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Analyze Phase
Abstract
The essence of any Six Sigma project is the analysis part of measured data. Most of the analytical tools are presented and illustrated in this chapter. This includes the discussion on parametric and nonparametric inferences. The parameter estimation and confidential estimation are carried out for various process characteristics. Similar attempt is made on hypothesis testing of parameters and goodness-of-fit of the models. The technique used to test hypothesis for a multitude of parameters relating to population means known as the analysis of variance is also studied in detail. Further, the modeling relationship between variables is studied through correlation and regression analysis, which includes both linear and nonlinear models. Some of the management tools such as root cause analysis, fault tree analysis (FTA), and 5-Why’s techniques essential for deciding the critical-to-quality parameters are also a part of this chapter.
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In root-cause analysis, a problem is defined as a situation where the performance of a system does not meet expectations. The root cause is the most basic causal factor or factors that, if corrected or removed, will prevent the recurrence of the situation. It is important to understand where to look for root causes. The search for the root cause is a questioning process, and, because root-cause analysis means asking difficult and sometimes embarrassing questions about how an organization is managed, it might be ignored for internal political reasons. There are three commonly used tools for structuring the questioning process. One tool is a process diagram to visually display the sequence of events. A second tool describes the problem in terms of protective barriers that have failed, and the third tool focuses on changes that have occurred relative to the expected and real performance of a process. Systemic issues concern how the management of the organization plans, organizes, controls, and provides quality assurance and safety in five key areas: personnel, procedures, equipment, material, and the environment. These five areas constitute the total work system. Each area can be broken into several parts.