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PHARISEES, JESUS
AND THE KINGDOM
Divine Royal Presence
as Exegetical Key to
Luke 17:20-21
A thesis submitted by Roderick R. Letchford, B.Sc., Th.L., M.A.
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Department of History (Classics), School of Humanities
Faculty of Arts
Australian National University
June 2001
Except where specific acknowledgement is made to quoted sources this work is the result
of my own research carried out under the supervision of Mr Robert Barnes of the History
Department in the Australian National University.
..........................................................
Roderick R. Letchford
June 2001
Acknowledgments
Numerous people are to be thanked for their support which enabled me to complete this
project.
First and most of all to my long-suffering and loving wife Heather (Much hardship has
she endured with me for the sake of the Gospel, with due apologies to rabbi Natan) and
my six children, Adrian, Justin, Benjamin, Teresa, Monica and Catherine, the last of
whom was born a month after I started. Their support and patience during my regular
absences in Canberra meant that I could continue with the minimum of guilt.
Mr Robert Barnes, my supervisor, who has guided me over the last six and a half years
through the M.A. and Ph.D. His scholarship, encouragement and guidance have been of
the highest calibre (to say nothing of his extraordinarily generous donations to the ANU
libraries) and will not be forgotten.
Prof. Graeme Clarke, who read through an earlier draft of this thesis and offered many
valuable suggestions, all of which were taken on board. He was also on my Academic
Panel and came to my Mid-Term Review Seminar.
Prof. John Painter of Charles Sturt University - St. Mark’s College, who was also on my
Academic Panel and attended my Mid-Term Review Seminar. His challenging
questions prompted me to tighten some aspects of the argument.
The members of the Graduate Degrees Committee, who again allowed me to pursue
post-graduate work at ANU even though I resided outside the A.C.T.
The Research and Scholarships Office of the ANU who granted me an APA. This thesis
would have remained a dream were it not for the scholarship.
Drs Elizabeth Minchin, Douglas Kelly and Ann Moffatt, the other faculty members of
the Classics Program, who treated my work with enthusiasm and respect, despite it
being centred a little further east than theirs.
Mrs Zita Denholm for her meticulous proofreading.
Finally, to my fellow post-graduate students, Nan Mackey, Janet Quartermaine, Joan
Stivala, Colleen Chaston, and Chris Elliott. Thankyou for making me part of the place. I
shall miss our monthly Friday lunches.
I hope and pray that the words of m. Abot 3:6 in some degree may have been applicable
to me as I worked on this thesis:
Among one who sits and works hard on Torah, the Presence comes to rest.
Abstract
The quest for the historical Jesus can be advanced by a consideration of
disagreement scenarios recorded in the gospels. Such “conflicts” afford the opportunity
not only to analyse the positions of the protagonists, but by comparing them, to better
appreciate their relative stances.
One area of disagreement that has remained largely unexplored is that between
Jesus and the Pharisees over the “kingdom of God”. Indeed, “kingdom of God” formed
the very foundation of Jesus’ preaching and thus ought to be the place where fundamental
disagreements are to be found. As Luke 17:20-21 represents the only passage in the
Gospels where the Pharisees show any interest in the kingdom of God, it forms the central
hub of the thesis around which an account of the disparate beliefs of Jesus and the
Pharisees on the kingdom of God is constructed.
The main thesis is this. Luke 17:20-21 can best be explained, at the level of the
Pharisees and Jesus, as betraying a fundamental disagreement, not in the identity of the
kingdom of God, which they both regarded as primarily the Divine Royal Presence, i.e.
God himself as king, but in the location of that kingdom. The Pharisees located the
kingdom in the here-and-now, Jesus located it in heaven. Conversely, at later stages in the
formation of the pericope, the pre-Lukan community identified the kingdom as the Holy
Spirit located in individuals with faith in Jesus and the redactor identified the kingdom as
Jesus, located both in the Historical Jesus and the Jesus now in heaven.
Chapter 1, after the usual preliminary remarks, presents an analysis of Luke 17:20-
21 as a chreia, a literary form ideally suited as the basis on which to compare the beliefs of
the Pharisees and Jesus. The work of three scholars vital to the development of the main
thesis is then reviewed and evaluated. By way of background, a portrait of the Pharisees is
then presented, highlighting in particular, issues that will be of importance in later chapters.
Finally, a section on the Aramaic Targums suggests that some targum traditions may be
traced back prior to AD 70 and that these reflect the influence and beliefs of first century
Palestinian Pharisees.
Chapters 2 and 3 are a consideration of every instance of the explicit mention of
God as king (or his kingship) and the Divine Kingdom respectively, in contemporary and
earlier Jewish Palestinian literature and in Luke-Acts. A model of the kingdom of God is
developed in these chapters that will be applied to Luke 17:20-21 in the next chapter.
Chapter 4 presents a detailed exegesis of Luke 17:20-21, taking into account
scholarship on the pericope since the last monograph (an unpublished dissertation of
1962) on the chreia. It offers a composition history of the pericope and measures previous
exegesis against the view of the kingdom of God as developed in chapters 2 and 3.
Chapter 5 presents a summary of the work that relates directly to Luke 17:20-21,
some implications arising from the findings and, several possible avenues for future
research.
CONTENTS : IN BRIEF
CONTENTS : IN DETAIL........................................................................................... ii
ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................xi
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PREFACE...............................................................................................................1
1.2 AIM, METHOD AND SOURCES.........................................................................3
1.3 LUKE 17:20-21 AND ITS LITERARY FORM.....................................................11
1.4 THREE IMPORTANT SCHOLARS.....................................................................18
1.5 THE PHARISEES..................................................................................................32
1.6 THE TARGUMS....................................................................................................65
1.7 SYNTHESIS........................................................................................................... 82
2 THE PRESENCE OF THE DIVINE KING
2.1 PREFACE...............................................................................................................83
2.2 ANCIENT PALESTINIAN LITERATURE...........................................................85
2.3 THE PHARISEES AND JESUS............................................................................153
2.4 THE PRE-LUKAN COMMUNITY.......................................................................164
2.5 THE YAVNEAN RABBIS, THE SYNAGOGUE AND LUKE .............................165
2.6 SYNTHESIS...........................................................................................................184
3 THE PRESENCE OF THE KINGDOM OF GOD
3.1 PREFACE............................................................................................................... 191
3.2 ANCIENT PALESTINIAN LITERATURE........................................................... 194
3.3 THE PHARISEES AND JESUS............................................................................ 212
3.4 THE PRE-LUKAN COMMUNITY....................................................................... 241
3.5 THE YAVNEAN RABBIS, THE SYNAGOGUE AND LUKE .............................249
3.6 SYNTHESIS........................................................................................................... 277
3.7 EXCURSUS : “REVEAL” AS CONVERSE OF “COME”................................288
4 AN EXEGESIS OF LUKE 17:20-21
4.1 PREFACE...............................................................................................................301
4.2 THE THIRD (REDACTION) STAGE...................................................................303
4.3 THE SECOND (TRANSMISSION) STAGE........................................................351
4.4 THE FIRST (ORAL) STAGE.................................................................................370
4.5 SYNTHESIS...........................................................................................................380
5 CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY OF RESULTS...................................................................................385
5.2 SOME IMPLICATIONS........................................................................................389
5.3 SOME DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH.............................................392
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANCIENT TEXTS AND INSCRIPTIONS AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS............395
LEXICONS, CONCORDANCES AND DICTIONARIES.........................................402
SECONDARY LITERATURE .....................................................................................404
CONTENTS : IN DETAIL
CONTENTS : IN BRIEF.............................................................................................i
ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................................xi
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PREFACE.............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 AIM, METHOD AND SOURCES........................................................................3
1.2.1 Aim..........................................................................................................3
1.2.2 Method.................................................................................................... 4
1.2.3 Sources....................................................................................................8
1.3 LUKE 17:20-21 AND ITS LITERARY FORM.................................................... 11
1.3.1 The Chreia............................................................................................... 12
Theon, Progymnasmata lines 2-4.............................................12
1.3.2 A Responsive Sayings Chreia..................................................................14
1.3.3 Expressed as a Change of Subject........................................................... 15
1.3.4 Manipulated by Expansion...................................................................... 16
1.4 THREE IMPORTANT SCHOLARS.................................................................... 18
1.4.1 Samuel L. Terrien on Divine Presence.....................................................18
1.4.1.1 Terrien: No Definition of Divine Presence............................... 20
1.4.1.2 Terrien: A Single Post-Exilic View of Divine Presence............ 23
1.4.2 Bruce D. Chilton on the Kingdom of God.............................................. 23
1.4.2.1 Chilton: Kingdom Targumim Reflect Position of Jesus........... 25
1.4.2.2 Chilton: “Reveal” and “Come” are Synonyms......................27
1.4.2.3 Chilton: A Confused Picture of the Kingdom...........................27
1.4.3 Richard J. Sneed on Luke 17:20-21........................................................ 28
1.4.3.1 Sneed: Uncritical Use of Secondary Sources........................... 30
1.4.3.2 Sneed: Minimised Importance of “Kingdom of God”............ 31
1.4.3.3 Sneed: Unbalanced Consideration of other Elements............... 31
1.5 THE PHARISEES................................................................................................. 32
1.5.1 The Pharisees before A.D. 70...................................................................33
1.5.2 Pharisees in the Pre-Lukan Community.................................................. 37
1.5.3 The Pharisees and the Yavnean Rabbis.................................................... 39
1.5.4 The Pharisees in Luke-Acts..................................................................... 40
1.5.5 Fate, Torah and the Kingdom of God...................................................... 44
1.5.5.1 What Josephus meant by “Fate”.............................................45
Ant. 16:397-98..........................................................................45
1.5.5.2 Fate and Torah..........................................................................47
1.5.5.3 Pharisees, Fate and Torah......................................................... 50
m. Abot 3:15A.......................................................................... 51
1.5.5.4 Torah and the Kingdom of God............................................... 52
1.5.6 The Influence of the Pharisees in Pre-70 Synagogues.............................53
Contents : In Detail iii
1.6 THE TARGUMIM.................................................................................................65
1.6.1 What are the Targumim?..........................................................................65
1.6.2 Translation Techniques............................................................................67
1.6.3 Dating the Targumic Kingdom Traditions...............................................69
1.6.4 The Targumim and the First Century Pre-70 Synagogue.........................76
1.6.5 Pharisees and the Targumim....................................................................79
1.6.6 The Influence of the Yavnean Rabbis in Post-70 Synagogues.................80
1.7 SYNTHESIS...........................................................................................................82
2 THE PRESENCE OF THE DIVINE KING
2.1 PREFACE..............................................................................................................83
2.2 ANCIENT PALESTINIAN LITERATURE...........................................................85
2.2.1 The Old Testament...................................................................................87
2.2.1.1 Probably Pre-Exilic...................................................................88
Exod 15:18...............................................................................88
Num 23:21................................................................................92
Deut 33:5..................................................................................93
1 Sam 8:7..................................................................................96
1 Sam 12:12..............................................................................97
Ps 5:2........................................................................................98
Ps 22:28....................................................................................99
Ps 24:7-10................................................................................101
Ps 29:10....................................................................................102
Ps 47:2,6,7,8..............................................................................105
Ps 48:2......................................................................................106
Ps 68:24....................................................................................107
Ps 84:3......................................................................................108
Ps 93:1......................................................................................109
Ps 95:3......................................................................................110
Ps 96:10....................................................................................110
Ps 99:1,4...................................................................................111
Isa 6:5.......................................................................................112
Jer 8:19.....................................................................................113
Jer 46:18...................................................................................113
Zeph 3:15..................................................................................114
2.2.1.2 Probably Exilic.........................................................................114
Ps 10:16....................................................................................114
Ps 44:4......................................................................................115
Ps 74:12....................................................................................116
Isa 24:23...................................................................................117
Isa 33:17,22..............................................................................118
Isa 41:21, 43:15, 44:6, 52:7.......................................................119
Jer 10:7,10 ................................................................................120
Jer 48:15...................................................................................121
Jer 51:57...................................................................................121
Ezek 20:33................................................................................122
iv Contents : In Detail
Obad 21....................................................................................124
Mic 2:13, 4:7 ............................................................................125
2.2.1.3 Probably Post-exilic................................................................. 126
1 Chr 16:31.............................................................................. 126
Ps 97:1..................................................................................... 127
Ps 98:6..................................................................................... 128
Ps 145:1................................................................................... 129
Ps 146:10................................................................................. 130
Ps 149:2................................................................................... 130
Zech 14:9,16,17........................................................................131
Mal 1:14................................................................................... 133
2.2.2 The Deuterocanonicals............................................................................ 134
Sir 50:15...................................................................................135
Sir 51:1.....................................................................................136
Sir 51:12.n................................................................................137
Jdt 9:12.....................................................................................137
2.2.3 The Pseudepigrapha (and Daniel)............................................................139
Dan 4:37...................................................................................140
1 Enoch 9:4, 12:3, 25:3,5,7, 27:3............................................... 142
1 Enoch 81:3............................................................................ 145
1 Enoch 84:2,3,5....................................................................... 145
Jub. 1:28...................................................................................146
Pss. Sol. 2:30,32....................................................................... 147
Pss. Sol. 5:19............................................................................149
Pss. Sol. 17:1,34,46 ..................................................................149
As. Mos. 4:2, 10:3.....................................................................150
L.A.E. (Apoc.) 29:4.................................................................. 151
2.3 THE PHARISEES AND JESUS........................................................................... 153
2.3.1 The Pharisees.......................................................................................... 153
2.3.1.1 A Synagogue Prayer.................................................................153
The hdyme “‘Amidah” ........................................................... 154
2.3.1.2 The Targumim.......................................................................... 155
Tg. Neb. Jer 46:18.................................................................... 156
Tg. Neb. Jer 48:15.................................................................... 157
Tg. Neb. Jer 51:57.................................................................... 157
Tg. Neb. Zech 14:9,16,17..........................................................158
Tg. Neb. Mal 1:14.................................................................... 159
2.3.2 Jesus........................................................................................................160
Matt 5:35.................................................................................. 161
Matt 18:23................................................................................ 163
2.4 THE PRE-LUKAN COMMUNITY...................................................................... 164
2.5 THE YAVNEAN RABBIS, THE SYNAGOGUE AND LUKE ............................165
2.5.1 The Yavnean Rabbis and the Early Post-70 Synagogue...........................165
2.5.1.1 The Mishnah............................................................................ 165
m. Sanh. 4:5N.......................................................................... 167
m. Abot 3:1E.............................................................................168
m. Abot 4:22O.......................................................................... 169
Contents : In Detail v
m. Tam. 7:4G...........................................................................169
2.5.1.2 Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum.................................................170
L.A.B. 22:5................................................................................171
2.5.1.3 The Targumim..........................................................................171
Tg. Neb. Isa 6:5........................................................................174
Tg. Neb. Isa 33:17,22................................................................176
Tg. Neb. Isa 41:21....................................................................177
2.5.1.4 A Synagogue Prayer.................................................................177
The wnyle “Aleinu”.................................................................178
2.5.1.5 Josephus...................................................................................178
Ant. 6:38,60-61 .........................................................................179
Ant. 14:24.................................................................................180
2.5.2 Luke.........................................................................................................181
Luke 14:16,21...........................................................................181
Luke 19:14,27...........................................................................182
2.6 SYNTHESIS..........................................................................................................184
2.6.1 Ancient Palestinian Literature...................................................................185
2.6.2 The Pharisees and Jesus..........................................................................187
2.6.3 The Pre-Lukan Community.....................................................................188
2.6.4 The Yavnean Rabbis, the Early Post-70 Synagogue and Luke.................188
3 THE PRESENCE OF THE KINGDOM OF GOD
3.1 PREFACE..............................................................................................................191
3.2 ANCIENT PALESTINIAN LITERATURE...........................................................194
3.2.1 The Old Testament...................................................................................194
1 Chr 17:14...............................................................................195
1 Chr 28:5.................................................................................196
1 Chr 29:11...............................................................................197
2 Chr 13:8.................................................................................198
Ps 103:19..................................................................................199
Ps 145:11-13............................................................................200
3.2.2 The Deuterocanonicals.............................................................................201
3.2.3 The Pseudepigrapha (and Daniel)............................................................202
Sg Three 33..............................................................................203
Dan 2:44...................................................................................204
Dan 4:3,34................................................................................205
Dan 6:26...................................................................................205
Dan 7:27...................................................................................206
1 Enoch 84:2.............................................................................207
Jub. 12:19, 50:9b......................................................................208
Pss. Sol. 5:18............................................................................209
Pss. Sol. 17:3............................................................................209
As. Mos. 10:1............................................................................210
vi Contents : In Detail
3.3 THE PHARISEES AND JESUS........................................................................... 212
3.3.1 The Pharisees.......................................................................................... 212
3.3.1.1 Josephus...................................................................................212
3.3.1.2 Synagogue Prayers...................................................................212
The vydq “Kaddish”.............................................................. 213
3.3.1.3 The Targumim.......................................................................... 214
Tgs. Neof., C.G., Frg. P Exod 15:18........................................215
Tg. Neb. Jer 10:7,10................................................................. 217
Tg. Neb. Jer 49:38.................................................................... 218
Tg. Neb. Obad 21..................................................................... 219
Tg. Neb. Zech 14:9................................................................... 220
3.3.2 Jesus........................................................................................................221
Luke 6:20b............................................................................... 225
Luke 7:28................................................................................. 226
Luke 8:10................................................................................. 228
Luke 10:9,11b...........................................................................228
Luke 11:2................................................................................. 230
Luke 11:20............................................................................... 232
Luke 13:18,20...........................................................................235
Luke 13:28,29...........................................................................237
Luke 14:15,16...........................................................................238
Luke 18:16,17...........................................................................239
Luke 18:24,25,29...................................................................... 240
3.4 THE PRE-LUKAN COMMUNITY...................................................................... 241
Luke 4:15................................................................................. 241
Luke 9:60,62.............................................................................242
Luke 12:31,32...........................................................................244
Acts 1:3,6.................................................................................. 246
Acts 14:22 ................................................................................248
3.5 THE YAVNEAN RABBIS, THE SYNAGOGUE AND LUKE ............................249
3.5.1 The Yavnean Rabbis and the Early Post-70 Synagogue...........................249
3.5.1.1 The Mishnah............................................................................ 249
m. Ber. 2:2I, 5E........................................................................ 250
m. Yoma 3:8H, 4:1H, 4:2G, 6:2D............................................. 252
m. Rosh HaSh. 4:5B,E,F, 6A,C................................................. 253
3.5.1.2 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch (Syriac Apocalypse)............................... 254
3.5.1.3 The Targumim.......................................................................... 256
Tg. Neb. Isa 24:23.................................................................... 258
Tg. Neb. Isa 31:4,5................................................................... 259
Tg. Neb. Isa 40:9,10................................................................. 260
Tg. Neb. Ezek 7:7,10................................................................ 261
3.5.1.4 A Synagogue Prayer.................................................................262
The wnyle “Aleinu”................................................................. 262
3.5.2 Luke........................................................................................................ 263
Luke 4:43................................................................................. 263
Luke 8:1................................................................................... 264
Luke 9:2................................................................................... 265
Contents : In Detail vii
Luke 9:11..................................................................................265
Luke 9:27..................................................................................266
Luke 16:16................................................................................268
Luke 19:11................................................................................270
Luke 21:31................................................................................272
Luke 22:16,18...........................................................................273
Luke 23:51................................................................................274
Acts 8:12, 19:8, 20:25, 28:23,31................................................276
3.6 SYNTHESIS..........................................................................................................277
3.6.1 Ancient Palestinian Literature...................................................................277
3.6.2 The Pharisees and Jesus..........................................................................278
3.6.3 The Pre-Lukan Community.....................................................................282
3.6.4 The Yavnean Rabbis, the Early Post-70 Synagogue and Luke.................284
3.7 EXCURSUS : “REVEAL” AS CONVERSE OF “COME”...............................288
3.7.1 awb (qal) “to come”...............................................................................288
3.7.2 hlg, ylg (niphal and ithpeel) “to reveal, uncover”...................................291
3.7.3 In the Targumim......................................................................................293
3.7.4 Arguments against Converse Translation.................................................294
Isa 56:1.....................................................................................295
1 Enoch 1:3-4...........................................................................296
Jub. 1:26,28..............................................................................297
As. Mos. 10:3,7,12....................................................................297
3.7.5 Parallel Examples Supporting Converse Translation................................298
Messiah....................................................................................298
Luke 19:11................................................................................299
3.7.6 Synthesis.................................................................................................300
4 AN EXEGESIS OF LUKE 17:20-21
4.1 PREFACE..............................................................................................................301
4.2 THE THIRD (REDACTION) STAGE..................................................................303
Luke 17:20-21 at the end of Stage III.......................................303
4.2.1 The Narrative Introduction.......................................................................303
4.2.1.1 ~Cmbosqevb◊t aû (20a^)........................................................303
Redactional Considerations.......................................................303
Recent Exegetical Comment......................................................305
Proposed Exegesis....................................................................310
4.2.1.2 ÂmÌ q¬k D^ofp^÷sk (20a_)................................................311
Redactional Considerations.......................................................311
Recent Exegetical Comment......................................................312
Proposed Exegesis....................................................................313
4.2.1.3 mÏqb ¢oubq^f (20ad)..............................................................314
Redactional Considerations.......................................................314
Recent Exegetical Comment......................................................314
Proposed Exegesis....................................................................314
viii Contents : In Detail
4.2.1.3 ≠ _^pfib÷^ ql„ vbl„ (20aa).................................................. 315
Redactional Considerations...................................................... 315
Recent Exegetical Comment .....................................................315
Proposed Exegesis................................................................... 316
4.2.1.4 ämbho÷ve ^‰qlÿt h^◊ bflmbk (20ab)........................................ 316
Redactional Considerations...................................................... 316
Recent Exegetical Comment .....................................................317
Proposed Exegesis................................................................... 318
4.2.2 The First Negative Reply......................................................................... 318
4.2.2.1 l‰h ¢oubq^f (20b^)................................................................318
Redactional Considerations...................................................... 318
Recent Exegetical Comment .....................................................318
Proposed Exegesis................................................................... 319
4.2.2.2 ≠ _^pfib÷^ ql„ vbl„ (20b_)................................................. 319
Redactional Considerations...................................................... 319
Recent Exegetical Comment .....................................................319
Proposed Exegesis................................................................... 319
4.2.2.3 jbqà m^o^qeo©pbst (20bd).............................................. 320
Redactional Comments............................................................. 320
Recent Exegetical Comment .....................................................320
Proposed Exegesis................................................................... 325
4.2.3 The Second Negative Reply.....................................................................326
4.2.3.1 l‰aû †ol„pfk (21a^)...............................................................326
Redactional Considerations...................................................... 326
Recent Exegetical Comment .....................................................327
Proposed Exegesis................................................................... 328
4.2.3.2 Ÿal‚ ab Æ †hbÿ (21a_)........................................................... 329
Redactional Considerations...................................................... 329
Recent Exegetical Comment .....................................................329
Proposed Exegesis................................................................... 332
4.2.4 The Positive Reply...................................................................................332
4.2.4.1 Ÿal‚ dào (21b^)..................................................................... 333
Redactional Considerations...................................................... 333
Recent Exegetical Comment .....................................................334
Proposed Exegesis................................................................... 334
4.2.4.2 ≠ _^pfib÷^ ql„ vbl„ (21b_)................................................. 334
Redactional Considerations...................................................... 334
Recent Exegetical Comments....................................................334
Proposed Exegesis................................................................... 335
4.2.4.3 †kqÌt Âj¬k †pqfk (21bd)......................................................335
Redactional Considerations...................................................... 335
Recent Exegetical Comment .....................................................336
†kqÏt ...........................................................................336
Âj¬k ...........................................................................347
†pqfk............................................................................347
Proposed Exegesis................................................................... 349
Contents : In Detail ix
4.3 THE SECOND (TRANSMISSION) STAGE.......................................................351
Luke 17:20-21 at the end of Stage II.........................................351
4.3.1 The Narrative Introduction.......................................................................351
4.3.1.1 ~Cmbosqevb◊t ÂmÌ q¬k D^ofp^÷sk (20a^ - 20a_)..........352
Source-Critical Considerations.................................................352
Gos. Thom. 113............................................................352
Recent Exegetical Comment......................................................354
Proposed Exegesis....................................................................354
4.3.1.2 mÏqb ¢oubq^f ≠ _^pfib÷^ ql„ vbl„ (20ad - 20aa)..............354
Source-Critical Considerations.................................................354
Recent Exegetical Comment......................................................355
Proposed Exegesis....................................................................355
4.3.1.3 ämbho÷ve ~Gepl„t (20ab)........................................................355
Source-Critical Considerations.................................................355
Recent Exegetical Comment......................................................356
Proposed Exegesis....................................................................356
4.3.2 The First Negative Reply .........................................................................356
4.3.2.1 l‰h ¢oubq^f ≠ _^pfib÷^ ql„ vbl„ (20b^ - 20b_)...............356
Source-Critical Considerations.................................................356
Recent Exegetical Comment......................................................357
Proposed Exegesis....................................................................357
4.3.2.2 jbqà m^o^qeo©pbst (20bd) ..............................................357
Source-Critical Considerations.................................................357
Recent Exegetical Comment......................................................358
Proposed Exegesis....................................................................362
4.3.3 The Second Negative Reply.....................................................................363
4.3.3.1 l‰aû †ol„pfk Ÿal‚ ab Æ †hbÿ (21a)......................................363
Source-Critical Considerations.................................................363
Recent Exegetical Comment......................................................363
Proposed Exegesis....................................................................363
4.3.4 The Positive Reply...................................................................................364
4.3.4.1 ¢oubq^f ≠ _^pfib÷^ ql„ vbl„ †kqÌt Âj¬k (21b)...............364
Source-Critical Considerations.................................................364
Gos. Thom. 3................................................................365
P.Oxy. IV.654.9-16......................................................365
Recent Exegetical Comment......................................................366
Proposed Exegesis....................................................................368
4.4 THE FIRST (ORAL) STAGE................................................................................370
Luke 17:20-21 at the end of Stage I..........................................370
4.4.1 mÏqb ¢oubq^f ≠ _^pfib÷^ ql„ vbl„ (20ad -20aa)..............................372
Aramaic Retranslation...............................................................372
Recent Exegetical Comment......................................................373
Proposed Exegesis....................................................................373
4.4.2 ¢oubq^f ≠ _^pfib÷^ ql„ vbl„ l‰ jbqà m^o^qeo©pbst (20b).......373
Aramaic Retranslation...............................................................373
Recent Exegetical Comment......................................................374
Proposed Exegesis....................................................................377
xContents : In Detail
4.4.3 ¢oubq^f ≠ _^pfib÷^ ql„ vbl„ †kqÌt Âj¬k (21b)..............................378
Aramaic Retranslation............................................................... 378
Recent Exegetical Comment .....................................................379
Proposed Exegesis................................................................... 379
4.5 SYNTHESIS.......................................................................................................... 380
4.5.1 The Third (Redaction) Stage....................................................................380
4.5.2 The Second (Transmission) Stage........................................................... 382
4.5.3 The First (Oral) Stage..............................................................................383
5 CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY OF RESULTS.................................................................................. 385
5.1.1 The Presence of the Divine King............................................................. 385
5.1.2 The Presence of the Kingdom of God..................................................... 386
5.1.3 An Exegesis of Luke 17:20-21................................................................ 386
5.2 SOME IMPLICATIONS.......................................................................................389
5.2.1 Jesus Maintained a Consistently Future Eschatology.............................. 389
5.2.2 The Pharisees Observed Ritual Purity for the Kingdom of God..............390
5.3 SOME DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH............................................392
5.3.1 Luke 17:20-21 and Subsequent Christian Writers...................................392
5.3.2 The Holy Spirit as the Divine King.........................................................392
5.3.3 Paul, Divine Royal Presence and the Kingdom of God........................... 393
5.3.4 The Gospels and the Zechariah Tradition................................................ 393
5.3.5 The Uniqueness of Luke 17:20-21.......................................................... 393
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANCIENT TEXTS AND INSCRIPTIONS AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS........... 395
LEXICONS, CONCORDANCES AND DICTIONARIES........................................ 402
SECONDARY LITERATURE ....................................................................................404
xi
Abbreviations
Every effort has been made to conform all abbreviations and other issues of style to the
following:
Alexander, Patrick H., John F. Kutsko, James D. Ernst, and Shirley A. Decker-Lucke, eds.
The SBL Handbook of Style : for Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical and Early Christian
Studies. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1999.
Where discrepencies exist, it is hoped that ambiguity will not.
Two exceptions to the above should be noted.
Where the use of a captial letter for a proper noun is either not given or is ambiguous, the
lower case has been preferred, e.g. tent (of meeting), rather than Tent (of Meeting).
The second exception to the above is the inclusion, in footnote citations, of the date of
publication and, where relevant, edition details (in superscript). Such information in the
footnotes proves useful in noting over time the persistence of an idea or the progress of a
debate. It is also of some benefit in looking up the details of the particular citation in the
Bibliography, especially when a scholar is represented by several or more works.