No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Mittelstandspolitik und Unternehmensgründungen in Deutschland
Abstract
Deutschland benötigt, daran kann kein Zweifel bestehen, mit Blick auf Arbeitslosigkeit, Herausforderungen des postfordistischen industriellen Strukturwandels und Globalisierung mehr Unternehmensgründer und innovative Unternehmer. Nicht zuletzt der neidvolle Blick auf amerikanische Verhältnisse hat in jüngster Zeit das Bewußtsein um einschlägige Defizite der deutschen Wirtschaftsentwicklung in weiten Teilen der Öffentlichkeit geschärft. Dabei sind es allerdings weniger höhere Gründungsquoten, welche das Vorbild der Vereinigten Staaten in den Augen deutscher Beobachter attraktiv machen, als vielmehr die Präsenz von Clustern junger innovativer Unternehmen in verschiedenen Regionen der USA - so im Silicon Valley - und der spektakuläre Aufstieg einer ansehnlichen Zahl von HighTech-Gründungen in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten.
Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift widmet sich dem Thema der Folgenutzung von Verfügungsflächen durch Dienstleistungen. Im Zuge struktureller Veränderungen der Wirtschaft entstehen zunehmend innerstädtische Verfügungsflächen. Die Städte verzeichnen gleichfalls eine Schwerpunktverlagerung wirtschaftlicher Tätigkeiten hin zum Dienstleistungssektor. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht am Beispiel Berlins die Folgenutzung innerstädtischer Verfügungsflächen durch Dienstleistungen. Im Hinblick auf die Flächennachfrage können für den Dienstleistungsbereich mit Hilfe einer statistischen Clusteranalyse zehn Verfügungsflächentypen identifiziert werden, welche durch Dienstleistungen folgegenutzt werden. Die Unterscheidung in die drei Bereiche wissens- und nicht-wissensintensive, konsumentenorientierte und technologiebasierte Dienstleistungen ermöglicht die Berücksichtigung jeweiliger Standortanforderungen und räumlicher Verteilungsmuster. Dabei konnten weitestgehende Übereinstimmungen mit den auf theoretischen Annahmen beruhenden Standortverteilungen festgestellt werden. Am Beispiel des Fallstudiengebiets Spreeraum Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg erfolgt eine tiefergehende Analyse zu den Einflussfaktoren auf die Standortwahl von wissensintensiven Dienstleistern auf Verfügungsflächen. Dabei können Standortfaktoren der Verfügungsfläche identifiziert werden, welche in direktem Zusammenhang mit der Standortwahl der Nachfrager stehen. Die Betrachtung der Mikro-Ebene und speziell der Verfügungsflächen wurde bisher in der empirischen Standortforschung vernachlässigt. Daher werden in einem abschließenden Schritt die gewonnen Erkenntnisse in einem Bewertungsansatz integriert, welcher die Folgenutzungseignung einer Verfügungsfläche am Beispiel von Dienstleistungen bestimmt. Dieser Ansatz dient der bedarfsgerechten Flächenentwicklung im Rahmen des Flächenmanagements.
Download at https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/150026/1/rwi-schriften-69.pdf
The paper represents a structured survey of theoretical and empirical literature about the dependency of efficiency on organizational size. First the main features of the discussion of (dis-)economies of scale are briefly outlined. The main part provides a comprehensive table listing theoretical studies and their controversial arguments as well as a table containing the empirical findings of selected investigations. The final section sums up the most important results. It is argued that first the verdict on size and efficiency cannot be generalized and rather depends on certain economic conditions, second in many cases, however, there exists a (minimum) optimal plant and firm size (the latter at roughly 500 employees) and third the development of the economic environment within the past 15 years has tended to shift the comparative advantages of efficiency from big, dominating, but bureaucratically paralysed to small and highly flexible firms.
This paper describes how the German Mittelstand, or small- and medium-sized enterprises, are financed in Germany. The role of the German Mittelstand, both in a static and in a dynamic framework, is described and contrasted with that of the same size group in other leading industrialised countries. We find that in general, the Mittelstand has played a more important role in Germany than in other industrialized nations, such as the United States or the United Kingdom. The traditional success of the German Mittelstand is partly attributable to a system of finance that is richly layered by complementary institutions designed to meet the financial needs of both large and smaller enterprises. However, we find evidence that even under the German system of finance liquidity constraints exist and are greater for smaller firms. The German system of finance moreover seems particularly deficient in the channeling of funds to new firm startups in the newer industries. Copyright 1997 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
Restricted access to finance (either debt or equity or both) is potentially a significant constraint on the growth of small businesses. Financing problems arise primarily as a consequence of information asymmetries; the adverse effects of these may in part be counteracted by the use of collateral as a signalling and bonding mechanism and/or by the development of a good working relationship between lender and borrower. If the form of information asymmetry differs for growth firms or if the effects of information asymmetries are less easily ameliorated then growing firms may be more adversely affected by credit constraints. If growth is contingent upon access to credit then the generalised implications for the economy may be significant and detrimental. Using evidence from a survery of over 6,000 firms conducted in 1992, this paper addresses the extent to which growth firms are adversely affected by a credit constraint; the results suggest that the credit constraint for growing firms per se is no greater but growth firms may still experience a credit constraint as a consequence of their relative youth. However, there is evidence to suggest that firms expecting to grow in the future do perceive a rather tighter credit constraint but this may be partly or wholly offset by a generally better relationship with their bank.
The study analyzes the formation, development, contribution and management of small firms in the United Kingdom. It explores the differences that smaller firms and larger companies face in the business environment, and studies how far their success or failure depends on the wider economic climate. The analysis also examines different locations and the effect of small businesses on the outside community. The study of the internal organization of small companies includes discussions of employment, entrepreneurship, management strategies, organizational cultures, finance and the variety of challenges the small business owner faces in all these areas. Identifies five reasons for undertaking long-term research on small firms: 1) the small business sector plays an important role in employment creation, in innovation, and in the economy in general, which means that small business policy must be a part of social and employment policy, which requires long-term research; 2) the interests of the small business owner and those of society do not always coincide, and wider social and economic considerations need to be examined; 3) it is reasonable to devote a lot of time to research because reaching a judgment on policy requires careful assessment of high-quality evidence, and because reading historical accounts about small business reveals that many issues remain similar over long periods of time; 4) long-term research can provide an antidote to the ‘knee-jerk' policy making which characterized the small firm environment in the UK during the 1980s; and 5) researchers need to have an opportunity to make theoretical as well as empirical contributions. This analysis offers an overview of the small firm sector in developed countries. It discusses the problem of defining small firms and concludes that, no matter how they are defined, they constitute at least 95 percent of businesses in the European Community. The study examines the reasons for that - such as increasing unemployment and the lowering of the unemployment benefit - and the likelihood of the continuation of this trend in the future. Also examines facotrs influencing the birth rate, growth and death of small firms, their job creation potential, and financing concerns. Discusses the role of governments in promoting the small enterprise sector and in locating small firms within a wider economic and social framework. It articulates a need for a statement about objectives and targets for small firm public policy in the form of a government White Paper, so that targets can be identified and measured. The key findings are laid out to provide a basis for further action by small firms themselves, by financiers, and by governments. (AT)
Compares the organization of regional economies, focusing on Silicon Valley's thriving regional network-based system and Route 128's declining independent firm-based system. The history of California's Silicon Valley and Massachusetts' Route 128 as centers of innovation in the electronics indistry is traced since the 1970s to show how their network organization contributed to their ability to adapt to international competition. Both regions faced crises in the 1980s, when the minicomputers produced in Route 128 were replaced by personal computers, and Japanese competitors took over Silicon Valley's market for semiconductor memory. However, while corporations in the Route 128 region operated by internalization, using policies of secrecy and company loyalty to guard innovation, Silicon Valley fully utilized horizontal communication and open labor markets in addition to policies of fierce competition among firms. As a result, and despite mounting competition, Silicon Valley generated triple the number of new jobs between 1975 and 1990, and the market value of its firms increased $25 billion from 1986 to 1990 while Route 128 firms increased only $1 billion for the same time period. From analysis of these regions, it is clear that innovation should be a collective process, most successful when institutional and social boundaries dividing firms are broken down. A thriving regional economy depends not just on the initiative of individual entrepreneurs, but on an embedded network of social, technical, and commercial relationships between firms and external organizations. With increasingly fragmented markets, regional interdependencies rely on consistently renewed formal and informal relationships, as well as public funding for education, research, and training. Local industrial systems built on regional networks tend to be more flexible and technologically dynamic than do hierarchical, independent firm-based systems in which innovation is isolated within the boundaries of corporations. (CJC)
This article investigates the financial structure of small firms with an emphasis on growth and access to capital markets. Neo-classical economic, life cycle, pecking order and agency theory perspectives are reviewed in order to formulate testable propositions concerning levels of long-term, short-term and total debt, and liquidity. Up-to-date financial data were collected from the U.K. Private+ database for a large sample comprising of both listed and unlisted small firms. Regression results indicate significant relationships between financial structure and profitability, asset structure, size, age and stock market flotation but not growth except when rapid and combined with lack of stock market flotation. Analysis of stock market flotation as an interactive dummy reveals major differences between listed and unlisted small firms. The results indicate that the variety of financial structures observed in practice may reflect rational trade-offs of various costs on the part of small firm owner-managers but that the over-reliance on internally available funds and the importance of collateral, in the case of unlisted small firms, are likely to be major constraints on economic growth.
Gesamtwirtschaftliche Wirkungen der Existenzgründungspolitik sowie Entwicklungen der mit öffentlichen Mitteln-insbesondere Eigenkapitalhilfe-geförderten Unternehmensgründungen, ifo Studien zur Finanzpolitik
- M H Klandt
Small Firm Growth, Access to Capital Markets and Financial Structure: Review of Issues and an Empirical Investigation
- F Hall
- P Hutchinson
Mittelstandsförderung in Deutschland-Konsistenz, Transparenz und Ansatzpunkte für Verbesserungen
- P Al Et
Risiko-Geschäft statt Risiko-Kapital, Wirkung der FörderKonzepte fir Technologieorientierte Unternehmensgründungen
- F Gavron
- R Al Et
Beteiligungskapital far junge Technologieunternehmen, Ergebnisse des Modellversuchs “Beteiligungskapital für junge Technologieunternehmen (BJTU)
- U Wupperfeld
The States and Small Business, A Directory of Programs and Activities
- Sba-U S Small Business Administration
The Promotion of Self-employment, International Labour Conference
- International Labour
- Office
Possibilities for the improvement of economic and social environment for start-ups and SMEs in Japan
- C Storz
Hindernisse und Probleme deutscher mittelständischer Unternehmen und Unternehmensgründer beim Zugang zum deutschen und internationalen Kapitalmarkt im Vergleich zu ausgewählten EU-Ländern
- W Gerke
- Al
The Government as Venture Capitalist: the Long-Run Impact of the SBIR Program
- J Lerner
Beschäftigungspolitische Wirkungen von Unternehmensgründungen und -aufgaben
- D Hunsdiek
- D Hunsedsk
Risikokapital: Schlüssel zur Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen in der Europäischen Union, Mitteilung der Kommission
- Europäischen Kommission Der
- Gemeinschaften
- G Kommisson