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Earthquake precautionary measures in post-disaster housing with reference to Mexico City, Mexico
Abstract
Safety of a building's occupants is of primary concern in the design of a building. However, geophysical hazards such as earthquakes, still pose dangers to occupants of buildings. In an earthquake-resistant structure, even during a moderate shake, objects which are part of non-structural systems, accelerated by the sudden motion of the building, can hurt building occupants and cause damage to their property. The adoption of simple earthquake precautionary measures, could almost entirely eliminate this hazard. The adoption of these actions is the responsibility of occupants themselves, as part of their response to earthquake risk. Previous personal experience with earthquakes has been identified to be a major component of response to hazard risk. This response relates to the incorporation of earthquake risk into daily life, by the adoption of earthquake precautionary measures, which could make a substantial difference in reducing loss of life and damage to property during an earthquake. Therefore, the investigation of occupants living patterns in relation to earthquake safety gives an insight on their vulnerability and level of adoption of earthquake precautionary measures, particularly in a city constantly exposed to ground shakes such as Mexico City. This research project concentrates in the study of the internal layout characteristics of the dwellings in a social housing complex built after the 1985 Mexico City earthquake.
Turkiye’nin deprem kusaginda yer alan bir ulke olarak sinirlari icerisinde bircok deprem meydana gelmistir. Yakin gelecekte de farkli bolgelerinde benzer siddetlerde depremlerin olabilecegi konunun uzmanlari tarafindan aciklanmaktadir. Kuzey Anadolu Fay Hatti uzerinde bulunan Kastamonu Ili Tosya Ilcesi I. Derece deprem bolgesinde yer aldigindan gecmiste bircok deprem yasamistir. Yapilan arastirmalarda uygun olmayan bina yapisi ve ic mekân duzenlemeleri gibi onlenebilir bircok faktorun can ve mal kaybina neden oldugu bilinmektedir. Arastirmada Kastamonu Ili Tosya Ilcesi sakinlerine yonelik bir anket uygulanmistir ve mobilya kullanim aliskanliklari depreme karsi alinacak tedbirler cercevesinde incelenmistir. Sonuc olarak deprem bolgesi konutlarinda yasayanlarin ic mekân duzenlemelerindeki farkindalik duzeyleri ortaya cikartilmistir ve sorunlara yonelik onerilere yer verilmistir.
In this study, individuals living in the earthquake area, entrance, living room, living room, bedrooms, by determining kitchens and children's rooms located in their presence, ready for a possible earthquake or tremor of the furniture is made to determine the reliable presence in the face of an earthquake. Research questionnaire prepared for this purpose, has been applied to 79 academic and administrative university staff living in Simav and Duzce. According to this; people living Simav find more safer the living room furniture; academic staffs find more safer the bedroom furniture; secondary school graduates, administrative staff, married person and living in Simav find more safer the kitchen; married person and living Simav find more safer their children's room, male users than female users find more safer their children's room. There is no statistically significant difference in users’ gender, education, occupation, marital status, and d where they live between entrance and sitting room secure conditions so as not to cause injury or death to the moment of earthquakes or tremors furniture. As a result, users who live in earthquake zone do not take the earthquake seriously, their consciousness and precaution level is insufficient, and therefore it is thought that in a potential earthquake, unfortunately nonstructural threats will increase unwilling injuries and death levels
The history of post-disaster reconstruction programs, especially in developing countries, is replete with the failure to provide safe-construction methods that can be sustained and repeated over time, in spite of the usually acclaimed success of these projects by those in charge. One key factor that results in this discrepancy is time; while the success of such projects is typically evaluated by the authorities through its tangible impact (such as physical development) at the end of the reconstruction program, the real impacts of the project can be known only in the long run. In other words, although it may seem to have gained success when it is over, the actual success or failure of a post-disaster program largely depends on intangible aspects such as awareness, preparedness, acceptance or rejection of preventive measures, and sustainability. The literature on organizing post-disaster reconstruction is abundant, though no clear consensus emerges; similarly, the literature on knowledge transfer and the embedding of tacit knowledge is rich. However, none applies to both domains. Focusing on the transfer of safe-construction knowledge in the case of the reconstruction program after the earthquake of Bam, Iran, three field studies at three periods of time were organized in Bam. The objective of these field studies was to observe the state of the modern and traditional construction knowledge prior to the earthquake, how new knowledge was disseminated during the directed reconstruction phase, and how much of that knowledge was internalized and translated into sustainable, operational tacit knowledge by the local builders. Based on the theories of knowledge transfer and emphasizing the great distinction between tacit and explicit knowledge, this study demonstrates that in the absence of local builders’ understanding of the principles of construction methods introduced to them, very little can be done in terms of assuring the repeatability of safe-construction practice after the official reconstruction program is terminated. This research shows that it is not sufficient to teach the builders what to do for building safely; rather, they must understand why to do so, if sustainability of the practice is desired in the reconstruction program for continued application after it ends. This study further concludes that the chaotic environment and human dynamics that emerge after a disaster conflict with the prerequisites for a successful transfer of knowledge. Therefore, it is suggested that a process of safe-construction-knowledge transfer should be added to the usual post-disaster reconstruction programs. This process, called a post-post-disaster program in this study, should target the network of local builders, incorporating their informal education through an interpersonal and apprenticeship-like training, with accordance to their learning patterns before the disaster. This process would obviously be time-consuming, and therefore calls for deliberately allocating more time than is usually allocated to reconstruction programs. Keywords: post-disaster, reconstruction, knowledge transfer, earthquake, Bam, Iran. L’historique des programmes de reconstruction après les catastrophes, particulièrement dans les pays en développement, est jalonné d’échecs. On semble être incapable d’offrir des méthodes de construction sécuritaires qui peuvent être maintenues et répétées à long terme, malgré les succès annoncés par ceux qui sont en charge de ces projets. Un facteur-clé qui explique cette différence d’opinions est le temps; alors que le succès de tels projets est habituellement évalué par les autorités en termes de son impact tangible (par exemple le développement physique) immédiatement après la fin du programme de développement, les impacts réels du projet ne peuvent être connus que sur le long terme. En d’autres mots, même s’il peut sembler couronné de succès lorsqu’il est terminé, le succès ou l’échec réel d’un programme de reconstruction après une catastrophe dépend largement d’aspects intangibles tels que la sensibilisation de la population, l’état de préparation, d’approbation ou de rejet des mesures préventives, et le respect des mesures d’une façon durable. Les ouvrages traitant de l’organisation de la reconstruction sont nombreux quoiqu’on n’arrive pas à un consensus; de même, les ouvrages traitant de la transmission des connaissances et de l’ancrage des connaissances tacites sont riches. Cependant, aucun ne s’applique aux deux domaines. En se penchant sur le transfert des connaissances portant sur les méthodes de construction sécuritaire à la suite du programme de reconstruction après le tremblement de terre de Bam en Iran, trois études sur le terrain, s’échelonnant sur trois périodes de temps distinctes, furent réalisées. L’objectif de ces études fut d’observer l’état des connaissances sur la construction moderne et traditionnelle avant le tremblement de terre, comment les nouvelles connaissances ont été diffusées pendant la phase de reconstruction, et quelle fut la quantité de connaissances assimilées qui se sont traduites par des connaissances réellement mises en œuvre par les constructeurs locaux.D’après des théories de transfert des connaissances, et en mettant l’accent sur la grande distinction entre les connaissances tacites et explicites, cette étude démontre que si les constructeurs locaux ne comprennent pas les principes des méthodes de construction qui leur sont présentées, très peu de choses peuvent être faites pour assurer une répétition des pratiques de construction sécuritaires, une fois que le programme officiel de reconstruction est terminé. Cette recherche démontre qu’il n’est pas suffisant d’enseigner aux constructeurs quoi faire pour construire d’une façon sécuritaire; mais plutôt qu’ils doivent comprendre pourquoi faire, si le maintien des pratiques est désiré dans le programme de reconstruction de manière à obtenir une application continue de ces mesures une fois le programme terminé.Cette étude conclut que l’environnement chaotique et les dynamiques humaines qui émergent suite à un conflit nuisent aux conditions nécessaires pour qu’un transfert de connaissances soit couronné de succès. Par conséquent, il est suggéré que le processus du transfert de connaissances portant sur la construction sécuritaire soit ajouté aux programmes habituels de reconstruction après les catastophes. Ce processus, appelé le programme après-après-catastophe dans cette étude, devrait viser le réseau des constructeurs en complétant leur enseignement informel par une formation interpersonnelle d’apprentissage, en accord avec leur modèle d’apprentissage habituel d’avant la catastrophe. Ce processus prendrait bien sûr beaucoup de temps, et donc, demande d’allouer plus de temps que ce qui est fait pour les programmes de reconstruction habituels en tant que tels.Mots-clés: catastrophes, reconstruction, transfert de connaissance, tremblement de terre, Bam, Iran.
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