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Securitization of Real Estate Assets

Authors:
Jason Goddard at Wake Forest University
Jason Goddard
Bill Marcum at Wake Forest University
Bill Marcum
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Abstract

One of the most significant financial innovations of the twentieth century was the introduction of securitization. Securitization involves pooling individual, usually illiquid, assets and using the pool as collateral for the issuance of an entirely new set of financial securities. People that invest in the new securities are promised a proportionate share of the cash flows produced by the pool of assets.
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2012, 2012, XIV, 298 p. 70 illus.
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G.J. Goddard, Investment Real Estate, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; B. Marcum, Wake Forest
University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Real Estate Investment
A Value Based Approach
▶Combines practical relevance with mathematical rigor
▶Highly relevant and useful for both students, professionals and small
investors
▶Focuses on commercial properties
This book fills a gap in the existing resources available to students and professionals
requiring an academically rigorous, but practically orientated source of knowledge about
real estate finance. Written by a bank vice-president who for many years has practiced
as a commercial lender and who teaches real estate investment at university level, and
an academic whose area of study is finance and particularly valuation, this book will lead
readers to truly understand the fundamentals of making a sound real estate investment
decision. The focus is primarily on the valuation of leased properties such as apartment
buildings, office buildings, retail centers, and warehouse space, rather than on owner
occupied residential property..
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... In this sense, an additional resolution strategy is represented by real estate securitization, consisting in a typical form of financing used to purchase NPLportfolios. Securitization involves pooling individual, usually illiquid, assets underlying NPL and using the pool as collateral for the issuance of an entirely new set of financial securities named ABS (asset backed securities); ABS investors are promised a proportionate share of the cash flows produced by the pool of assets (Goddard & Marcum, 2012). ...
Italian Auction Market: Features of Discounted Forced Sale Price
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  • Sep 2020
The purpose of the paper is to investigate the main causes of discount between list price and forced sale value in the Italian real estate auction segment, in favor of more comprehensive determination of the value of mortgage underlying guarantees; this would allow for an improvement of further valorization processes of assets intended to obtain a higher selling price. Starting from the results of existing literature, an ordinary least squares regression analysis was conducted in order to point out the main determinants of the discount between list price and forced sale value. It has been verified, when sampling 225 cases of forced residential property sales in the South of Italy, that the time constraint of the Italian regulatory framework is more relevant with reference to discount rather than the physical characteristics of assets. The influence of the duration of procedures is proof that even if recent government initiatives have led to positive results in terms of reducing the length of procedures, this is not yet satisfactory compared to other European contexts. This provides evidence of the need for further interventions aimed at improving the efficiency of the procedural system, also encouraging recourse to other options that lead to ease judicial burden.
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The Impact of Agencies on Conventional Fixed-Rate Mortgage Yields
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  • Feb 1989
  • J R Estate Finance Econ
Between the early 1980s and 1986, the share of new conforming (under $153,000 in 1986) conventional fixed-rate mortgages (FRMs) that went into Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac mortgage pools increased from under 5% to over 50%. The impact of these agencies moving from negligible participants to dominant players in this market is investigated in this study by an analysis of yields on 4,900 loans closed in California during May–June 1978 and 1,800 closed in May–June 1986. Our analysis indicates that the loan rate depends on the loan-to-value ratio, the loan size, and, in 1986, whether the loan is far above, just above, or below the conforming loan limit. Rates on loans far above the conforming loan limit exceed those on otherwise comparable loans below the limit by 30 basis points and those on loans destined to exceed the limit within a year by 15 basis points. That is, the expanded agency securitization of conforming FRMs has significantly lowered the rates on both conforming loans and loans somewhat above the conforming limit (27% of nonconforming loans in 1986) relative to what they would otherwise have been.
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Securitization: The Financial Instrument of the Future
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  • Mar 2012
Get a thorough explanation of the nuances of securitization in the global business market with this comprehensive resource. Synthetic securitization and structured products are revolutionizing the financial industry and changing the way banks, institutional investors, and securities traders do business both domestically and globally. Written by a top international trainer and expert on securitization, this book is an ideal way for all market practitioners, whether investors, bankers, or analysts, to ensure they understand the ins and outs of this practice.
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Introduction to Securitization
Article
  • Nov 2011
Introduction to Securitization outlines the basics of securitization, addressing applications for this technology to mortgages, collateralized debt obligations, future flows, credit cards, and auto loans. The authors present a comprehensive overview of the topic based on the experience they have gathered through years of interaction with practitioners and graduate students around the world. The authors offer coverage of such key topics as: structuring agency MBS deals and nonagency deals, credit enhancements and sizing, using interest rate derivatives in securitization transactions, asset classes securitized, operational risk factors, implications for financial markets, and applying securitization technology to CDOs. Finally, in the appendices, the authors provide an essential introduction to credit derivatives, an explanation of the methodology for the valuation of MBS/ABS, and the estimation of interest rate risk. Securitization is a financial technique that pools assets together and, in effect, turns them into a tradable security. The end result of a securitization transaction is that a corporation can obtain proceeds by selling assets and not borrowing funds. In real life, many securitization structures are quite complex and enigmatic for practitioners, investors, and finance students. Typically, books detailing this topic are either too lengthy, too technical, or too superficial in their presentation. Introduction to Securitization is the first to offer essential information on this topic at a fundamental, yet comprehensive level-providing readers with a working understanding of what has become one of today's most important areas of finance. Authors Frank Fabozzi and Vinod Kothari, internationally recognized experts in the field, clearly define securitization, contrast it with corporate finance, and explain its advantages. They carefully illustrate the structuring of asset-backed securities (ABS) transactions, including agency mortgage-backed securities (MBS) deals and nonagency deals, and show the use of credit enhancements and interest rate derivatives in such transactions. They review the collateral classes in ABS, such as retail loans, credit cards, and future flows, and discuss ongoing funding vehicles such as asset-backed commercial paper conduits and other structured vehicles. And they explain the different types of collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and structured credit, detailing their structuring and analysis. To complement the discussion, an introduction to credit derivatives is also provided. The authors conclude with a close look at securitization's impact on the financial markets and the economy, with a review of the now well-documented problems of the securitization of one asset class: subprime mortgages. While questions about the contribution of securitization have been tainted by the subprime mortgage crisis, it remains an important process for corporations, municipalities, and government entities seeking funding. The significance of this financial innovation is that it has been an important form of raising capital for corporations and government entities throughout the world, as well as a vehicle for risk management. Introduction to Securitization offers practitioners and students a simple and comprehensive entry into the interesting world of securitization and structured credit.
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Mortgage Mortgage-Backed Securities Markets
Article
  • Jan 1992
The American dream of home ownership has created the world's largest debt market - exceeding the stock and corporate bond markets combined. Mortgage-backed securities, financially engineered products of that debt, represent a unique challenge to professional investors, mortgage originators, bankers, regulators, and financial economists. This book describes the economic forces that molded the mortgage market and evaluates the variety of mortgage designs and the securities created from them. It explains each aspect of contemporary mortgages, the development of the secondary mortgage market, and the characteristics of mortgage-backed securities (passthroughs, collateralized mortgage obligations, and stripped mortgage-backed securities). The text also provides techniques for analyzing and hedging these complex securities.
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A Historical Primer on the Business of Credit Ratings
Article
  • Jan 2002
In capital market history, credit rating agencies were relatively late to appear, being less than a century old. John Moody founded the first rating agency in 1909, in the United States, which in comparison with other countries had a large private bond market and an investing class clamoring for better information. Extensive research by W.B. Hickman and others established that credit rating agencies were able to provide investors with good information on bond quality and the probability of default, but that the agencies’ record was not appreciably different from implicit ratings of public regulatory authorities and the bond market’s own ratings indicated by interest rate spreads. The paper concludes with a discussion of various rationales that have been given for the success of credit rating agencies as businesses in the United States and, increasingly, the world.
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Pricing commercial mortgage-backed securities
Article
  • Dec 2001
  • J Property Invest Finance
This paper presents the first known non-proprietary empirical examination of the relationship between Commercial Mortgage Backed Security (CMBS) pricing. CMBS prices are examined as a function of the “moneyness” of the default option, the age of the security, the interest rate, interest rate volatility, property price volatility, amortization features and yield curve slope utilizing a proprietary data set of monthly prices on 40 CMBS securities. We find that though the senior tranche CMBS in the sample are effectively immune from default loss per se, they are not immune from early return of principal and resulting duration shift implied by increasing default probabilities. Thus, they behave very much like residential mortgage backed securities in that discount security prices are positively related to explanatory variables associated with potential shifts in duration. As a result, senior tranche CMBS prices increase with explanatoryd factors that raise the likelihood of default such as property volatility and loan to value ratio whereas CMBS prices decrease with variables that lower default probability such as amortization. These empirical results fit well with existing theoretical models of multi-tranche CMBS pricing and models of commercial mortgage default and suggest that senior tranche CMBS may embody elements of risk that justify their seemingly rich spreads to similar duration corporate securities.
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Securitisation and Financial Stability*
Article
  • Mar 2009
  • ECON J
A widespread opinion before the credit crisis of 2007/8 was that securitisation enhances financial stability by dispersing credit risk. After the credit crisis, securitisation was blamed for allowing the ‘hot potato’ of bad loans to be passed to unsuspecting investors. Both views miss the endogeneity of credit supply. Securitisation enables credit expansion through higher leverage of the financial system as a whole. Securitisation by itself may not enhance financial stability if the imperative to expand assets drives down lending standards. The ‘hot potato’ of bad loans sits in the financial system on the balance sheets of large banks rather than being sold on to final investors, since the aim of financial intermediaries is to expand lending in order to utilise slack in balance sheet capacity.
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Pricing Fixed Rate Mortgages: Some Empirical Evidence
Article
  • Oct 1990
We develop a simple model based on the hypothesis that yields in the secondary mortgage market provide a basis for pricing new loans in the primary mortgage market. The model is then expanded to include potential interest rate variations due to lender characteristics and whether the loans meet securitization requirements. The empirical results, using a two-year sample of single-family mortgage rates, conform to the predictions of the model. In particular, we find that the interest rates on FRMs in the primary market move in a one-to-one relationship with secondary market yields. We also find significantly lower interest rates on these mortgages that can be sold in the secondary market versus those that cannot, thus indicating the value of the ability to securitize mortgages.
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Residential Mortgage Markets: Current Developments and Future Prospects
Article
  • Sep 1977
Historical developments as well as current innovations have generated significant changes in the structure and operation of the residential mortgage market. General economic stability, a low inflation rate, growth of savings and loan associations, and strong consumer demand marked the fifteen-year period immediately following World War II. In contrast, the decade of the sixties was characterized by increased competition in the mortgage market, a series of credit crunches, and increased governmental activity. In reaction to these and related developments, current innovations affecting the mortgage market focus on design of new mortgage instruments, improvements in market efficiency, and reform of financial institutions. If history is a guide, it suggests that the residential mortgage market responds flexibly to adverse conditions. Copyright American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association.
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