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Participatory Design of a Cooperative Exploration Mediation Tool for Human Deep Space Risk Mitigation
Abstract
This work describes the participatory design and development of a Virtual Camera (VC) system to improve astronaut and mission operations exploration efficiency and cooperation while exploring in deep space. Advanced interaction media capabilities can improve exploration efficiency and cooperation as the distribution of human space exploration roles change in deep space exploration. This capability was developed in a tablet-based application that was evaluated in the field. The VC can minimize the risk of astronauts exploring unknown reaches of the solar system with limited previous knowledge of the area under exploration. Ground-based expert knowledge can be captured and be easily assessable in the remote deep space environment with the VC. The human-centered method of development and testing is described as well as results.
... Next Gen (Hooey et al. 2010 ) or based on ad hoc questionnaires such as used by Don Platt for an assistance tool used for deep space exploration (Platt et al. 2014). But Endsley's framework remains the most commonly used. ...
... In deep space exploration, SA is distributed over space and over time between the astronaut on the surface of a planet and the personnel in the control room on Earth. On Earth, the personnel is composed of the scientists who control the scientific objectives of the mission and who can propose to the astronaut to explore a particular area and the mission operators personnel who manage the mission itself and who are responsible of its safety and performance (Platt et al. 2014). This distribution over space between people on Earth and people on the surface of the planet and over time due to the communication delay gives rise to another organisation which produces a special distribution of SA among the actors. ...
Situation awareness is certainly one of the important constructs for human factors practitioners especially human engineers. Indeed, it gives keys to allow breaking the dilemma of the human-machine system designer between the two opposite human roles in systems: a negative role as they may make errors and a positive role in that they are able to detect and recover their own errors as well as process malfunctions. We might have expected that the age of this concept would allow it to be rather mature and refined enough for efficient use. Instead, as practitioners discover its usefulness, it becomes more and more subject to controversy. Nevertheless, the construct has become popular enough to be used in everyday life, for instance in a legal dispute. Therefore, it can be caricatured with the metaphor: the half empty glass or the half full glass. This paper first recalls several strengths and weaknesses of the SA constructs: the usefulness of the concept, the numerous concurrent definitions despite the clarity of Endley’s one, the lack of measurement methods associated with some of these definitions, the lack of organisational foundations for collective SA and therefore the lack of method for designing collective SA. As an answer to the last point, this paper proposes the framework of cooperation between agents and its similitude with collective SA. Finally, on the basis of several examples, it gives indications for designing collective SA through the concept of common workspace, a construct shared with the cooperation framework.
... However, apart from ideation, the application of UCD during prototyping and evaluation of real-world solutions has been sparse. While examples exist of software tools for human space exploration being developed in a user-centric manner [8,69], applying such approaches during the design of physical interfaces has proven to be more complicated. For instance, Sumini et al. developed a seahorseinspired prosthetic tail designed to enhance body motion in lowgravity conditions [86]. ...
Revived interest in lunar exploration is heralding a new generation of design solutions in support of human operations on the Moon. While space system design has traditionally been guided by prototype deployments in analogue studies, the resource-intensive nature of this approach has largely precluded application of proficient user-centered design (UCD) methods from human-computer interaction (HCI). This paper explores possible use of Virtual Reality (VR) to simulate analogue studies in lab settings and thereby bring to bear UCD in this otherwise engineering-dominated field. Drawing on the ongoing development of the European Large Logistics Lander, we have recreated a prospective lunar operational scenario in VR and evaluated it with a group of astronauts and space experts (n=20). Our qualitative findings demonstrate the efficacy of VR in facilitating UCD, enabling efficient contextual inquiries and improving project team coordination. We conclude by proposing future directions to further exploit VR in lunar systems design.
Robots will know a huge deployment in the near future. Several research works are related with human-robot interaction and with cooperation between robots. Other studies aim to bring them capabilities of self-organization which allow them quick and appropriated autonomous answers to quite simple events. That endows the swarm of robots with interesting capabilities of resilience and adaptation. But these objectives will be limited especially when the individual and collective robot abilities will be insufficient to cope with complex demands of the environment. The only solution is therefore to ask the human help. Nevertheless the behavior of a self-organized swarm of robots is difficult to predict by the human, due to his/her difficulty to build and especially to update on line a precise representation of the situation. A first way to cope with this problem is to analyze the robots’ tasks according to several levels of activity: a strategic level in which the global objectives are decided and the whole planned mission, the tactical level for applying and updating the mission regarding new events or new objectives and the operational level for implementing decisions. A complementary way is to increase cooperative capabilities of robots and to adapt robots’ tasks in order to find the best organization between robots and humans. Our proposal is to answer this problematic by studying Adaptive Level of Automation in the domain of crisis management and firefighting.
The human–machine system designer faces a dilemma: how to combine both roles, a procedure-based automated behavior versus an innovative behavior that allows humans to be “aware of” and cope with unknown situations. This chapter recalls advantages of situation awareness (SA) to ensure the human presence in systems, and criticisms of SA. It explains the usefulness of the concept, several concurrent definitions, the lack of measurement methods associated with some of these definitions, the lack of organizational foundations for collective SA, and the lack of method for designing collective SA. The chapter shows the similitude between collective SA and the framework of cooperation between agents. It gives tracks for designing collective SA through: (1) the organization and especially the task distribution, and shows the interest of three generic distribution forms: augmentative, integrative and debative; and (2) the concept of common work space (CWS), a construct shared with the cooperation framework.
A virtual assistant is being developed for use by astronauts as they use rovers to explore the surface of other planets. This interactive database, called the Virtual Camera (VC), is an interactive database that allows the user to have better situational awareness for exploration. It can be used for training, data analysis and augmentation of actual surface exploration. This paper describes the development efforts and Human-Computer Interaction considerations for implementing a first-generation VC on a tablet mobile computer device. Scenarios for use will be presented. Evaluation and success criteria such as efficiency in terms of processing time and precision situational awareness, learnability, usability, and robustness will also be presented. Initial testing and the impact of HCI design considerations of manipulation and improvement in situational awareness using a prototype VC will be discussed.
The time has come to move into a more humanistic approach of technology and to understand where our world is moving to in the early twenty-first century. The design and development of our future products needs to be orchestrated, whether they be conceptual, technical or organizational. Orchestrating Human-Centered Design presents an Orchestra model that attempts to articulate technology, organizations and people. Human-centered design (HCD) should not be limited to local/short-term/linear engineering, but actively focus on global/long-term/non-linear design, and constantly identify emergent properties from the use of artifacts. Orchestrating Human-Centered Design results from incremental syntheses of courses the author has given at the Florida Institute of Technology in the HCD PhD program. It is focused on technological and philosophical concepts that high-level managers, technicians and all those interested in the design of artifacts should consider. Our growing software -intensive world imposes better knowledge on cognitive engineering, life-critical systems, complexity analysis, organizational design and management, modeling and simulation, and advanced interaction media, and this well-constructed and informative book provides a road map for this.
This paper presents a theoretical model of situation awareness based on its role in dynamic human decision making in a variety of domains. Situation awareness is presented as a predominant concern in system operation, based on a descriptive view of decision making. The relationship between situation awareness and numerous individual and environmental factors is explored. Among these factors, attention and working memory are presented as critical factors limiting operators from acquiring and interpreting information from the environment to form situation awareness, and mental models and goal-directed behavior are hypothesized as important mechanisms for overcoming these limits. The impact of design features, workload, stress, system complexity, and automation on operator situation awareness is addressed, and a taxonomy of errors in situation awareness is introduced, based on the model presented. The model is used to generate design implications for enhancing operator situation awareness and future directions for situation awareness research.
Decentralized command and control settings like those found in the military are rife with complexity and change. These settings typically involve dozens, if not hundreds to thousands, of heterogeneous players coordinating in a distributed fashion in a dynamically networked battlefield laden with sensor data, intelligence reports, communications, and plans emanating from many different perspectives. Consider the concept of team situation awareness in this setting. What does it mean for a team to be aware of a situation or, more importantly, of a critical change in a situation? Is it sufficient or necessary for all individuals on the team to be independently aware? Or is there some more holistic awareness that emerges as team members interact? We re-examine the concept of team situation awareness in decentralized systems beyond an individual-oriented knowledge-based construct by considering it as a team interaction-based phenomenon. A theoretical framework for a process-based measure called 'coordinated awareness of situations by teams' is outlined.
Situation awareness (SA) is a critical commodity for teams working in complex systems. This article builds on existing schema theory to postulate an explanation of how teams develop and maintain SA during collaborative activities. The perceptual-action cycle approach and schema theory are used to formulate a model of distributed SA. Extracts from a case study undertaken in the UK energy distribution domain are used to demonstrate the concept of genotype and phenotype schemata as distributed SA. The sub-concepts of compatible and transactive SA are also outlined and explored via the case study. The differences between this perspective and the more commonly cited ‘shared SA’ perspective is articulated. In conclusion, whilst the ideas presented in this article are quite different to those expressed by the dominant models of individual and team SA presented in the literature, it is contended that they are more appropriate for the study of SA in collaborative environments.
This paper deals with the research of means to build a human–machine cooperation in the air traffic control. The experiment described aims at evaluating a principle of dynamic allocation of conflict resolution on a large scale simulator of air traffic control. Artificial and human agents have to cooperate to exchange information, to make a decision and to control the air traffic. To analyse and define cooperation between agents, the know-how and the know-how-to-cooperate are defined. These concepts give a structure which allows to build a common work space to support the cooperation more efficiently.
We present an approach to control information flow in object-oriented systems. The decision of whether an informatin flow is permitted or denied depends on both the authorizations specified on the objects and the process by which information is obtained ...
Human-machine cooperation: Metaphor or possible reality?
- P Millot
- J M Hoc
Computer Supported Cooperative Work The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction
- J Grudin
- S Poltrock