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Process and Approaches
Abstract
Chapter 3 presents the EBED process of an EBED initiative and is intended to help guide policymakers and practitioners in designing and implementing EBED initiatives. The first three steps—stakeholder engagement; goal identification; and asset, needs, and gaps identification—are essential for ensuring the framework is used effectively. The remaining steps are selection of an approach, development of metrics, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. Each step is described in detail and provides information for EBED stakeholders to tailor an approach so that it is most conducive to local needs, assets, and circumstances. This chapter concludes with a description of three fundamental factors that shape the design of an EBED project: the point of intervention, geographic scale, and the degree of transformation that the project requires relative to the status quo.
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T IANJIN, China — Chinese leaders have adopted a plan aimed at turning the country into one of the leading producers of hy brid and all-electric vehicles within three y ears, and making it the world leader in electric cars and buses after that. T he goal, which radiates from the very top of the Chinese government, suggests that Detroit's Big T hree, already struggling to stay alive, will face even stiffer foreign competition on the next field of automotive technology than they do today . "China is well positioned to lead in this," said David T ulauskas, director of China government policy at General Motors. T o some extent, China is making a virtue of a liability . It is behind the United States, Japan and other countries when it comes to making gas-powered vehicles, but by skipping the current technology , China hopes to get a jump on the next. Japan is the market leader in hy brids today , which run on both electricity and gasoline, with cars like the T oy ota Prius and Honda Insight. T he United States has been a laggard in alternative vehicles. G.M.'s plug-in hy brid Chevrolet Volt is scheduled to go on sale next y ear, and will use rechargeable batteries imported from LG in South Korea. China's intention, in addition to creating a world-leading industry that will produce jobs and exports, is to reduce urban pollution and decrease its dependence on oil, which comes from the Mideast and travels over sea routes controlled by the United States Navy .
HONG KONG — The United States and China are gearing up for a trade war that could catch American users of solar energy in the crossfire. The Commerce Department in Washington on Wednesday opened an investigation sought by American manufacturers who accuse the Chinese of "dumping" solar panels into the United States at prices, aided by government subsidies, lower than the cost of making and distributing them. Anticipating that move, the government-controlled Chinese solar industry has been unusually vitriolic this week. A trade group accused the White House of turning the commercial complaint into "a political farce, which is very likely a publicity show initiated by the Obama administration for the coming election." Meanwhile, a new American trade group was formed this week, representing buyers and installers of solar-energy systems. It argues that any new Commerce Department restrictions on Chinese solar panels would slow the adoption of clean energy technology in the United States and could cost thousands of American jobs. Some environmentalists also oppose policies that might slow the adoption of solar energy. Solar power is a politically charged issue in Washington, in part because of the bankruptcy this summer of a solar panel maker, Solyndra, after it had received more than $500 million in federal loan guarantees.
Here is a refreshing look at how American cities are leading the way toward greener, cleaner, and more sustainable forms of economic development. In Emerald Cities, Joan Fitzgerald shows how in the absence of a comprehensive national policy, cities like Chicago, New York, Portland, San Francisco, and Seattle have taken the lead in addressing the interrelated environmental problems of global warming, pollution, energy dependence, and social justice. Cities are major sources of pollution but because of their population density, reliance on public transportation, and other factors, Fitzgerald argues that they are uniquely suited to promote and benefit from green economic development. For cities facing worsening budget constraints, investing in high-paying green jobs in renewable energy technology, construction, manufacturing, recycling, and other fields will solve two problems at once, sparking economic growth while at the same time dramatically improving quality of life. Fitzgerald also examines how investing in green research and technology may help to revitalize older industrial cities and offers examples of cities that don't make the top-ten green lists such as Toledo and Cleveland, Ohio and Syracuse, New York. And for cities wishing to emulate those already engaged in developing greener economic practices, Fitzgerald shows which strategies will be most effective according to each city's size, economic history, geography, and other unique circumstances. But cities cannot act alone, and Fitzgerald analyzes the role of state and national government policy in helping cities create the next wave of clean technology growth. Lucid, forward-looking, and guided by a level-headed optimism that clearly distinguishes between genuine progress and exaggerated claims, Emerald Cities points the way toward a sustainable future for the American city.
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