams in the Alto Jacuí sub-basin. For stream code see Table 1.

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Bonato and Fialho | Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin
Lucena (2010), Ferrer and Malabarba (2013), Lucena et
al. (2013b), Lucena and Soares (2016) and additional
literature cited herein. Classication and nomenclature
follows Reis et al. (2003), with additional changes made
by omaz et al. (2015) for Characidae. e nomenclature
for Cichlidae followed the new classication of bony
shes proposed by Betancur et al. (2013) that include
this family in the order Cichliformes. e voucher
specimens were deposited in the sh collection of the
Departamento de Zoologia at Universidade Federal do
Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS; Table 2).
RESULTS
A total of 13,247 specimens belonging to 42 spe cies,
ten families and six orders (Table 2 and Figures 12–32)
were collected. e most signicant orders were Chara-
ciformes (36%), Cichliformes (24%) and Siluri formes
(14%), with 15, 10 and six species, respectively. Cyprin-
odontiformes was represented by two species, and both
Gymnotiformes and Synbranchiformes were represent-
ed by only one species. e predominant families were
Characidae (12 species, 29%), Loricariidae (nine species,
21%), Cichlidae (seven species, 17%) and Heptapteridae
(four species, 10%), followed by Cre nuchidae, Poecili-
idae and Trychomycteridae with two species (5% each).
Erythrinidae, Pimelodidae, Gym not idae and Synbran-
chidae showed one species, corresponding to 2% each of
the total richness.
Five species are identied only to genus level and
correspond to undescribed species: Australoheros sp.
(Rícan and Kullander 2008), Bryconamericus sp. b (Silva
1998), Heptapterus sp. (Bockmann 1998), Ituglanis sp.
(J. Ferrer, personal communication) and Bryconamericus
sp. a which also seem to be a new species but, could not
be described because it may just be a variation (as color
and body shape) of Bryconamericu s iheringii. According to
Bonato and Ferrer (2013), the individuals of Phalloceros
spiloura Lucinda, 2008 collected in the Alto Jacuí sub-
basin during the present study represent the rst record
of this species to the Laguna dos Patos system.
e highest species richness was found in RP, RT, RC
and RQ with 28 species, 27 species, 25 species and 21
species, respectively. RM and RSC showed the lowest
species richness with only 15 and 14 sample species.
Figures 2–11. General view of the sampled streams in the Alto Jacuí sub-
basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: 2: AA; 3: RP; 4: RD; 5: RC; 6: RJ; 7: RM; 8: RQ;
9: RSC; 10: RT; 11: RV. For stream code see Table 1.
Table 1. Geographic coordinates, elevation and localization of the sampled streams and their respective codes in the Alto Jacuí sub-basin.
Stream Code Geographic coordinates Elevation (m) Locality
Caixões River RC 29°01ʹ54.4ʺ S, 052°49ʹ25.1ʺ W 420 Guanxuma, Espumoso
Jacuizinho River RJ 28°58ʹ02.9ʺ S, 052°47ʹ20.3ʺ W 513 Depósito, Espumoso
Morcego River RM 28°53ʹ55.0ʺ S, 052°49ʹ05.6ʺ W 461 São Domingos, Espumoso
Turvo River RT 28°43ʹ47.0ʺ S, 052°47ʹ40.4ʺ W 351 Santo Antônio, Espumoso
Quati River RQ 28°38ʹ31.8ʺ S, 052°37ʹ07.9ʺ W 439 Mormaço
Santa Clara River RSC 28°44ʹ30.1ʺ S, 053°13ʹ03.0ʺ W 439 Santa Clara, XV de Novembro
Valoroso Stream RV 28°41ʹ32.0ʺ S, 052°51ʹ41.5ʺ W 376 Teutônia, Tapera
Divinéia Stream RD 28°42ʹ16.7ʺ S, 052°52ʹ25.9ʺ W 350 Teutônia, Tapera
Paz Stream RP 28°42ʹ57.3ʺ S, 052°50ʹ41.7ʺ W 378 Vila Paz, Tapera
Angico Stream AA 28°39ʹ17.9ʺ S, 052°54ʹ31.1ʺ W 368 São Rafael, Tapera
and then transferred to 70% alcohol for conservation.
e taxonomic identication was carried out in the
laboratory using Rodriguez and Reis (2008), Ber taco and

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Bonato and Fialho | Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin
Table 2. List of sh species collected at each sampled stream in the Alto Jacuí sub-basin. See Table 1 for stream names. Asterisk indicates the endemic
species to Laguna dos Patos system.

Taxa
Streams 
Voucher (UFRGS)RC RJ RM RV RD AA RSC RQ RP RT
CHARACIFORMES
Characidae
Astyanax lacustris (Lütken, 1875) X X X X X X X 19977
Astyanax laticeps (Cope, 1894) X X X 19327
Astyanax obscurus (Hensel, 1870) * X X X 19329
Astyanax procerus Lucena, Castro & Bertaco, 2013 * X X X X X X X X X X 19323
Astyanax xiru Lucena, Castro & Bertaco, 2013 X X X X X X 19325
Bryconamericus iheringii (Boulenger, 1887) X X X X X X X X X X 19974
Bryconamericus sp. a X X 19975
Bryconamericus sp. b * X 19980
Diapoma alburnus (Hensel, 1870) X X X X X X 19976
Diapoma dicropotamicus (Malabarba & Weitzman, 2003) * X X 19952
Oligosarcus jacuiensis Menezes & Ribeiro, 2010 X X X X X X X X 19978
Oligosarcus jenynsii (Günther, 1864) X X X X X 19979
Crenuchidae
Characidium orientale Buckup & Reis, 1997 X 19962
Characidium pterostictum Gomes, 1947 X X X X X X X X X X 19973
Erythrinidae
Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) X X X X X 19961
SILURIFORMES
Heptapteridae
Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) X X X X X X X X X 19265
Rhamdella eriarcha (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888) X 19951
Heptapterus mustelinus (Valenciennes, 1835) X X X 19967
Heptapterus sp. XXXXXXXXXX19266
Trichomycteridae
Ituglanis sp. X 19949
Trichomycterus poikilos Ferrer & Malabarba, 2013 * X X X X X X X X X X 19267
Loricariidae
Ancistrus brevipinnis (Regan, 1904) X X X X X X X X X X 19984
Eurycheilichthys limulus Reis & Schaefer, 1998 X X X X X X X X X X 19985
Hemiancistrus punctulatus Cardoso & Malabarba, 1999 * X X X X X X X X 19986
Hisonotus armatus Carvalho, Lehmann, Pereira & Reis, 2008 * X 19957
Hisonotus brunneus Carvalho & Reis, 2011 * X X 19959
Hypostomus commersoni (Valenciennes, 1836) X X 19958
Rineloricaria baliola Rodriguez & Reis, 2008 X X X X X X X X X 19982
Rineloricaria cadeae (Hensel, 1868) * X X X X X 19983
Rineloricaria microlepidogaster (Regan, 1904) X X X 19981
Pimelodidae
Pimelodus pintado Azpelicueta, Lundberg & Loureiro, 2008 X X 19960
GYMNOTIFORMES
Gymnotidae
Gymnotus a. carap o Linnaeus, 1758 X X X X 19966
CICHLIFORMES
Cichlidae
Australoheros sp. X X X X X 19968
Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840 X X X X 19969
Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870 X X X X X X 19972
Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) X X X X 19965
Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys (Hensel, 1870) X X 19964
Gymnogeophagus labiatus (Hensel, 1870) X 19954
Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus (Hensel, 1870) X X 19955
CYPRINODONTIFORMES
Poeciliidae
Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel, 1868) X X X X 19963
Phalloceros spiloura Lucinda, 2008 X X X 17827
SYNBRANCHIFORMES
Synbranchidae
Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795 X 19953
Total of Species (n= 42) 25 18 15 18 17 18 14 21 28 27 

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Bonato and Fialho | Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin
Figures 12–32. Some species of shes found in Alto Jacuí sub-basin, Rio Grande do Sul. Photos by L.R. Malabarba. 12: Astyanax xiru, 13: Astyanax
procerus, 14: Bryconamericus sp. b (UFRGS 17931), 15: Bryconamericus iheringii (UFRGS 17992), 16: Australoheros sp.(UFRGS 17989), 17: Trichomycterus
poikilos, 18: Heptapterus sp. (UFRGS 17933), 19: Heptapterus mustelinus,20: Rhamdella eriarcha (UFRGS 17984), 21: Characidium pterostictum (UFRGS
17826), 22: Characidium orientale, 23: Eurycheilichthys limulus (UFRGS 17986), 24: Rineloricaria baliola (UFRGS 17991), 25: Rineloricaria cadeae, 26: Hypos-
tomus commersoni, 27: Creniciclha punctata (UFRGS 17990), 28: Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys, 29: Rhamdia quelen, 30: Gymnotus a. carapo (UFRGS
17989), 31: Astyanax laticeps, 32: Astyanax obscurus.

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Bonato and Fialho | Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin
DISCUSSION
According to Pelayo-Villamil et al. (2014) an average
of 240.2 species of shes were described per year in the
last ten years worldwide. e ve new species uncovered
by this inventory (Australoheros sp., Heptapterus sp.,
Bryconamericus sp. a and b, and Ituglanis sp.) support the
importance of this type of study. In addition, inventories
are important in extending the distributional range
of some species, such as Phalloceros spiloura that was
previously only known from the coastal drainages of
states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, Iguaçu
and Uruguay river basins, and as part of this study, was
found in the Alto Jacuí sub-basin representing a new
record for the Laguna dos Patos system (Bonato and
Ferrer 2013).
Malabarba (1989) registred 25 species of the 42
species sampled in this study to Laguna dos Patos
system. e most recent literature indicates a total of
160 species to the Laguna dos Patos system (Malabarba
et al. 2009) including 35 species that were new species
and yet not described in 2009. Of these 35 species
listed by Malabarba et al. (2009), we have sampled ve
species that were described in recent years (Oligosarcus
jacuiensis Menezes & Ribeiro, 2010; Hisonotus brunneus
Carvalho & Reis, 2011; Astyanax procerus Lucena, Castro
& Bertaco, 2013; Ast yanax xiru Lucena, Castro & Bertaco,
2013; Trychomycterus poikilos Ferrer & Malabarba,
2013), indicating that a representative amount of the
ichthyofauna of the upper Jacuí River was described in
recent years. ere are no comparable studies for the
Alto Jacuí sub-basin. We can only make comparisons
with other basins belonging to the Laguna dos Patos
system. For stream environments Bozzeti and Schulz
(2004) found 57 species in the Gravataí and Sinos sub-
basins, Hirschmann (2009) found 55 species in the
Forqueta sub-basin (Taquari-Antas basin), and Becker
et al. (2013) found 119 species for the Taquari-Antas
basin but in respect to the last study, the high number
of captured species is likely due to their larger sampling
of 519 sites.
e number of species found in this study is lower
compared to those cited by other studies mainly because
it was conducted in streams from a headwater region
and many of the streams (of lower species richness)
are rst-order. e highest occurrence of the orders
Characiformes, Cichliformes and Siluriformes in studies
is also well documented for the Laguna dos Patos system
and for the Neotropical region (Castro 1999; Garcia et
al. 2003; Buckup et al. 2007; Lévêque et al. 2008; Costa
and Schulz 2010). Headwater streams do not have an
exclusive sh fauna but, species that form populations
residing in streams and also that occur in larger bodies
of water with dierent characteristics (Castro 1999).
e sh fauna of streams is based on small species
and according to Castro (1999) it seems to be the only
general pattern with real diagnostic value for stream
environments. In this study, the streams with lower
species richness are the rst-order streams, which have
a habitat of lower complexity as RD, RV and AA streams
(see Table 1 for stream codes). is situation is expected
in accordance with the River Continuum eory
(Vannote et al. 1980). us, the larger streams, with
greater width between banks, areas with and without
shading, and more heterogeneous environment showed
the highest species richness (Fereira and Casatti 2006;
Súarez and Petrere-Junior 2005) as occurred in the RT,
RP and RC streams.
Despite the fact that we did not evaluate the degree of
anthropic inuences in the sampled streams, all streams
sampled here showed some kind of human interference.
Most streams are very close to agricultural areas with
the presence of dairy cattle or pig livestock. In stream
RP there was a considerable amount of waste coming
from homes and sometimes we found dead animals
within the stream. Probably the residents of the region
slaughter animals for their own consumption and
discard the remains of the animal in the river. However,
this stream had considerable marginal vegetation and a
heterogeneous environment with changing pools and
areas of rapids, which led to the high amount of richness
observed.
Due to a lack of data for streams of the studied sub-
basin it is dicult to say that the number of species
found is representative of the streams belonging to
Laguna dos Patos system. e checklist showed 42
species representing 26% of the species mentioned for
the Laguna dos Patos system. is study is an important
record for the region of the Alto Jacuí sub-basin due to
the lack of extensive collecting eort in the region. e
expansion of the sampled streams in Jacuí River basin
may increase the records of species and information
about endemic species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the colleagues of the Ichthyology Lab at the
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul for eld work;
MSc. J. Ferrer, MSc. P.C. Silva for help in identifying
the species studied and Dr. L.R. Malabarba to provide
the species gures; the Orlandi and Bonato families for
help and support in eld work; and Coordenação de
Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES,
Proc. 1104786, to KOB) for nancial support. We also
thank to Adam J. Taylor for reviewing the English of this
manuscript.
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Author contributions: KOB collected data, veried the specimens
and wrote the text. CBF wrote the text.
Received: 17 November 2015
Accepted: 17 March 2016
Academic editor: Tiago P. Carvalho