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Wie beeinflusst die leichte Verfügbarkeit sexueller Medieninhalte die Entwicklung Jugendlicher?

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Seit der Legalisierung sexueller Medieninhalte Anfang der 70er Jahre des letzten Jahrhunderts und insbesondere angesichts des digitalen Wandels hat die Verfügbarkeit pornografischer Darstellungen deutlich zugenommen. Laut Untersuchungen der britischen Regierung im Rahmen der Etablierung von Filtersystemen zu Nutzerzahlen pornografischer Internetseiten in Europa entfallen in Deutschland 12,5 % aller Seitenaufrufe auf diese Inhalte (Arthur 2013). Gleichzeitig ist eine effektive Kontrolle durch den Jugendschutz de facto nicht mehr möglich bzw. stoßen Jugendliche im Netz fast zwangsläufig darauf, selbst wenn sie nicht aktiv danach suchen. Hieraus ergibt sich die Fragestellung, in welcher Weise die Entwicklung Jugendlicher durch die Verfügbarkeit pornografischer Inhalte beeinflusst wird. Ergeben sich dadurch Risiken für die Entwicklung und das Verhalten und, wenn ja, worin bestehen diese? Werden Verhalten und Einstellung von Jugendlichen überhaupt beeinflusst, und welche Wirkmechanismen könnten einem Einfluss zugrunde liegen? Ist beispielsweise bereits die bloße Darstellung von Nacktheit problematisch, oder geht es eher um den Erwerb von Handlungsplänen und Rollenerwartungen?

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Der Beitrag skizziert den aktuellen Stand der Forschung zur Nutzung und Wirkung von jugendlichem Pornografiekonsum und stellt die Ergebnisse einer Studie zum persönlichen Erleben des ersten Kontakts mit pornografischen Bildern oder Filmen vor. Im Rahmen einer repräsentativen Online-Studie in Deutschland wurden 1048 Jugendliche im Alter zwischen 14 und 20 Jahren befragt. 46 Prozent aller befragten Jugendlichen gab an, schon einmal mit pornografischen Inhalten in Kontakt gewesen zu sein, bei denen entblößte Geschlechtsteile zu sehen waren. Der erste Kontakt mit harter Pornografie fand mehrheitlich zu Hause statt. Zentrale Kanäle hierbei waren der Computer und das Smartphone. Bei der Hälfte aller Befragten passierte der Erstkontakt gewollt, allerdings zeigten sich typische Geschlechterdifferenzen: Mehr männliche als weibliche Jugendliche berichteten, dass der Erstkontakt mit Pornografie gewollt war. In vier von zehn Fällen waren die Jugendlichen beim ersten Kontakt mit Pornografie nicht allein. Die Anwesenheit von Dritten bewirkte zudem überdurchschnittlich häufig individuell ungewollten ersten Kontakt mit Pornografie. Die durch den Erstkontakt ausgelösten Gefühle der Jugendlichen waren vielfältig und in der Häufigkeit von der Anwesenheit Dritter und von der Intentionalität der Nutzung abhängig. In drei von zehn Fällen sprachen die Jugendlichen im Anschluss an die erste pornografische Nutzungserfahrung mit anderen Personen darüber. Es wurde im Anschluss häufiger über die erste Nutzungsepisode gesprochen, wenn dabei Dritte anwesend waren und wenn beim Erstkontakt starke Gefühle ausgelöst worden sind. In der Gesamtschau legen die Befunde nahe, dass angesichts der Reichweite harter Pornografie unter Jugendlichen sexual- und medienpädagogischer Handlungsbedarf besteht.
Chapter
This chapter discusses the relationship between pornography and aggression against women. While it seems that certain types of pornography can influence aggression and other asocial attitudes and behaviors toward women, this is not the case for other forms of pornography, especially nonaggressive pornography. Nonaggressive materials only affect aggression when inhibitions to aggress are quite low, or with long-term and massive exposure. With a single exposure and normal aggressing conditions, there is little evidence that nonviolent pornography has any negative effects. It is the aggressive content of pornography that is the main contributor to violence against women. In fact, when one removes the sexual content from such films and just leaves the aggressive aspect, one finds a similar pattern of aggression and asocial attitudes. The chapter presents the studies that were conducted on the effects of aggressive pornography. In these studies, all the nonaggressive sexual films were chosen to be void of not only aggressive content but also any male–female power roles. In one sense the films may be considered erotic rather than pornographic. There was no evidence from these studies that the sexual content, arousal, or other aspects of the stimuli were related to aggression against women. Perhaps longer exposure, more massive exposure, or other factors might change this effect.
Article
Zusammenfassung. An einer Stichprobe von 197 Jugendlichen wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Konsum pornografischer Medieninhalte, der Akzeptanz sexueller Aggression sowie der Auspragung von Risikomerkmalen sexueller Aggression (Sex nach kurzer Bekanntschaft, Alkohol- und Drogenkonsum in sexuellen Interaktionen und uneindeutige Kommunikation sexueller Absichten) in den Skripts fur freiwillige sexuelle Interaktionen untersucht. Dabei wurde neben dem Gesamtkonsum von Pornografie auch der Konsum freiwilliger, gewalthaltiger und erniedrigender pornografischer Darstellungen erfasst. Fast alle Befragten hatten schon mindestens einmal pornografische Darstellungen gesehen, knapp die Halfte mindestens einmal erzwungene sexuelle Handlungen. Es fanden sich signifikante Beziehungen zwischen dem Konsum pornografischer Medieninhalte und der Auspragung von Risikomerkmalen sexueller Aggression in den konsensuellen sexuellen Skripts. Der Konsum gewalthaltiger Pornografie korrelierte signifikant mit der Akzeptanz sexuelle...
Article
This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a large convenience sample of N = 2,149 first-year college students from different universities in Germany. Participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14. Both same-sex and heterosexual victim-perpetrator constellations were examined. Prevalence rates were established for different victim-perpetrator relationships (partners, acquaintances, strangers) and for incidents involving alcohol consumption by one or both partners. The overall perpetration rate was 13.2%, for men and 7.6% for women. The overall victimization rate was 35.9% for women and 19.4% for men. A disparity between victimization and perpetration reports was found for both men and women. Perpetration and victimization rates were highest among participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. Sexual aggression and victimization rates were higher between current or former partners and acquaintances than between strangers. Alcohol consumption by one or both partners was involved in almost 75% of all victimization and almost 70% of all perpetration incidents. The findings portray a comprehensive picture of the scale of sexual aggression and victimization in college students with different sexual lifestyles. Aggr. Behav. 9999:1-14, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Article
We found a statistically significant relationship between rape rates and adult magazine circulation rates by state. One cannot conclude from this analysis that an increase in the circulation of adult magazines would cause an increase in rape rates. It may be that in those areas with high rape rates the culture is such that people subscribe or purchase adult magazines more often than in areas with low rape rates and that there is no cause and effect relationship. This would be consistent with the findings of Chappell, Geis, Schafer, and Siegel's (1971) analysis of rape in Boston and Los Angeles. They found that the more permissive city reports higher rape rates than the more restrictive city.
Article
Data on the US states are used to study two aspects of sexual climate: sexually liberal attitudes and sex magazine readership, and their relationship to reported rape. The two sexual climate measures are correlated (r = 0.50), but each also seems to measure a different facet of sexual climate: tolerance for the sexual behavior of others in the case of the Sexual Liberalism Index, and perhaps sexuality per se in the case of sex magazine readership. States in the Northeast have the highest average sexual liberalism score, and states in the West have the highest average readership of sex magazines. The relationship between sexual climate and the incidence of reported rape was investigated using multiple regression. Results indicate no relationship between sexually liberal attitudes and rape, but that sex magazine readership, urbanization, poverty, and a high percentage of divorced men are each significantly associated with the incidence of reported rape. The findings are interpreted within a theoretical model that posits rape as a function of social disorganization and hypermasculine gender roles and sexuality.
Article
A general introduction to scripting theory is offered, attempting to provide links between macrolevel considerations of sociocultural development and general theories of individual development. The scripting of behavior is examined on three distinct levels: cultural scenarios (instruction in collective meanings), interpersonal scripts (the application of specific cultural scenarios by a specific individual in a specific social context), and intrapsychic scripts (the management of desires as experienced by the individual). These concepts of the scripting of behavior are then applied to sexual behavior. Interpersonal scripts are seen as the ordering of representations of self and other that facilitate the occurrence of a sexual act; intrapsychic scripts represent the ordering of images and desires that elicit and sustain sexual arousal. Issues of stability and change in sexual scripts are then examined in terms of the changing circumstances and requirements associated with movement through the life cycle.
Article
The characteristic features of adolescents' sexual scripts were explored in 400 tenth and eleventh graders from Berlin, Germany. Participants rated the prototypical elements of three scripts for heterosexual interactions: (1) the prototypical script for the first consensual sexual intercourse with a new partner as pertaining to adolescents in general (general script); (2) the prototypical script for the first consensual sexual intercourse with a new partner as pertaining to themselves personally (individual script); and (3) the script for a nonconsensual sexual intercourse (rape script). Compared with the general script for the age group as a whole, the individual script contained fewer risk elements related to sexual aggression and portrayed more positive consequences of the sexual interaction. Few gender differences were found, and coital experience did not affect sexual scripts. The rape script was found to be close to the "real rape stereotype." The findings are discussed with respect to the role of sexual scripts as guidelines for behavior, particularly in terms of their significance for the prediction of sexual aggression.
Pornography: Its effect on violence against women Pornography and sexual aggression (S
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