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PTSD w obliczu przewlekłej choroby somatycznej na przykładzie pacjentów zakażonych wirusem HIV oraz cierpiących z powodu chronicznego bólu: przegląd badań

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Abstract

The aim of this article is to highlight the understudied problematic from the health and clinical psychology, which is the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in the aftermath of the diagnosis and the course of chronic somatic illness, as the example of HIV+ and chronic pain patients. Firstly, definitions of traumatic stressors leading to PTSD in DSM and ICD-10 were summarized. Further, research on the PTSD in HIV/AIDS and chronic pain patients were presented. Finally, controversies around the diagnosis of PTSD in somatic illness were discussed.
strona 61
ȱȱȱRȱȱ
ȱȱRȱXȱ
ȱȱȱȱ&ȱ
ȱȱȱXDZȱ&ȱS
Marcin Rzeszutek
¢Č£ȱ£Ùȱàȱȱ££ȱȱ£
University of Finance and Management in Warsaw
PTSD IN THE AFTERMATH OF CHRONIC SOMATIC ILLNESS AS THE EXAM-
ȱȱƸȱȱȱȱDZȱȱ
Summary. ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ ¢¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱ Ȭȱȱ Ĵȱ
ȱȱǻǼȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱƸȱȱȱȱǯȱ-
¢ǰȱęȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȬŗŖȱ ȱ
£ǯȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ Ȧȱ ȱȱ ȱ-
tients were presented. Finally, controversies around the diagnosis of PTSD in so-
matic illness were discussed.
Key wordsDZȱǰȱȦǰȱȱ
Wprowadzenie
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Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 2016, tom 21, numer 1, s. 61-75
DZȱŗŖǯŗŚŜśŜȦŘŖŗŜŖŗŖś
strona 62
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strona 64
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strona 66
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strona 68
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strona 70
Podsumowanie
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pomocy psychologicznej dla takich grup pacjentów.
Literatura cytowana
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ȱȮȱȱ ¢ȱǯȱǻŗşşŚǼǯ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
ȱȱȱȱǻŚthȱǯǼǯȱȱDZȱǯ
ȱȮȱȱ ¢ȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŖǼ. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
ȱȱȱǻŚthȱǯȱȮȱ¡ȱǼǯȱȱDZȱǯ
ȱȮȱȱ ¢ȱǯȱǻŘŖŗřǼ. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
ȱȱȱȱǻśthȱǯǼǯȱȱDZȱǯ
ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱDZȱ¢ȱ
and innovative approaches for treating co-occuring PTSD in chronic pain. De-
pression & Anxiety, 31, 717-720.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǰȱĵǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŘǼǯȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
maintenance models. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 930-937.
strona 71
¢ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱ ǯǰȱǰȱ ǯȱǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ-
praisals and dysfunctional coping strategies associated with post-traumatic
stress disorder synptoms following myocardial infarction. British Journal of
Health Psychology, 14, 459-471.
ǰȱǯǰȱȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ-
ȱȱDZȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱǯȱAfrican Journal
of Psychiatry, 14, 259-261.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱ
and noncancer AIDS events among male HIV seroconverters. Journal of Ac-
ȱȱę¢ȱ¢ǰȱ48, 485-490.
ǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱĴȱȱǯȱCurrent Opinion in Psychiatry, 17, 123-128.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱȱěȱȱȱ¢DZȱȱĴ-
matic stress disorder and chronic pain. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research,
Practice, and Policy, 3, 101-108.
ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱ ǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǰȱ ĵǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱȱ
ǰȱǯȱ ǻŗşşŝǼǯȱȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱJournal of Psychosomatic Research, 43, 379-389.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱěȱȱȱ
PTSD and depression on HIV disease markers and adherence to HAART in
people living with HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 10, 253-261.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ-
ceived discrimination and mental health symptoms among Black men with
HIV. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 295-302.
ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
DZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱAnnals
of the New York Academy of Science, 1032, 141-153.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱ ǯȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ-
tween PTSD symptoms and rheumatoid arthritis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72,
481-486.
ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱǻŘŖŗřǼǯȱ £ȱȱ ȱ ȱ
chronic pain and PTSD. Pain Research and Treatment,ȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŗśśȦŘŖŗřȦŗŝŚŝŘŞ
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȬȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȬ-
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱDZȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǵȱAIDS Care, 26, 947-951.
ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ǯȱ ǰȱǯȱ ǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱDZȱȱȱȱǯȱJournal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 266-373.
ǰȱǯǰȱ £ǰȱǯǰȱ Ĵǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
infection in Malaysia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82, 39-42.
ěǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱȦȱȂȱȱȱȱ-
ȱȱȬȱ¢DZȱȱȬȱǯȱCo-
gnitive and Behavioral Practice, 14, 125-126.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŗşşşǼǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȦęȱ-
ȱȱDZȱȱȱȱǯȱCultural Diversity and
Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5, 222-235.
strona 72
ǰȱǯǰȱ £ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ȱ ęĴǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱěȱ ȱ ȱ
Śȱȱȱȱȱȱę¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
volumes in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Journal of Neurovirology,
16, 25-32.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱ ǯȱǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȦǯ Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 149-156.
ǰȱǯǰȱȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗřǼǯȱȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱ
disease. Lancet,ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Řŗǰȱ ŘŖŗřǰȱ ĴDZȦȦ¡ǯǯȦŗŖǯŗŖŗŜȦ
ŖŗŚŖȬŜŝřŜǻŗřǼŜŗŞŖş
¢ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱĴȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ
salivary cortisol, medication adherence, and CD4 levels in HIV-positive indi-
viduals. AIDS Care, 16, 247-260.
ȱǰȱ ǯǰȱǰȱ ǯǰȱǰȱ ǯǰȱ ȱ ǰȱǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ¢ȱ
adjustment to chronic disease. Lancet, 372, 246-255.
ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȦǯȱAIDS Patient Care and STDs, 20, 350-358.
ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ǯȱ DZȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ
ǯȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǰȱǯȱȱǻǯǼǰȱStress induced and fear circuity disor-
ǯȱę the research agenda for DSM-VǯȱDZȱȱ ¢ȱ
Association.
ǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ Ĵȱ HIV/AIDS DZȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ Nigerian Journal of
Medicine, 13, 407-409.
¢ǰȱǯǰȱĴ¢ǰȱǯǰȱȬǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ-
ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ¢DZȱȱŗȬ¢ȱȱȱ
study. Journal of Trauma, 62, 410-418.
££ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȬȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ with HIV/
Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ
among adults with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 403-413.
£ǰȱǯǰȱȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
individuals with chronic neck pain of traumatic and non-traumatic origin. Acta
Orthopaedica, 77, 132-137.
§ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱãȬãǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱûȬǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗřǼǯȱ-
ȱȱȱȱę¢ȱ¢DZȱǰȱȱ-
ȱȱĴȱȱȱę¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ
on clinical outcome. Pain, 154, 1216-1223.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŖǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ¢¢ȱȱȬȱ¢ȱǯȱPsychoneuroendocri-
nology, 25, 1-35.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱ
prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Ar-
thritis and Rheumatology, 58, 15-25.
£ǰȱǯǰȱ¿ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ¢ȱ£ǯȱ£DZȱ¢ȱȱ
PWN.
strona 73
IASP ȱȱȱȱ¡¢ǯȱęȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱǯȱǻŗşşŚǼ.ȱĴDZȱȱǯ
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱ ǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȬȱ¢ǯȱJournal
of Pain, 11, 1230-1239.
ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ
DZȱȱǯȱJournal of Health Psychology, 13, 1008-1011.
ǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ
following cancer. Health Psychology, 24, 579-585.
ĵǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ
symptomatology in HIV-infected women. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 19, 110-
-120.
ȬĴǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱȱDZȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ
Research. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 997-1000.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱȬǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ-
ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȦ
AIDS. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 942-948.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȦDZȱȱǯȱThe Australian And New Zealand Journal of
Psychiatry, 35, 747-757.
ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱ ¢ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱEuropean Journal of
Pain, 9, 15-24.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ -
ȱȱȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǻȱȱȱ¢ǼǯȱPain, 153, 1368-1373.
¢ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
pain. Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy, 26, 310-325.
ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ-
sion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 539-545.
¢ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȬȱ¡ǯȱInternational Journal of
Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6, 234-242.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȦȱȱ
on family identity and interactions in China. Families, Systems & Health, 26, 431-
-442.
Ȭǰȱǯȱ ǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ¢£ȱ ££ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢£ǯȱ£DZȱ
Instytut Psychologii PAN.
ȬȱǯȱǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱ£ȱ¢£ȱȮȱ¢ȱ ęǰȱȱ
ȱ££ǯȱ DZȱ ǯȱǰȱ ǯȱ £ǰȱǯȱ £ȱǻǯǼǰȱ Kon-
ȱ¢£ȱ¢DZ uwarunkowania i terapiaȱǻǯȱŗśȬřřǼǯȱ£DZȱ¢-
dawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
RǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ¢ȱàȱ£Č¢ȱȱǯȱ£DZȱ¢-
nictwo Medyk.
strona 74
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ-
ly diagnosed with HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 125-131.
£ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŘǼǯȱĴȱȱ-
ȱȱȱĴȱȱę¢ȱȱȱǯȱ
AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 16, 283-291.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱȱDZȱȱȱ
integrated physiopathogenetic perspectives and therapy. Rheumatic Disease
Clinics of North America, 31, 131-160.
ȬǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ-
ȱȮȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǯȱNeuropharmacology, 62,
586-597.
¢ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŚǼǯ ĴȱȱȱȱDZȱȱȱ-
ses or treatments cause traumatic stress. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 30, 577-580.
ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŖǼǯȱȱȦȱ£¢¢¢ȱȱȱ ¢. Warsza-
DZȱ¢ȱ¢Č£ȱ£Ù¢ȱȱǯ
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱ-
matoid arthritis. Pain, 153, 107-112.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
is a risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychology and Medicine, 38,
533-542.
ȂǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŗşşŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ-
ȱȱDZȱȱȱ¢ǯȱDisability and rehabilitation, 18, 249-254.
¢ǰȱǯǰȱ¡£ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǯȱ
ǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ  in recently diagnosed HIV/AIDS pa-
tients-the role of gender. South African Medical Journal, 93, 928-931.
¢ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱȬȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ Ȧȱȱȱǯȱ AIDS Care, 17,
550-557.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȬȱDZȱ-
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǵȱJournal of Family Psy-
chology, 25, 461-469.
££ǰȱǯǰȱ ££ǰȱ ǯǰȱȬǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ ȱǰȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱƸȱȱȱǯȱAIDS Care, 24,
1150-1154.
££ǰȱǯǰȱ££ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱȬǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱ-
fection duration, social support and the level of trauma symptoms in a sample
of HIV-positive Polish individuals. AIDS Care, 27, 363-369.
ǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱ¢ȱȱĴȱȱ
ȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĜǯȱ
AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 17, 657-664.
ǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱȱȱȱĴȱȱDZȱ-
ȱǵȱClinical Psychology Review, 21, 857-877.
strona 75
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱȱDZȱ
Prevalence and Outcomes in a Canadian HIV Population. AIDS Patient Care and
STDs, 24, 763-770.
ĵǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱ ǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯȱ ǻŘŖŗřǼǯȱ -
Ȭęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱDZȱ
A case-control study. Journal of Psychosomatic Reserach, 74, 296-300.
ǰȱǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȦȱȱȱȱȱȱDZȱȱ¡¢ȱ
Study. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 24, 675-681.
¿Úǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ ¢ȱ £Ù¢ȱ àȱ £Ùǯȱ DZȱ ǯȱ Ùǰȱ
ǯȱ£ȱǻǯǼǰȱ¢¢ȱàȱǻǯȱŘŗŚȬřŖśǼǯȱ£DZȱǯ
¢ǰȱǯȱǻŗşşŞǼǯȱȬȱȱȬȱ¢DZȱȱȱǵ The Interdis-
ciplinary International Journal of Sexual Health, 11, 15-25.
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ-
ness and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, ŘřǰȱŚŖşȬŚŚŞǰȱDZȱŗŘŝŘşŜŝş
ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȬȱĴȱȱ-
DZȱȱȱȱǯȱAIDS Patient Care and STDs, 24, 458-491.
ȂȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱȱǰȱǯǰȱȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱDzȱȱȱȱ-
ȱȬȱ¢ǯȱJournal of Psychosomatic Research, 68, 187-193.
ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱClinical Drug Investigation, 32, 3-10.
ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Depression to Antiretroviral Medication
Adherence in Persons with HIV. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 22, 34-46.
ȱȮȱgȱ£ȱ ǯȱǻŗşşŞǼǯȱ ¢ęȱ ££Úȱ ¢£¢ȱ
ȱ££Úȱ£ȱ ȱȬŗŖǯȱ£ȱ¢ȱ¢£ǯȱàDZȱ-
wersyteckie Wydawnictwo Medyczne „Vesalius”, Instytut Psychiatrii i Neu-
rologii.
ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱDZȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬęȱȱ
pharmacologie management. Annals of Internal Medicine, 140, 441-451.
£ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȱ£ȱàDZȱȱàȱȱ-
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Streszczenieǯȱ ȱ £ȱ ¢Ùȱ ȱ £¢Čȱ Ùȱ £ȱ -
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ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.