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Molecular diversity and phylogeny of Triticum-Aegilops species possessing D genome revealed by SSR and ISSR markers

Authors:
Hoda Moradkhani at University of Tehran
Hoda Moradkhani
Ali Ashraf Mehrabi at Shahed University
Ali Ashraf Mehrabi
Alireza Etminan at IAU,Kermanshah Branch
Alireza Etminan
  • IAU,Kermanshah Branch
Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute
Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh
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The aim of this study is investigation the applicability of SSR and ISSR markers in evaluating the genetic relationships in twenty accessions of Aegilops and Triticum species with D genome in different ploidy levels. Totally, 119 bands and 46 alleles were detected using ten primers for ISSR and SSR markers, respectively. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values for all primers ranged from 0.345 to 0.375 with an average of 0.367 for SSR, and varied from 0.29 to 0.44 with an average 0.37 for ISSR marker. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 81% (ISSR) and 84% (SSR) of variability was partitioned among individuals within populations. Comparing the genetic diversity of Aegilops and Triticum accessions, based on genetic parameters, shows that genetic variation of Ae. crassa and Ae. tauschii species are higher than other species, especially in terms of Nei’s gene diversity. Cluster analysis, based on both markers, separated total accessions in three groups. However, classification based on SSR marker data was not conformed to classification according to ISSR marker data. Principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) for SSR and ISSR data showed that, the first two components clarified 53.48% and 49.91% of the total variation, respectively. This analysis (PCoA), also, indicated consistent patterns of genetic relationships for ISSR data sets, however, the grouping of accessions was not completely accorded to their own geographical origins. Consequently, a high level of genetic diversity was revealed from the accessions sampled from different eco-geographical regions of Iran.
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[Plant Breeding and Seed Science] Molecular diversity and phylogeny of Triticum-Aegilops species possessing D genome revealed by SSR and ISSR marke
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Molecular diversity and phylogeny of Triticum-Aegilops species possessing D genome revealed by SSR and ISSR marke
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... The dendrogram obtained from nine SSR markers made it possible to isolate the species Ae. cylindrica into two clusters, within which the samples have the highest genetic similarity. Based on molecular genotyping for nine SSR markers an outcome showed relatively higher genetic diversity in the species Ae. cylindrica, which was consistent with previous findings by Moradkhani et al. (2015) and Pour-Aboughadareh et al. (2017). The genetic similarity analysis based on SSR markers revealed a high level of intraspecific variability for the genotypes of the species Ae cylindrica populations. ...
... Genetic diversity studies of genus Aegilops species using molecular genetics tools based on the analysis of DNA polymorphism (RAPD, AFLP, SSR, and SNP) allow obtaining an individual characteristic of a separate genotype -a DNA profile. Based on long-term studies of the genetic diversity of 20 samples of five unique species of the genus Aegilops-Triticum using 10 SSR primers, findings showed a higher number of alleles per locus (Moradkhani et al., 2015). In addition, Naghavi et al. (2009) assessed the genetic diversity of 52 genotypes of diploid wheat Tr. boeoticum, using 21 microsatellite markers, and the average number of alleles per locus was 13.0 (varying from three to seven). ...
... In the existing genetic diversity study of four species of the genus Aegilops, i.e., Ae. tauschii, Ae. crassa, Ae. cylindrica, and Ae. triuncialis using nine pairs of SSR markers, the number of alleles (Na) in the total sample ranged from four (WSP107) to 12 (WSP006) and averaged 7.78 alleles per locus, which is consistent with the findings of Moradkhani et al. (2015). Saeidi et al. (2006) assessed the genetic diversity of Iranian populations of Ae. tauschii using 13 microsatellite markers, with 66 alleles amplified with a mean PIC of 0.65. ...
AEGILOPS L. GENETIC DIVERSITY IN SOUTHWESTERN REGION OF UZBEKISTAN
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2023
  • SABRAO J BREED GENET
As wheat donors, wild species of the genus Aegilops L. play a vital role in practical breeding to improve wheat production because of their strong relationship and wide genetic diversity. Using nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers helped assess the genetic diversity in 96 collected samples of four species belonging to the genus Aegilops, i.e., Aegilops tauschii Coss (D), Ae. cylindrica Host (CD), Ae. crassa Boiss (DDM), and Ae. triuncialis L. (UC). The said collection came from 21 sites of various expeditions located in three regions of Southwestern Uzbekistan (Samarkand, Urgut, Kitab, and Shakhrisabz regions). Generally, 102 distinct alleles were found, with an average of 11.33 alleles per primer. The total number of species-specific amplicons was 35. The polymorphism detected varied from 28.6% (for the WSP107 primer) to 77.0% (for the WSP130 and WSP192 primers). The mean values of polymorphism information content (PIC) and expected heterozygosity (Ho) for all samples were 0.675 and 0.527, respectively. Based on nine SSR markers, on average, the genetic distance indices (GD) varied from 0.63 to 0.77. The highest genetic similarity (GD = 0.77) recorded occurred between the species Ae. crassa and Ae. cylindrica, whereas the least (GD = 0.48), between Ae. cylindrica and Ae. triuncialis with their taxonomic classification. Genus Aegilops samples from the same region often attain an identical subgrouping, which might be due to relatedness by genetic parameters. The gene pool of native species of the genus Aegilops from the Southwestern region of Uzbekistan may provide suitable alleles for wheat improvement and adaptation in the future.
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... The mean PIC value of 0.447 was quite consistent with those reported in other studies. Moradkhani et al. (2015) probed the different Aegilops species using 10 microsatellite markers, and showed PIC values for all SSR markers varied from 0.345 to 0.375, with an average of 0.367. Abbas et al. (2020) reported the maximum PIC value was 0.63, with a mean of 0.20, and the maximum allele frequency was 1.00, with an average of 0.88. ...
... However, these results imply an abundant genetic polymorphism exists in Ae. tauschii accessions. Similarly, in other studies, the average PIC value in Ae. tauschii accessions was consistent with the present results (Moradkhani et al., 2015;Abbas et al., 2020;Yu et al., 2021). ...
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... This region can be considered as the centre of Aegilops' diversity in Iran. Likewise, studies by Moradkhani et al. (2015) and Khodaee et al. (2021) reported that the main centre of Aegilops diversity in Iran is most likely located in the west and northwest of the country. Moreover, ecological evaluation of natural habitats of Aegilops species showed that among the tetraploid species, Ae. triuncialis and Ae. ...
Diversity and eco-geographical distribution pattern of some Aegilops species from the Zagros and Alborz Mountain ranges of Iran
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
  • PLANT ECOL
Aegilops species are valuable sources of genetic diversity that have played a vital role in the genetic development throughout wheat’s evolution. However, a huge portion of their biodiversity in Iran as a centre of wheat origin and diversity remains unknown, which may be lost due to climate change. Hence, a diverse collection of 300 Aegilops accessions was assembled from different geographical regions of Iran and their morphological variation was evaluated with respect to ecological conditions to reveal their potential use in wheat breeding programs. The accessions were categorized in eight different species (Ae. tauschii, Ae. umbellulata, Ae. cylindrica, Ae. biuncialis, Ae. neglecta, Ae. triuncialis, Ae. crassa, and Ae. kotschyi). The Zagros and Alborz Mountain ranges were the two main habitats of Aegilops accessions in Iran, but they were absent in the regions with warm winters. Species variability in Zagros was higher than that of Alborz. Shannon–Weaver Diversity Index for different traits showed tremendous diversity among the accessions. The D-genome bearing species were more diverse than the U-genome ones. The variations in morphological characters significantly were related to ecological factors of sampling points. Aegilops accessions were compatible with a wide range of ecological conditions, which indicates their great potential as valuable sources for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Pre-breeding on this germplasm especially accessions bearing D-genome could be initiated for introgression of new alleles into common wheat to mitigate environmental limitations imposed by climate change.
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... In a recent experiment Pour-Aboughadareh et al. (2022) utilized three markers' systems namely SCoT, CBDP, and SSR and concluded that the SSR markers are more efficient than genebased techniques for studying phylogenetic relationships. The achieved results correspond to the previous studies, which had reported high levels of diversity in various species of Aegilops and Triticum through SSR markers (Moradkhani et al. 2015;Haque et al. 2021;Pour-Aboughadareh et al. 2022). ...
Morphological characterization and molecular diversity assessment of rust resistant genetic stocks of wheat
Article
  • May 2024
Wheat (Triticum spp.) is a global staple food crop, contributing significantly to the world's food security. Understanding and harnessing the genetic diversity within wheat cultivars is paramount for developing resilient and high-yielding varieties. The present study reports rust response of 31 registered rust resistant genetic stocks of wheat against recently identified and most virulent pathotypes of all three rust pathogens and their morphological and molecular diversity assessment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed indicated significant differences among the genotypes for all the studied traits. Among 31 genetic stocks 30, 15, and 8 were found resistant against all the tested pathotypes of stem, leaf and stripe rust pathogens, respectively, whereas only two (FLW21 and FLW28) conferred resistance against all three rusts. Molecular profiling with 59 polymorphic SSRs resulted in 194 alleles with an average 3 alleles/loci. With an average of 0.54, the Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) varied from 0.34 to 0.75, reflecting higher allelic variation. The average gene diversity, heterozygosity, major allele frequency, and minor allele frequency were 0.61, 0.31, 0.48, and 0.52, respectively. Cluster analysis grouped 31 genetic stocks into 3 clusters. The AMOVA revealed that within population variation was higher than between them (76% vs. 24%). Clustering was further supported by the structure and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA). Structure analysis grouped the genetic stocks into three sub-populations. These findings will help in suggesting different cross combinations for wheat rust resistance breeding and pyramiding of multiple rust resistance genes.
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... On the other hand, Ae. cylindrica possessed the lowest diversity, which is congruent not only with our results, but also with findings of previous studies (Goryunova et al., 2004;Pester et al., 2003). Contrary to this, Moradkhani et al. (2015) based on microsatellites and Pour-Aboughadareh et al. (2017) based on SCoT markers, determined a relatively higher diversity in Ae. cylindrica compared with other species. These discrepancies might be caused by the different sample size and Ae. ...
Leaf rust resistance genes in Aegilops genus: occurrence and efficiency
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2023
Leaf rust is a common and costly wheat disease. The introduction of resistance genes derived from wheat wild relatives is one way to improve disease control. However, due to the rapid development of virulence in the casual pathogen Puccinia triticina , the long-term effectiveness of some leaf rust resistance ( Lr ) genes is questionable. To assess this, we examined 130 accessions of 13 wheat wild relative species from the Aegilops genus. The presence of 9 Lr genes was determined by PCR using primers complementary to Lr gene markers. The studied individuals were exposed to artificial inoculation with P. triticina under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. Based on infection rate, the degree of resistance for each individual was estimated. The relationship between the presence of Lr genes and the degree of manifested resistance was assessed using canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Our results indicate the effective participation of Lr9 in seedling resistance while Lr58 is involved in adult plant resistance.
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... Our results indicated that there is a high level genetic diversity between and within the studied species. Likewise, several studies reported a good level of polymorphism between species of Aegilops (THOMAS and BEBELI, 2010;MORADKHANI et al., 2015;POUR-ABOUGHADAREH et al., 2018;ETMINAN et al., 2019). In addition, in the present study the efficiencies of SCoT and CBDP for estimating the genetic diversity were compared. ...
Investigation of molecular variability in some Aegilops species using Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism (SCoT) and CAAT-Box Derived Polymorphism (CBDP) markers
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2023
Among wild relatives of wheat, Aegilops species are ideal genetic resources for the discovery of new characteristics such as resistance to environmental stresses and even grain quality for wheat improvement. Hence, knowledge of the population structure and genetic diversity of this germplasm is very important for their conservation and further utilization. In the present study, 80 accessions of the Aegilops including Ae. tauschii, Ae. cylindrica and Ae. triuncialis were investigated for genetic diversity using SCoT and CBDP markers. Eight SCOT and twelve CBDP primers amplified a total of 84 and 94 fragments with a mean of 10.50 and 7.83 fragments per primer, respectively. Resolving power (Rp) for SCoT and CBDP primers varied between 6.04 and 11.65, and 13.08 and 28.02, with the polymorphic information content (PIC) from 0.40 to 0.49 and 0.35 to 0.48, respectively. The results of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the highest proportion of genetic variance referred to between species. SCoT primers indicated high values for all informativeness parameter (except resolving power) than CBDP primers across all tested accessions. However, CBDP primers indicated higher values of the genetic parameters than using SCoT primers. As a result, the maximum values for genetic parameters such as number of effective alleles (Ne), Nei’s gene diversity (H) and Shannon’s information index (I) were detected in Ae. cylindrica and Ae. triuncialis using SCoT and CBDP markers, respectively. Cluster analysis based on those molecular system grouped all accessions into three main clusters. The grouping pattern observed by CBDP primers indicated more clear phylogenetic relationship among some Aegilops species, so that PCoA’s results confirmed the grouping pattern. In conclusion, it was observed that SCoT and CBDP displayed good efficiency in depicting polymorphism among the tested accessions, however, CBDP markers provided a clear grouping pattern of evaluated accessions. Hence, the use of CBDP markers in determining population structure and estimating genetic diversity in other plant species is recommended.
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... Because of this, enhancing Zn accumulation in wheat grains depends greatly on understanding the genetic diversity among wheat cultivars. Various marker methods have been used to explore the genetic diversity and relationships of species, including DNA-based markers such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) [13], inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) [14], chloroplast DNA markers, nuclear sequences [15]. The start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) method, which uses a single primer to anneal to the flanking regions of the translation initiation codon (ATG) on both DNA strands, is a novel, straightforward, and trustworthy gene-targeted marker system [16]. ...
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Aegilops L.
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Oct 2023
This chapter discusses the classification of the genus Aegilops , and presents a detailed description of its sections and species. It shows the morphology, geographical distribution, ecological affinities, cytology, and cytogenetic aspects of the species. Similarly, the structure and distribution of repetitious DNA in the various species, evolution of the diploid and genome analyses of the allopolyploid species, and relationships between them and to species of Triticum , are presented. The occurrence of gametocidal (GC) genes in species of Aegilop s, their mode of action, evolutionary significance, and use in the production of deletion and dissection bread wheat lines, are also being reviewed.
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Investigation of genetic diversity of Iranian wild relatives of bread wheat using ISSR and SSR markers
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2023
Background: Wild relatives of wheat are one of the most important genetic resources to use in wheat breeding programs. Therefore, identifying wild relatives of wheat and being aware of their diversity, is undeniably effective in expanding the richness of the gene pool and the genetic base of new cultivars and can be a useful tool for breeders in the future. The present study was performed to evaluate the molecular diversity among 49 accessions of the genera Aegilops and Triticum in the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran using two DNA-based markers, i.e., SSR and ISSR. Also, the present study aimed to examine the relationships among the accessions studied belonging to different genetic backgrounds. Results: Ten SSR and tan ISSR primers produced 2065 and 1524 polymorphism bands, respectively. The number of Polymorphic Bands (NPB), the Polymorphism Information Content (PIC), Marker Index (MI), and Resolving Power (Rp) in SSR marker was 162 to 317, 0.830 to 0.919, 1.326 to 3.167, and 3.169 to 5.692, respectively, and in the ISSR marker, it was from 103 to 185, 0.377 to 0.441, 0.660 to 1.151, and 3.169 to 5.693, respectively. This indicates the efficiency of both markers in detecting polymorphism among the accessions studied. The ISSR marker had a higher polymorphism rate, MI, and Rp than the SSR marker. Molecular analysis of variance for both DNA-based markers showed that the genetic variation within the species was more than the genetic diversity between them. The high level of genomic diversity discovered in the Aegilops and Triticum species proved to provide an ideal gene pool for discovering genes useful for wheat breeding. The accessions were classified into eight groups based on SSR and ISSR markers using the UPGMA method of cluster analysis. According to the cluster analysis results, despite similarities between the accessions of a given province, in most cases, the geographical pattern was not in accordance with that observed using the molecular clustering. Based on the coordinate analysis, neighboring groups showed the maximum similarities, and distant ones revealed the maximum genetic distance from each other. The genetic structure analysis successfully separated accessions for their ploidy levels. Conclusions: Both markers provided a comprehensive model of genetic diversity between Iranian accessions of Aegilops and Triticum genera. Primers used in the present study were effective, informative, and genome-specific which could be used in genome explanatory experiments.
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Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Jun 2011
In this chapter, we reviewed the characteristics and phylogenetic information of the genus Citrullus. We also briefed various investigations that generated the genomic information such as ESTs, genetic maps, unigenes, and their use in introgression of useful traits from wild to cultivated watermelon species. Recently, FISH work has been initiated to build cyto-molecular maps and to study karyotype and organization of chromosomes in various Citrullus species.
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A Microsatellite Map of Wheat
Article
  • Aug 1998
  • GENETICS
Hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) is one of the world's most important crop plants and displays a very low level of intraspecific polymorphism. We report the development of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers using procedures optimized for the large wheat genome. The isolation of microsatellite-containing clones from hypomethylated regions of the wheat genome increased the proportion of useful markers almost twofold. The majority (80%) of primer sets developed are genome-specific and detect only a single locus in one of the three genomes of bread wheat (A, B, or D). Only 20% of the markers detect more than one locus. A total of 279 loci amplified by 230 primer sets were placed onto a genetic framework map composed of RFLPs previously mapped in the reference population of the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI) Opata 85 × W7984. Sixty-five microsatellites were mapped at a LOD >2.5, and 214 microsatellites were assigned to the most likely intervals. Ninety-three loci were mapped to the A genome, 115 to the B genome, and 71 to the D genome. The markers are randomly distributed along the linkage map, with clustering in several centromeric regions.
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Wild wheats: A monograph of Aegilops L. and Amblyopyrum (Jaub. & Spach) Eig (Poaceae)
Article
  • Jan 1994
Aegilops is a Mediterranean-Western Asiatic element, occurring around the Mediterranean Sea and in Western and Central Asia. Amblyopyrum is a Western Asiatic element of limited distribution, occurring only in Turkey and Armenia. A key is presented to the taxa of Aegilops, Amblyopyrum and the wild taxa of Triticum. The sectional arrangements in Aegilops are reviewed, as are the relations with other genera in the subtribe Triticinae. Lastly, an overview is presented of the taxa in the first and second gene pools of wheat with a summary of the accepted taxa in Triticum sensu stricto. A detailed botanical description of the species of Aegilops and Amblyopyrum is accompanied by a line drawing, dot-distribution maps, lists of literature and synonyms, and notes on taxonomic and nomenclatural problems, distribution, ecology, uses, and - when available - vernacular names. -from Author
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Phylogenetic relationships of Triticum tauschii the D genome donor to hexaploid wheat - 2. Inheritance and chromosomal mapping of the HMW subunits of glutenin and gliadin gene loci of T. tauschii
Article
  • Apr 1988
In crosses between T. tauschii (Dt) accesions, their polymorphic gliadin forms were inherited as blocks of gliadin components -Gli-Dt1, Gli-Dt2 - as single Mendelian characters. From the progeny of four tri-parental crosses (test-crosses), HMW glutenin subunits derived from T. tauschii (Glu-Dt1) segregated as alleles of the Glu-D1 locus in bread wheat. In three of the tri-parental crosses, a small proportion (2.5%) of the progeny with atypical segregation patterns, were identified through somatic chromosome counts, to be aneuploids (1.9% hypoploids and 0.6% hyperploids). Chromosomal mapping studies revealed that the synteny of genes for HMW glutenin subunits and gliadins in T. tauschii are conserved in the D genome 'homologue' (chromosome 1D) of T. aestivum. The map distance between the Glu-D1/-Dt1 and Gli-D1/-Dt1 loci was calculated to be 63.5 cM, while a linkage to the centromere of 7.7-9.7 cM was estimated for the Glu-D1/-Dt1 locus.
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Resistance to Foliar Diseases in a Collection of Triticum tauschii Germ Plasm
Article
  • Jan 1992
  • PLANT DIS
The wild diploid wheat Triticum tauschii (syn. Aegilops squarrosa) is a valuable genetic resource for improvement of pest resistance in hexaploid wheat (T. aestivum). A collection of 219 T. tauschii accessions, obtained from Kyoto University, Japan, and representing most of the species’ geographic range, was screened for reaction to four diseases: leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici), stem rust (caused by P. graminis f. sp. tritici), powdery mildew (caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici [syn. Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici]), and tan spot (caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis). Accessions were classified by region of origin, by botanical group, and by genetic group. Genetic groups were assigned based on previously determined molecular-marker genotypes. Resistance to rusts was concentrated in accessions collected near the Caspian Sea and in those classified as subspecies strangulata. Most such accessions belonged to genetic group A. Resistance to powdery mildew and tan spot was more dispersed but more common in accessions collected from regions ranging from the Caspian Sea eastward to Pakistan. Over 30% of 108 accessions that were screened for all diseases were classified as resistant to two or more, and 12% were resistant to three or more. Because disease resistance genes can readily be transferred from T. tauschii to T. aestivum, this collection is proving very useful for wheat improvement.
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Phylogenetic relationships of Triticum tauschii the D genome donor to hexaploid wheat - 1. Variation in HMW subunits of glutenin and gliadins
Article
  • Apr 1988
High-molecular-weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin (Glu-1) and gliadins (Gli-1 and Gli-2) were used in assessing phylogenetic relationships between T. tauschii and the D genome of hexaploid wheat. The degree of polymorphism in T. tauschii (D t) for these characters occurred in the order: Glu-D t1 < Gli-D t2 < Gli-D t1; although polymorphism for these traits was quite high, only a limited number of variant forms identified with the Glu-D t1 and Gli-D t1 loci were closely matched to their analogous variants in the D genome of hexaploid wheat. Two-dimensional (LEF X SDS-PAGE) analysis revealed differences between one of the prevalent allelic forms — Glu-D1d — of hexaploid wheat and its corresponding variant in the putative diploid donor, as evident by a relatively more acidic subunit 10 in the latter compared to the former.
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The expression of salt tolerance from Triticum tauschii in hexaploid wheat
Article
  • Aug 1992
Accessions of Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. (D genome donor to hexaploid wheat) vary in salt tolerance and in the rate that Na(+) accumulates in leaves. The aim of this study was to determine whether these differences in salt tolerance and leaf Na(+) concentration would be expressed in hexaploid wheat. Synthetic hexaploids were produced from five T. tauschii accessions varying in salt tolerance and two salt-sensitive T. turgidum cultivars. The degree of salt tolerance of the hexaploids was evaluated as the grain yield per plant in 150 mol m(-3) NaCl relative to grain yield in 1 mol m(-3) NaCl (control). Sodium concentration in leaf 5 was measured after the leaf was fully expanded. The salt tolerance of the genotypes correlated negatively with the concentration of Na(+) in leaf 5. The salt tolerance of the synthetic hexaploids was greater than the tetraploid parents primarily due to the maintenance of kernel weight under saline conditions. Synthetic hexaploids varied in salt tolerance with the source of their D genome which demonstrates that genes for salt tolerance from the diploid are expressed at the hexaploid level.
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Molecular genetic diversity of Satureja bachtiarica
Article
  • Oct 2013
  • MOL BIOL REP
Fifty-seven genotypes from eight population of Satureja bachtiarica was evaluated using fifteen ISSR and eleven RAPD markers. DNA profiling using RAPD primers amplified 84 loci, among which 81 were polymorphic with an average of 7.36 polymorphic fragments per locus. Also, using RAPD markers maximum and minimum polymorphic bands observed for Semyrom (77.38 %) and Farsan (40.48 %) populations, respectively. Semyrom population recorded the highest unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.259) and Shannon's Indices (0.38). While, the lowest values of unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.172) and Shannon's Index (0.245) were recorded for Eghlid and Farsan populations, respectively. On the other hand, ISSR primers produced 136 bands, from which 134 were polymorphic with an average of 9.06 polymorphic fragments per primer (98.52 %). The ISSR markers evaluation revealed that maximum and minimum polymorphic bands observed for Semyrom (66.18 %) and Farsan (31.62 %), respectively. Shahrekorud population recorded the highest unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.211) and Shannon's Indices (0.301). While, the lowest value of unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.175) observed for Farsan and Yazd populations and the lowest Shannon's Index (0.191) recorded by Farsan population. The overall results of the study revealed that both ISSR and RAPD markers were effective for evaluation of genetic variation of S. bachtiarica.
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