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Modelos de agrupaciones de proprietarios forestales en la política forestal portuguesa
Sumário. Nos anos 90 surgiu em Portugal um importante movimento associativo de proprietários florestais, principalmente nas regiões do Norte e Centro do país onde predominam as propriedades florestais de pequena dimensão. Este movimento foi dinamizado pela FORESTIS-Associação Florestal de Portugal, uma organização sem fins lucrativos, de âmbito nacional, fundada por proprietários florestais e por profissionais ligados à floresta cujo principal objetivo tem sido promover e apoiar a criação de organizações de proprietários florestais (OPF's) ao nível local. A relevância destas organizações é óbvia num país onde a maior parte da propriedade florestal é privada e as explorações florestais de pequena dimensão são predominantes. Depois de cerca de 20 anos de evolução, algumas OPF's adquiriram capacidades que lhes permitem oferecer um conjunto mais diversificado de serviços aos seus sócios. O objetivo deste estudo é o de propor indicadores de eficácia de OPF's no cumprimento de dois objetivos: o aumento do número de associados (e respetiva área florestal) e o aumento da quantidade e diversidade dos serviços prestados aos sócios. Avaliar a eficácia das OPF's é importante não apenas para se decidir sobre os apoios públicos de que as OPF's beneficiam, mas também para propor recomendações sobre o futuro destes apoios. Palavras-chave: Organização de proprietários florestais; floresta privada; eficácia Effectiveness Indicators for Forest Owner's Association in Portugal Abstract. Forest Owner's Associations (FOA's) providing technical support to private forest owners only appeared in Portugal at the beginning of the 1990's mainly in North and Central Portugal, where small-scale forestry is predominant. This movement was supported by Forestis-Forest Association of Portugal, a non-profit organization, created by forest owners and foresters, whose main objective has been to support the creation of FOA's at the local level. The relevance of FOA's is obvious in a country where most of the forest is private and small-scale. After 20 years of evolution, certain FOA's have acquired the capacity to provide a diversified range of forest services. The objective of this study is to propose indicators of effectiveness of FOA's in the accomplishment of two objectives: increasing the number of members (and forest area covered) and increasing the quantity of services provided to the members. The assessment of FOA's effectiveness is important in order to assist funding agencies in determining whether 56 Feliciano, D. and how much public support FOA's should receive and to inform the future of this support. Résumé. Au cours des années 90, un important mouvement associatif de propriétaires forestiers est né dans le nord et le centre du Portugal. Ce mouvement a été stimulé par Forestis-Association Forestière du Portugal. Forestis est une association nationale non lucrative, formée de propriétaires et de professionnels forestiers. Son objectif principal est de promouvoir et de soutenir la création d'Associations de Propriétaires Forestiers (APFs) au niveau local. L'utilité de ces associations est évidente dans un pays où la forêt est principalement divisée en petites exploitations forestières privées. Après 20 ans d'évolution, certaines APFs ont acquis la capacité d'offrir des services diversifiés aux propriétaires forestiers. Cette étude propose des indicateurs de l'efficacité des APFs, notamment sur l'augmentation du nombre de leurs adhérents et la diversité des services qui leur sont proposés. L'évaluation de l'efficacité des APFs pourrait informer les agences publiques qui décident de leur financement.
The agro-food system of North West Portugal in the 1970s and prospects for the 1980s
Taking the case of forest owners’ associations in Northern Portugal, this paper presents some models describing the behaviour of these institutions in a setting where the challenge
is to motivate for active forest management absentee private forest owners. The models are framed as non co-operative games between the owners and the directors. The income of each owner and the utility of the directors depend on the services provided by the association. In the first “Portuguese” model these services assumed to be public goods are financed only by fixed membership fees and by the fund raising efforts of the directors. In the second "Portuguese" model private services provision is included. This is compared with the “Scandinavian” model where the owners pay a share of their timber sales. In the first Portuguese” model the directors have a dominant strategy equilibrium which is not the case in the other two models. In all the three models the effect the association’s services have on the owners’ absenteeism depends on the type of technical interdependence between this factor and the owners’ forest management time. For the second
“Portuguese” model a characterisation of the optimal price policy for the private services is provided.
This paper is a follow up on a earlier one (Mendes, 1998) where I proposed a series of models for forest owners associations represented as organisation made up of two groups of strategically interacting players: the forest owners who are members of the association and the board of directors they have elected. The directors decide on the amount of services provided by the association which can be public goods (collective representation of the members, promotion of their common interests, diffusion of general information about forest programmes and best forest management practices, etc.) and private goods and services (silvicultural works preventive of forest fires, technical advice, etc.). The models were set up as games in strategic form with complete information and no payoff uncertainty. Here I pick up the second of, what is called in that previous paper, the "Portuguese" models and extend it in the following directions: - there is payoff risk for the forest owners due to exogenous hazards (forest fires or others); - forest owners can buy private services from the owners which contribute to reduce the losses resulting from those hazards. The main focus in this paper is to derive the comparative static results about the demand of these private services by the forest owners.
Associações Agrícolas. Um guia prático. 2
- António Campos
- Santos
Campos, António dos Santos. 1999. Associações Agrícolas. Um guia prático. 2.ª ed. Revista e
actualizada. Lisboa: Direcção-Geral do Desenvolvimento Rural.
Desenvolvimento do sector agroflorestal do Entre-Douro-e-Minho: programas estruturantes e articulações institucionais e intersectoriais necessárias à sua preparação e implementação
- Ccrn-Comissão De
- Coordenação Da Região Do Norte
CCRN-Comissão de Coordenação da Região do Norte. 1984a. Desenvolvimento do sector agroflorestal do Entre-Douro-e-Minho: programas estruturantes e articulações institucionais e
intersectoriais necessárias à sua preparação e implementação. Porto: CCRN.
Instrumentos Financeiros de apoio às organizações florestais: passado e presente. Paper presented at the SeminarAssociativismo e Cooperativismo Florestal" organized by FORESTIS and FENAFLORESTA
- Zita Costa
Costa, Zita. 2002. Instrumentos Financeiros de apoio às organizações florestais: passado e presente.
Paper presented at the Seminar "Associativismo e Cooperativismo Florestal" organized by
FORESTIS and FENAFLORESTA, Viseu, 24 May 2002.
Fomento da arborização nos terrenos particulares. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian
- António M Gomes
- Azevedo
Gomes, António M. Azevedo. 1969. Fomento da arborização nos terrenos particulares. Lisbon:
Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
Portugal: The forest policy process since 1996. In Forests for the Future: National Forest Programmes in Europe. Country and Regional Reports from COST Action E19
- Américo M S Mendes
- Carvalho
Mendes, Américo M. S. Carvalho. 2004. Portugal: The forest policy process since 1996. In Forests
for the Future: National Forest Programmes in Europe. Country and Regional Reports from
COST Action E19, David Humphreys (ed.). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of
the European Communities. pp. 231-252.
Avaliação ex-post do 1.º Quadro Comunitário de Apoio 1989-93 (Documento de Trabalho)
- Armando Pinto
- Sevinate
Pinto, Armando Sevinate (coord.). 1994. Avaliação ex-post do 1.º Quadro Comunitário de Apoio
1989-93 (Documento de Trabalho). Lisbon: Observatório do Quadro Comunitário de Apoio.