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Significance of Tire Pressure Monitoring System in Motorcycle
... The increase number of motorcycle on the roads was found to have relation with the rise of accident rooted by motorcycles [2]. Related to that, the motorcyclists should notice the condition of their motorcycles, including the tires, because the factors contributed to motorcycle accident on the road were studied to be loss of control [3] and the lack of vehicle maintenance [4]; both factors could correspond to the tire condition, for example the accidents caused by poor handling from a low tire [5]. ...
... The high pressure in the tires or over-inflated tires reduce the contact between the road and the tires, causing improper braking and traction capacities; thus, the stability of the motorcycle declines. On the other hand, the low pressure in the tires or under-inflated tires increase the contact between the road and the tires, resulting in reduced tire life and fuel efficiency as well as lowering tire's capacity to overcome the poor road condition [5]. Based on those explanations, the automatic motorcycle tire pump, in which the pressure given to the tires can be monitored real-time, is needed. ...
This study aimed to design a motorcycle tire pump that uses an Android smartphone as a display of the pressure read during the pumping process, besides LCD. The motorcycle tire pump in this study is based on the NodeMCU so that the read data can be connected directly to the Android smartphone via WIFI (ESP 8266), which is already available on the microcontroller. The pressure sensor used is the MPX5700AP; the data read from the device during the pumping process can be monitored by using Blynk app that is available on the Google Play Store. The output accuracy of this sensor can be directly compared or verified with a standard pump pressure gauge, which is connected to the pump. Based on the test results, once the device is connected to the power source via adaptor, the pump works and the device provides data readings, which are displayed on the Blynk app. The defined threshold pressure is 28 psi, so the relay will switch off the pump automatically if the pressure is equal to or more than 28 psi. After testing the device for four times, the average accuracy was 0.75 %. This result indicates that the device can work quite accurately and can be used to pump the motorcycle with the appropriate pressure.
... The study by Atul Bansal et al. [4] tested, using computer simulations, the influence of various pressure settings applied to the front and rear tires of a PTW on its stopping distance from the set speed of 72 km/h. No experimental counter-proof tests were carried out. ...
The mortality of road accidents quadruples when, in addition to motorists, a motorcyclist is also involved. The higher mortality is influenced by the greater exposure of the rider to injuries during the impact. This problem can be mitigated by reducing, even slightly, the impact’s speed. Bench tests carried out by previous studies showed a considerable influence of the inflation pressure on the properties of motorcycle tires. It could therefore have significant effects on the deceleration achievable under braking. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inadequate tire inflation pressure (excessive or insufficient) on the average deceleration achievable during a hard braking manoeuvre performed only with the rear wheel and with ABS intervention. Experimental tests were carried out on a Piaggio Beverly S 300 in a controlled road environment closed to traffic. Different inflation pressures of the rear braking tire were tested during multiple runs. The data were acquired through a smartphone used as an IMU. At the nominal pressure of 2.4 bar the measured average deceleration was 3.69 m/s ² (SD = 0.12 m/s ² ). When increasing the pressure to 3.0 bar and decreasing it to 1.8 bar the average deceleration was reduced respectively to 3.67 m/s ² (-0.8%, SD = 0.10 m/s ² ) and 3.59 m/s ² (-3.0%, SD = 0.16 m/s ² ). The reduction in achievable deceleration was partly mitigated by the reduced load transfer on the rear tire, which partially compensated for the reduction of the braking force coefficient. The results showed that a moderate inflation pressure variation on the rear braking tire modestly influences the achievable average deceleration.
... Other papers presented vehicle diagnostics (Manzoni et al. 2010;Bansal et al. 2016), active seat for improved handling (Goodarzi and Armion 2010), and anti-glare systems (Motoki et al. 2009). ...
Objective: Active safety systems, of which antilock braking is a prominent example, are going to play an important role to improve powered two-wheeler (PTW) safety. This paper presents a systematic review of the scientific literature on active safety for PTWs. The aim was to list all systems under development, identify knowledge gaps and recognize promising research areas that require further efforts.
Methods: A broad search using “safety” as the main keyword was performed on Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, followed by manual screening to identify eligible papers that underwent a full-text review. Finally, the selected papers were grouped by general technology type and analyzed via structured form to identify the following: specific active safety system, study type, outcome type, population/sample where applicable, and overall findings.
Results: Of the 8,000 papers identified with the initial search, 85 were selected for full-text review and 62 were finally included in the study, of which 34 were journal papers. The general technology types identified included antilock braking system, autonomous emergency braking, collision avoidance, intersection support, intelligent transportation systems, curve warning, human machine interface systems, stability control, traction control, and vision assistance. Approximately one third of the studies considered the design and early stage testing of safety systems (n. 22); almost one fourth (n.15) included evaluations of system effectiveness.
Conclusions: Our systematic review shows that a multiplicity of active safety systems for PTWs were examined in the scientific literature, but the levels of development are diverse. A few systems are currently available in the series production, whereas other systems are still at the level of early-stage prototypes. Safety benefit assessments were conducted for single systems, however, organized comparisons between systems that may inform the prioritization of future research are lacking. Another area of future analysis is on the combined effects of different safety systems, that may be capitalized for better performance and to maximize the safety impact of new technologies.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15389588.2019.1700408
Rubber material used in consumer products is vulcanized to improve its strength, viscoelasticity, long and short-term durability. During this cure process, the morphology of the material is evolved to form a highly cross-linked chains network. This process leads to a product that is less porous and less susceptible to air diffusivity. However, the formulation of the rubber compounds will always create micro porous or voids within them. Several laboratory tests are used to measure the material ability to resist the flow of air through it and to access its porosity, especially under pressure. The following investigation uses the residual based integrated surface flux calculations to determine the evolution of air pressure as a function of time in an enclosed volume such as the cavity of an inflated tire. A finite element formulation was established for complex applications such as tires to predict the intra carcass pressure distribution. A demonstration of the capability of this simulation methodology was demonstrated for a tire with different liner compositions.
The observed dynamic behaviour of motorcycles suggests that interesting and significant motions occur that are not currently understood. The most elaborate modelling exercise completed so far has produced results that need confirmation and extension. The construction of these models necessitates the use of automated methods and one such modelling methodology is described. The automated model building platform that was used here is AutoSim. This code was used to generate a variety of linear and nonlinear models in symbolic form. The relatively complex geometry of the steering system and the front tyre force system is discussed in detail and a new method of checking the self-consistency of the model is described and exploited. Sample results in the form of root-locus plots for small perturbations from straight running and cornering equilibrium states are presented. These are used to reproduce important findings from the literature. Conclusions are drawn on the basis of the results presented.