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Weathering the Storm – Crisis Marketing for Small Island Tourist Destinations
... The 1995 eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, on Montserrat island (Lesser Antilles), is a dramatic example of the major impact that a volcanic eruption can have on a local community. This long-lasting eruption led to the island's largest migratory outbreak, with approximately 70 % of the population leaving Montserrat (Kokelaar, 2002; Annen and Wagner, a prosperous tourism industry, with revenues accounting for approximately 25 % of the island's gross domestic product (GDP) (Caribbean Community Secretariat, 2009, in Pacheco andLewis-Cameron, 2010). The eruption had a significant impact in this sector, with a decrease of roughly 50 % in arrivals between 1995 and 1996, reaching an all-time low in the following year, with a decrease of 44 % relative to 1996. ...
... The stabilisation of the volcanic activity in 1998 led to a 50 % increase in arrivals compared to 1997. Although the eruption caused the destruction of critical infrastructure, including the airport and harbour, and the capacity to accommodate tourists, this sector has recovered steadily, as shown by the increase in tourist arrivals in 1997 and 1999, from 5000 visitors to approximately 10 000, respectively (Pacheco and Lewis-Cameron, 2010). Even though the last significant activity occurred in 2010, officially it is still considered an ongoing eruption (Wadge et al., 2014;Hicks and Few, 2015); yet tourism continues to grow, with Soufrière Hills volcano representing the island's most important geological monument (Pacheco and Lewis-Cameron, 2010). ...
... Although the eruption caused the destruction of critical infrastructure, including the airport and harbour, and the capacity to accommodate tourists, this sector has recovered steadily, as shown by the increase in tourist arrivals in 1997 and 1999, from 5000 visitors to approximately 10 000, respectively (Pacheco and Lewis-Cameron, 2010). Even though the last significant activity occurred in 2010, officially it is still considered an ongoing eruption (Wadge et al., 2014;Hicks and Few, 2015); yet tourism continues to grow, with Soufrière Hills volcano representing the island's most important geological monument (Pacheco and Lewis-Cameron, 2010). ...
The Azores are an active volcanic region that offers
exceptional conditions for nature-based tourism, one of the main axes of
economic growth in the archipelago. A future volcanic eruption may have
long-term consequences to this economic sector. Therefore, it is fundamental
to assess its vulnerability to volcanic hazards in order to try to mitigate
the associated risk. This study proposes a new approach to assessing the
economic impact of explosive eruptions on the tourism sector. We considered
two eruptive scenarios for Fogo volcano (São Miguel Island), the most
probable (Volcanic Explosivity Index, VEI, 4 sub-Plinian eruption) and the worst-case (VEI 5 Plinian
eruption), both producing tephra fallout and pyroclastic density currents.
The results of numerical simulations were overlaid with tourism-related
buildings and infrastructure of Vila Franca do Campo municipality to
identify the elements at risk. The loss present value method was used to
estimate the benefits generated by the accommodation units over 30 years for
different economic scenarios. The assessment of the economic impact using
2018 indicators reveals that in a near-total-destruction scenario, the
economic loss is approximately EUR 145 million (considering a 2 %
discount rate). This approach can also be applied to other volcanic regions,
geologic hazards and economic sectors.
... The items were designed on a 5-point Likert scale and were coded as TFOMO1-TFOMO10. Lastly, the destination crisis marketing construct (including 7-items coded as DCM1-DCM7) was also developed after an extensive literature review and guidance from seminal research on crisis communication, crisis marketing, destination crisis management, and tourism crisis communication, respectively [57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68]. ...
The rebirth of global tourism with a massive rebound is anticipated due to an emerging touristic behavior coined as vaxication (i.e., post-vaccination travel). Despite the ongoing fatigue triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, travelers’ fear of missing out (FOMO), and destination crisis marketing (DCM) can further accelerate travelers’ momentum towards vaxication. To address this critical knowledge gap in COVID-19 tourism, the present study aimed to examine the effect of pandemic fatigue on vaxication intention for the greatest of all trips (GOAT) under the moderating influence of travel FOMO and destination crisis marketing. Drawing on data of international expatriates in the United Arab Emirates (N = 356) and using covariance-based structural equation modeling with Mplus, the findings provide new evidence supporting a positive impact of international expat’s pandemic fatigue on vaxication intention for GOAT. Interestingly, this relationship is significantly reinforced by the international expat’s travel FOMO as well as tourism destinations switching gears from ‘managing crisis’ to ‘marketing crisis’. Based on prominent theories (i.e., theory of planned behavior, cognitive load theory, and protection motivation theory) and newly developed scales (i.e., travel FOMO and destination crisis marketing), the study implications are directed towards an outpacing trajectory of global tourism return prompted by pandemic fatigue, travel FOMO, destination crisis marketing, and vaxication intention for the greatest of all trips.
... Montserrat's tourism industry is still in a recovery phase (Pacheco and Lewis-Cameron, 2010). The LPV was calculated for each economic scenario, considering two occupancy rates of the existing accommodation capacity: one more conservative, 270 ...
The Azores is an active volcanic region that offers exceptional conditions for nature-based tourism, one of the main axes of economic growth in this region. A future volcanic eruption in the archipelago may have long-term consequences to this economic sector. Therefore, it is fundamental to assess its vulnerability to volcanic hazards in order to try to mitigate the associated risk. This study proposes a new approach to assess the economic impact of explosive eruptions on the tourism sector. We considered two eruptive scenarios for Fogo volcano (São Miguel Island), the most probable (VEI 4 sub-Plinian eruption) and the worst-case (VEI 5 Plinian eruption), both producing tephra fallout and PDCs. The results of numerical simulations were overlaid with tourism-related buildings and infrastructure of Vila Franca do Campo municipality to identify the elements at risk. The Loss Present Value method was used to estimate the benefits generated by the accommodation units over 30 years for different economic scenarios. The assessment of the economic impact using 2018 indicators reveals that in a near total destruction scenario the economic loss is approximately 145 million euros. Such approach can also be adopted to other volcanic regions, other geologic hazards and other economic sectors.
... At the same time, beaches represent a most valuable natural resource, being the main focus of the 'sun and beach' Mediterranean tourism (MAP 2005). As the beach recreational experience (and the accompanying economic activity) is sensitive to the beach carrying capacity (Manning and Lawson 2002), it appears that the sustainability of the beach-based touristic sector will be challenged by the increasing beach erosion and the inundation/damage of related infrastructure (Snoussi et al. 2008), particularly at island destinations (Schleupner 2008;Pacheco and Lewis-Cameron 2010). Therefore, there is an urgent need for rapid assessments of beach erosion/retreat to estimate the vulnerability of coastal systems to the SLR and extreme events. ...
Beaches are both sensitive and critical components of the coastal systems, as they are particularly vulnerable to environmental change (e.g., the sea level rise) and form valuable coastal ecosystems and economic resources. The objective of the present study has been to record the spatial characteristics and other attributes (e.g., topography, sediments and accessibility) of the 71 beaches of the E. Crete (Eastern Mediterranean) that are either already developed or have a reasonable development potential and assess their erosion risk under sea level rise. Beach retreats are predicted by ensembles of six cross-shore (1D) analytical and numerical morphodynamic models, set up/forced on the basis of collected/collated information and three sea level rise scenarios (0.26, 0.82 and 1.86 m); these retreats are then compared with the recorded maximum (dry) beach widths. Projections by the unified ensemble suggest that, in the case of a 0.26 m rise, 80 % of the examined beaches are to retreat by more than 20 and 16 % by more than 50 % of their maximum dry width. In the case of a 0.82 m rise, 72 % of the tested beaches are predicted to retreat by more than 50 % of their dry width and 21 % by a distance at least equal to their observed maximum dry widths. A sea level rise of 1.86 m represents a ‘doom’ scenario, as 75 % of the beaches are predicted to retreat by more than their maximum width. These results may be conservative, as other significant beach erosion factors (e.g., decreasing beach sediment supply) have not been considered.
The nexus of global tourism, disasters and sustainability have always been triggered by numerous crises, e.g., political unrest, wars, and pandemics. However, there is still fragmented research on destination crisis marketing, and its impact on willingness to travel remains largely unknown. To address this critical research gap, the present study used an experimental research design by framing destination crisis marketing campaigns (2 x 2 frames including DCM implemented versus DCM not implemented) and electronic word of mouth (2 x 2 frames including positive e-Wom versus negative e-Wom) to examine their impact on destination trust and global expat’s willingness to travel. Based on the experimental settings of global expats (N = 232; representing over 10 nationalities) with four framing groups (Group 1 to Group 4, configured in frames as +_DCM and +_e-Wom), the new evidence suggests that global expats who are provoked by positive crisis marketing campaigns and positive e-Wom (Group 4) have higher levels of destination trust than those who are exposed to either negative crisis marketing scenario and/or negative e-Wom (i.e., Group 1 to Group 3). The findings also revealed that global expat’s willingness to travel is significantly influenced by destination crisis marketing campaigns and e-Wom. Interestingly, for all framing groups (Group 1 to Group 4), the effects of destination crisis marketing and e-WOM on expat’s willingness to travel was significantly mediated by destination trust. Utilizing prominent theories (i.e., signal theory, image repair theory and trust transfer theory), the study implications highlighted that crisis marketing and positive e-Wom could serve as the cornerstones for destinations to stay relevant, regenerate sustainable practices, as well as create new opportunities out of a crisis.
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