Technical ReportPDF Available

The impact of invasive alien species on native threatened species in Europe.

January 2015

Affiliation: ISPRA - ISSG

Authors:

Piero Genovesi

Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA)

Lucilla Carnevali

Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA)

Riccardo Scalera

IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group

Figure$4$U$Impact$mechanisms$of$invasive$species$on$threatened$species.$The$category$ " Others " $ includes$parasitism$and$poisoning/toxicity.! ! Some! important! differences! have! been! highlighted! by! comparing! mechanisms! of! impact! affecting! animals! and! plants! (see! Figure! 5).! For! example,! competition! is! identified! as! the! main! mechanism! of! impact! for! plants! (i.e.! in! 49%! of! cases! in! this! group)! followed! by! grazing/herbivory/browsing! in! 37%! of! cases.! A! key! difference! is! that! for! animals! species! competition! is! only! the! second! cause! of! impact,! accounting! for! 29%! of! cases.! For! this! group! the! main!cause!of!impact!is!in!fact!predation.!This!is! not! surprising,! as! predation! is! always! likely! to! pose!a!major!direct!threat!to!native!species,!and!

…

Figure$6$U$Impact$outcomes$of$invasive$alien$species$on$threatened$species.$The$ " Others " $category$ includes$soil$erosion,$indirect$mortality,$ecosystem$change.$ $ The! figure! 7! shows! the! impact! level! of! IAS! on! threatened! species! sorted! by! higher! taxonomic! groups.! Reptiles! are! the! taxonomic! group! characterised! by! the! highest! number! of! species!

…

Figures - uploaded by Lucilla Carnevali

Content may be subject to copyright.

Content uploaded by Lucilla Carnevali

Content may be subject to copyright.

THE$IMPACT$OF$INVASIVE$ALIEN$SPECIES$

ON$NATIVE$THREATENED$SPECIES$IN$

EUROPE$

"#$%&!'$(&)$*#+!,-.#//0!10%($)0/#+!2#..0%3&!4.0/$%0!

THE IMPACT OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES ON NATIVE

THREATENED SPECIES IN EUROPE

Authors:!

Piero!Genovesi!

ISPRA,!Via!V.!Brancati!48,!00144!Rome,!Italy!

Chair!IUCN!SSC!Invasive!Species!Specialist!Group!

Lucilla!Carnevali!

ISPRA,!Via!V.!Brancati!48,!00144!Rome,!Italy!

IUCN!SSC!Invasive!Species!Specialist!Group!

Riccardo!Scalera!

IUCN!SSC!Invasive!Species!Specialist!Group!

Recommended$$

citation:!

Genovesi!P,!Carnevali!L,!Scalera!R!(2015).!The!impact!of!invasive!alien!species!on!

native!threatened!species!in!Europe.!ISPRA!M!ISSG,!Rome.!Technical!report!for!the!

European!Commission.!Pp.!18.!

Cover$photo:!!

Japanese!knotweed!(Fallopia'japonica)!©!Riccardo!Scalera!

Summary

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Introduction

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Methods

The! assessment! is! based! on! the! analysis! of! the!

data! available! from! two! key! IUCN! knowledge!

tools:! the! Global! Invasive! Species! Database!

(GISD)! M! implemented! by! the! IUCN! SSC! Invasive!

Species!Specialist! Group! M! and! the! IUCN!Red! List!

of!Threatened!Species.!The!analyses!were!carried!

out! using! the! onMline! version! of! the! two! tools,!

integrated! with! data! from ! the! datasets! available!

offMline.!!

The! dataset! for! the! present! work! was! built! by!

selecting! all! available! data! and! information! on!

native!species! assessed! as! threatened! within! the!

IUCN! Red! List! and! reported! as! affected! by!

invasive! alien! species! (Red! List! threat! code! 8.1,!

under! the! more! general! “invasive' and' other'

problematic'species'and'genes”!category).!To!this!

purpose,! all! relevant! data! available! in! the!

database!of!the!IUCN!Red!List!under!the!relevant!

code! were! duly! screened,! including! any!

additional! information! reported! in! the! narrative!

(taking!note!of!additional!details!on!IAS!involved,!

level!of!threat,!type!of!impacts,!etc.).!!

As! a! result,! for! each! IUCN! Red! List! assessed!

species,! all! relevant! information! has! been!

excerpted!and!included! in! a!dedicated!database.!

The!dataset!has!been!further!integrated!with!the!

data! excerpted! from! GISD.! In! particular,! for!

impact! mechanisms! and! relevant! effects!

(outcomes),!the!classification!schemes!developed!

within!the!GISD!have!been!used.!Also!information!

on! the! level! of! impact! has! been! included! in! the!

database,! based! on! the! information! provided! in!

the!IUCN!Red!List!assessments.!!

The!key!records!used!for!the!present!analysis!are!

the!following:!

• Name!of! red! listed! species! (one! or!more!

record! for! each! red! listed! species,!

depending! on! the! number! of! alien!

species!reported!as!a!threat)!

• Category!of!threat!(for!details!see!criteria!

in!the!www.iucnredlist.org1)!

• Name!of!the!alien!species!posing!a!threat!

(one!record!for!each!alien!species)!

• Impact! mechanism! (of! the! alien! species!

toward!the!red!listed!species)!

• Effect!of!impact!on!the!red!listed!species!

(outcome)!

• Level!of!impact!!

Regarding! the! level! of! impact,! the! following!

information! is! reported! in! the! dataset:! high,!

medium,! low,!

no/negligible/unknown/future/past.! The! level!

“high”! is! assigned! whenever! IAS! are! the! only!

recognised! threat! for! the! target! species! in! the!

IUCN!Red!List,!or!whenever!the!occurrence!of!IAS!

is! specifically! reported! as! the! main! threat.! The!

level! “medium”! means! that! IAS! are! associated!

with! other! threats,! while! a! “low”! level! indicates!

that! at! least! three! or! more! different! threats! a re!

known! to! affect! the! target! species! of! the! IUCN!

Red! List.! “Future! threat”! is! assigned! to! an!

invasive! alien! species! expected! to! become! a!

threat! in! the! near! future,! and! “past! threat”!

whenever!an!alien!species!was!recognised!within!

the!IUCN!Red!List! as! a!threat!in!the!past,!but!has!

been!currently!removed/mitigated.!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RL_Criteria

_1994_versus_2001.pdf!

Results and discussion

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'$/!MD4($*7'A(*O!@P+CE!Q)*!'$'(N212!2)&F2!%)'%!1$!

;'7%134('7>!354$ threatened$ species$(229$animals,$

124$plants$and$1$fungus)$are$specifically$affected$

by$IAS$(which$accounts$for$19%$of$all$threatened$

species)E! Q)*! 61<47*2! 'A&D*! '7*! %)* ! 7*24(%!&6!%)*!

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=47&;*'$!%)7*'%*$*/!2;*31*2!12!2)&F$!1$!Y1<E!HE!

$Figure$1$–$Ranked$list$of$threats$to$the$IUCN$Red$List$assessed$species$in$Europe!

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Figure$6$U$Impact$outcomes$of$invasive$alien$species$on$threatened$species.$The$“Others”$category$

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But! which! are! the! main! alien! species! posing! a!

threat! to! European! biodiversity?! A! com plete! list!

of! invasive! alien! species! is! reported! in! Annex! 1.!

Since! in! a! number! of! situations! it! was! not!

possible! to! identify! the! responsible! species!

precisely,! the! data! reported! are! related! to! the!

best! available! information! (e.g.! genus! or! higher!

taxonomic! group).! Information! on! number! of!

(native)!European!threatened!species!affected!by!

each! invasive! alien! species! is! also! reported.! For!

example,! rodents! (indicated! in! the! dataset! as!

Rattus'rattus,! Rattus'norvegicus,' Rattus!spp.! and!

family! Rodentia)! are! considered! as! a ! threat! to! a!

total! of! 27! native! species! (among! which! birds,!

mammals,!reptiles,!molluscs!and!plants).!!

In! figure! 8! the! invasive!species! that! have! an!

impact! on! threatened ! species,! separated! on! the!

basis! of! by! the! main! taxonomic! groups,! are!

shown:! regarding! animals,! fish! are! the! largest!

group! with! 26! species! and! 3! different! genus!

identified! as! a! threat! (24%),! followed! by!

mammals! (23%).

0%!

10%!

20%!

30%!

40%!

50%!

60%!

70%!

80%!

90%!

100%! Unknown!

low!

medium!

high!

"#!

Figure$8$–$Alien$species$that$affect$threatened$species$sorted$by$group.$“Others”$category$includes$

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?1)81! '2*! D82)0)8'++3! *%.'%>*2*.EF! $%! 0'5+*!" ! 01*!

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'77*80*.! 53! *'81! '+)*%! >264/! '2*! (16?%! 9.'0'!

(620*.!53!8'0*>623!67!012*'0!'2*!'+(6!/26&).*.=F!

Table$1$–$Number$of$threatened$species$impacted$by$each$group$of$IAS!

Alien$species$$

VU$

EN$

CR$

Total$no.$of$impacted$native$

species!

G',,'+(!

AH!

AI!

"A"!

J)(1!

AK!

;L!

<M!

""#!

N+'%0(!

<M!

<I!

<A!

"#K!

O20126/6.(!

"M!

G6++4(8(!

"<!

P*/0)+*(!'%.!',/1)5)'%(!

Q01*2(!

"#!

$%!060'+B!IH!.)77*2*%0!$OR!1'&*!5**%! ).*%0)7)*.B!MH!

67!?1)81! '2*! '+)*%(!06!@426/*!?1)+*!A#! '2*! '+)*%(!

6%+3!)%!/'20! 67! @426/*F! $%&'()&*! '+)*%! (/*8)*(! '2*!

)%! (6,*! 8'(*(! )%.)8'0*.! )%! 01*! (6428*! .'0'(*0! '0!

*)01*2!01*! >*%4(! +*&*+! 62! 01*! 7',)+3! +*&*+F!$%!7'80B!

5*().*(!01*! IH!(/*8)*(B!01*2*! '2*!'..)0)6%'+! .'0'!

2*+'0)&*! 06! A! 7',)+)*(! '%.! "M! >*%4(! 67! $OR!

2*/2*(*%0)%>!'!012*'0F!!

$%! 060'+B! 7642! 7*2'+! .6,*(0)8! (/*8)*(! 901*! >6'0!

Capra' hircus,' ?)+.! /)>'Sus' scrofa,' .6,*(0)8! 8'0!

Felis' catus' '%.! .6,*(0)8! .6>'Canis' familiaris=!

1'&*!5**%!)%8+4.*.!)%!01*!+)(0B!540!6%+3!?1*%!01*!

86.*! '(()>%*.! )%! 01*! $STU! P*.! V)(0! .).! 8+*'2+3!

2*7*2!06!01*!$OR!012*'0!9*F>F!(6,*0),*!01*!>6'0!)(!

8+'(()7)*.! 4%.*2! 86.*! ;F<! D>2'W)%>E! +)X*! (1**/B!

+)&*(068X! *08F! )%!?1)81! 8'(*!?'(! %60!86%().*2*.=F!

O804'++3B! '+(6! 01*! 2'55)0! (164+.! 5*! 86%().*2*.!

N+'%0(!

<"C!

J)(1!

;AC!

G',,'+(!

;<C!

O20126/6.(!

KC!

G6++4(8(!

AC!

Y*2/(!

MC!

Q01*2!

MC!

""!

#$%&'(! &)! *+),! +#! ,-$! ./,%+012,.+/)! 3$%$! 2&%%.$0!

+1,! )./2$! &/2.$/,! ,.*$)! 3.,-! &/.*&')! #%+*!

0+*$),.2!+%.4./56!

7+/).0$%./4! +/'8! ,-$! &'.$/! )9$2.$)! .0$/,.#.$0(! ":!

&/0! ";! &%$! 9%$)$/,! ./! ,-$! <=7>! '.),! +#! ?@/$!

A1/0%$0! +#! ,-$! B+%'0C)! B+%),! </D&).D$! E'.$/!

F9$2.$)G!&/0! ./! ,-$! HE<F<I! ?@/$! A1/0%$0! +#! ,-$!

I1%+9$C)! B+%),! </D&).D$!E'.$/! F9$2.$)G!

%$)9$2,.D$'8! J,+! K$! /+,.2$0! ,-&,! ./! ,-$! I1%+ 9$&/!

'.),(!#$%&'!)9$2.$)!&%$!/+,!2+/).0$%$0L6!

</!M&K'$!N! ./D&).D$! &'.$/!)9$2.$)!,-&,! &##$2,!*+%$!

,-&/! O! ,-%$&,$/$0! )9$2.$)! &%$! %$9+%,$ 0! J)9$2.$)!

/+,! 9%$2.)$'8! .0$/,.#.$0(! +%! 4$/$%.2! 2&,$4+%.$)!

)12-! &)! &/.*&')! &/0P+%! 9'&/,)! +%! 4%+19)!

.0$/,.#.$0!+/'8!&,!#&*.'8!&/0!4$/1)!'$D$'!3$%$!/+,!

2+/).0$%$0! ./! ,-.)! &/&'8).)L6! M-$! *+),! .*9&2,./4!

)9$2.$)! .)! ,-$! #$%&'! 4+&,! JCapra' hircusL(! #+''+3$0!

K8! ,-$! %&KK.,! JOryctolagus' cuniculusL! &/0! ,-$!

#$%&'!2&,!JFelis'catusL6!M-$)$! &%$! &''!0+*$),.2&,$0!

)9$2.$)(!9&%,.21'&%'8!0&*&4./4!./!./)1'&%!2+/,$Q,)6!

E''! ,-+)$! D$%8! .*9&2,./4! )9$2.$)! &%$! &'.$/! ,+!

I1%+9$(! 3.,-! ,-$! +/'8! /+,&K'$! $Q2$9,.+/! +#! ,-$!

%&KK.,6! </! #&2,! ,-$! %&KK.,! .)! /&,.D$! ,+! )+1,-$%/!

I1%+9$! J<K$%.&/! R$/./)1'&L! &/0! 9+)).K'8!

>+%,-3$),! E#%.2&6! S+%! ,-.)! %$&)+/! ,-.)! )9$2.$)! .)!

&')+! 2+/).0$%$0! &! C2+/)$%D&,.+/! 9&%&0+QC(! #+%!

&',-+14-! .,! .)! &! -.4-'8! )122$))#1'! J1)1&''8!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

5!F+*$!2+/#1).+/!*&8!K$!'./T$0!,+!,-$!

/+*$/2'&,1%$!1)$0!#+%!,-$!*+1#'+/(!K$2&1)$!*&/8!

/&*$)!&%$!J)+*$,.*$!3%+/4'8L!1)$0!&)!)8/+/8*)!./!

,-$!$Q.),./4!'.,$%&,1%$(!$646!Ovis'ammon,'O.'aries,'O.'

orientalis6!S+%!,-$!*+1#'+/(!)$*.U0+*$),.2!)-$$9!

./,%+012$0!./!&/2.$/,!,.*$!./!7+%).2&UF&%0./.&(!&/0!

,-$/!,%&/)'+2&,$0!#+%!-1/,./4!91%9+)$)!./!*&/8!+,-$%!

&%$&)!V!,-$!*+),!2+%%$2,!)2.$/,.#.2!/&*$!.)!Ovis'aries6!

</!#&2,!Ovis'orientalis!.)!&!)1K)9$2.$)!+#!Ovis'aries6!

A+3$D$%(!Ovis'aries!.)!&')+!1)$0!#+%!./0.2&,./4!,-$!

0+*$),.2!)-$$9!J#%+*!3-.2-!,-$!*+1#'+/!&2,1&''8!

+%.4./&,$0L6!F+*$!$Q9$%,)!*&8!-&D$!0.##$%$/,!

./,$%9%$,&,.+/)(!./!#&2,!,-$!*+1#'+/!.)!)+*$,.*$!

%$#$%%$0!,+!&')+!&)!Ovis'ammon(!K1,!,-.)!)9$2.$)!

)-+1'0!%$#$%!+/'8!,+!,-$!&%4&'.(!3-.2-!-&)!/$D$%!K$$/!

./,%+012$0!+1,).0$!.,)!/&,1%&'!%&/4$!J0$#./.,$'8!/+,!./!

I1%+9$L6!M-.)!*.4-,!2%$&,$!#1%,-$%!2+/#1).+/!

-,,9WPP3336D$%,$K%&,$)6).6$01P*)3P*)32#&99P*)3P

,&Q+/XK%+3)$%62#*Y*)3X.0Z"5N"5!

0$D&),&,./4L! 2+'+/.)$%! &%+1/0! ,-$! 3+%'0(! .,! .)!

,-%$&,$/$0!3.,-./!.,)! /&,.D$!%&/4$!J[$$)!&/0!\$''(!

N]]^L6!!

M-$! ./,%+012,.+/)! +#! *&**&')(! )12-! &)! 4+&,)(!

%&KK.,)(!&/0!2&,)(!&%$! ,89.2&'! 2&)$! ),10.$)! 1)$0! ,+!

-.4-'.4-,!,-$!2+/)$_1$/2$)!+#!,-$!.*9&2,!+#!&'.$/!

*&**&')(!9&%,.21'&%'8!./!.)'&/0!$2+)8),$*)6!F12-!

./,%+012,.+/)! &%$! T/+3/! ,+! -&D$! 2&1)$0! ,-$!

)$D$%$!%$4%$)).+/!+#!/&,.D$!&/0!$/0$*.2!)9$2.$)(!

+#!K+,-! #&1/&!&/0!#'+%&6!</!)+*$!2&)$)!4+&,)!&/0!

%&KK.,)! &')+! '$0! ,+! -$&D8! $%+).+/(! $646! &'+/4 ! ,-$!

2+&),'./$)(! 3-.2-! ./! ,1%/! 2&1)$0! 9%+K'$*)! #+%!

/$),./4! ).,$)! +#! )$D$%&'! *&%./$! K.%0)6! <,! .)!

%$*&%T&K'$!,-&,!,+!&00%$))!,-.)!9%+K'$*(!)9$2.#.2!

9%+`$2,)! -&D$! K$$/! .*9'$*$/,$0! 9&%,.21'&%'8!

,-%+14-! ,-$! [<SI! 9%+4%&**$(! $646! ./! H$)$%,&!

a%&/0$! J./! ,-$! b&0$.%&! &%2-.9$'&4+(! R+%,14&'L!

K+,-! %&KK.,)! &/0! 4+&,)! 3$%$! )122$))#1''8!

$%&0.2&,$0(!&'+/4! 3.,-! 2&,)O6!<,!3&)!,-$! #.%),! ,.*$!

./! I1%+9$! ,-&,! )12-! &/! $%&0.2&,.+/! 9%+4%&**$!

,&%4$,./4!./D&).D$!&'.$/!&/.*&')!3&)!&,,$*9,$0!./!

&/!.)'&/0!&,!,-.)!)2&'$6!!

<,!.)!'.T$'8!,-&,!&)!,-$!./#+%*&,.+/!+/!,-$!.*9&2,!

+#!<EF!3.''!K$!)8),$*&,.2&''8!2+''$2,$0!./!,-$!

#1,1%$(!$646!&')+!./!%$'&,.+/!,+!,-$!.*9'$*$/,&,.+/!

+#!,-$!/$3!I=!c$41'&,.+/!+/!<EF(!,-$!&/&'8).)!3.''!

9%+D.0$!&!*+%$!9%$2.)$!&))$))*$/,!+#!,-.)!,-%$&,6!

S+%!$Q&*9'$(!.,!.)!/+,!2'$&%!3-$,-$%!,-$!.*9&2,!+#!

,-$!7-8,%.0!#1/41)!+/!&*9-.K.&/)!.)!&2,1&''8!

1/0$%$),.*&,$06!</!,-$!0&,&K&)$!1)$0!#+%!,-.)!

),108!+/'8!,3+!)9$2.$)!)$$*!&##$2,$0!K8!,-.)!

,-%$&,(!/&*$'8!,-$!E9$//./$!8$''+3UK$''.$0!,+&0!

JBombina'pachypusL!&/0!,-$!F&%0./.&/!K%++T!

)&'&*&/0$%!JEuproctus'platycephalusL6!A+3$D$%(!

,-.)!.)!/+,!2+/).),$/,!3.,-!,-$!21%%$/,!$),.*&,$)!

,-&,!&K+1,!dN!e!+#!&*9-.K.&/)!2+/).0$%$0!

?2%.,.2&''8!$/0&/4$%$0G!K8!,-$!<=7>!c$0![.),!&%$!

1/0$%4+./4!0$2'./$)!,-&,!*.4-,!K$!'./T$0!,+!

Batrachochytrium'dendrobatidis'(\0L6!</!#&2,(!&')+!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

O! !c$),+%&,.+/!*$&)1%$)!#+%!,-$!,$%%$),%.&'!

-&K.,&,!+#!H$)$%,&!a%&/0$!J[<SIdf!>EMPRP]]]"NfL!

-,,9WPP$26$1%+9&6$1P$/D.%+/*$/,P'.#$P9%+`$2,PR%+`$2,

)P./0$Q62#*Y#1)$&2,.+/Z)$&%2-60)9R&4$g/X9%+`X.0Z5

^g0+2M89$Z90#!

"#!

$%!&'()*+!,+!-%),!./0.!)1+(!)%+!./$(2!)3!

04*/$5$0%!6*+7$+6!/01+!./+!*0./)8+%!*(+6+%.9!

0%2!0.!:+06.!";!<!)3!./+!%0.$1+!)%+6!0(+!$%1):1+2!

$%!7/=.($2$)4=7)6$6>2($1+%!2+7:$%+9!%).!)%:=!$%!

=+::),>5+::$+2!.)026!0%2!?0(2$%$0%!5())-!%+,.6!

@?70:+(0!!"#$%A!#;"#BA!C/+!D29!,/$7/!$6!$%7:'2+2!$%!

./+!:$6.!)3!EF%+!G'%2(+2!)3!./+!H)(:2I6!H)(6.!

J%106$1+!K:$+%!?*+7$+6L9!$6!07.'0::=!6*(+02!5=!

)./+(!JK?9!6'7/!./+!K4+($70%!5'::3()8!@&'"()*$"!+#

,$"!+*!'$-.+B!0%2!)./+(!04*/$5$0%6!.(02+2!06!

*+.6!$%!&'()*+9!6/),$%8!./+!$4*)(.0%7+!.)!

4)%$.)(!0%2!*)66$5:=!*(+1+%.!./+!3'(./+(!

$%.()2'7.$)%!)3!JK?A!K22$.$)%0::=9!./+!(+7+%.!

+4+(8+%7+!)3!0%)./+(!7/=.($2!3'%8'69!/0#

+$%$1$-23'4)3$-+9!,/$7/!0:6)!70'6+6!

7/=.($2$)4=7)6$6!0%2!2+0./!$%!60:040%2+(6!

@M0(.+:!!"#$%A9!#;"NB9!6/),6!/),!2=%04$7!./+!

)1+(0::!6$.'0.$)%!$69!0%2!6.(+66+6!./+!$4*)(.0%7+!

.)!+%6'(+!./0.!0!*$7.'(+!)%!./+!6.0.+!)3!./+!0(.!)3!

JK?!$4*07.!)%!%0.$1+!6*+7$+6!$%!&'()*+!$6!.0-+%!

(+8':0(:=!07()66!./+!=+0(6A!

Table$2$–$Invasive$alien$species$impacting$more$than$4$threatened$species.$$

100$of$the$

worst$GISD$

100!of$the!

worst$$

DAISIE!

Alien!species$

CR$

EN$

VU$

Tot$n°$of$

impacted$native$

species!

=+6!

5$63$#('3,.+!

""!

#O!

=+6!

738,")%$9.+#,.-',.%.+!

"Q!

#S!

=+6!

:!%'+#,$".+!

"N!

=+6#

;!)4'+)-#4'+)-!

74'+#$3'!+!

<11)"3$9.+#%!34'$!

=+6#

76.-"'$#=',.+>'-2',$!

?!--'+!".1#+!"$,!.1!

=+6#

?3),$1*$3.+#,%$3@''!

13!

Conclusions

This! review! provides! an! updated! and!

comprehensive!analysis!on!the!impact!of!invasive!

species!on! European!native! species.! The!study! is!

based! on! an! inMdepth! analysis! of! two! key! IUCN!

knowledge!products,! namely!the!IUCN!Red!list!of!

Threatened! Species,! and! the! Global! Invasive!

Species!Database!(GISD).!!

According! to! the! best! data! available! at! the!

European! level,! invasive$ alien$ species$ (IAS)$ are$

the$ 3rd$most$ severe$ threat$ to$ European$

threatened$ species,! after! dams! and! water!

management,!and! agricultural! forestry! effluents.!

The! results! of! the! review! show! that! 1$ out$ of$ 5$

threatened$species$in$ Europe$ is$directly$affected$

by$ invasive$ alien$ species.! In! particular! 145!

“critically! endangered”! species,! 112!

“endangered”! species! and! 128! “vulnerable”!

species! are! affected! by! IAS.! Animals! are! usually!

more! impacted! than! plants,! with! fish$ being$

particularly$affected$ by$ this$ threat:!35! “critically!

endangered”!species! belonging!to!this!taxonomic!

group,! along! with! 27! “endangered”! and! 48!

“vulnerable”!species,!are!impacted!by!IAS.!!

The!main$mechanism$of$impact$by$invasive$alien$

species$is$competition!(accounting! for! 40%! of! all!

cases),! followed! by! grazing,! and! predation.! Feral$

domestic$ species$ introduced$ by$ humans$ are$ a$

serious$ threat$ in! several! European! contexts;! for!

example,! feral! goats! are! a! concrete! threat! to! 11!

“critically! endangered”! species,! 7! “endangered”!

species! and! 9! “vulnerable”! species.! This! is! not!

surprising,! as! goats! are! well! known! to! be!

voracious! herbivorous! which! may! destroy! the!

vegetation! of! entire! territories,! turning! dense!

vegetated!areas!into!a!desolated!desert.!

Some! nonMferal! invasive! species! are! also!

particularly! harmful,! impacting! high! number! of!

native! species.! Rats! are! a!major! threat! to! many!

critically! endangered! seabirds! and! reptiles! (the!

genus! endemic! of! the! Canary! islands,! Gallotia!

sp.).! Among! plants,! the! ice! plant! (Carpobrotus'

sp5)!causes!impacts!on!at!least!13!native!species,!

seriously! endangering! the! coastal! dune!

ecosystems!in!Southern!Europe.!Indeed!ice!plants!

are!known! to! have! a!major!impact!on!ecosystem!

services! as! a! consequence! of! the! growth! of!

dense,! impenetrable! and! monodominant! mats!

which! may! cover! large! areas,! reducing! local!

biodiversity!by!direct!competition!with!native!and!

often!endangered!coastal!plant!species.!

The! American! mink! (Neovison' vison)' is! another!

species!of! great! concern! as! it!directly! impacts! at!

least! 7! endangered! native! species.! In! particular!

this! predator! is! the! greatest! threat! to! the! rare!

and! “critically! endangered”! European! mink!

(Mustela'lutreola),! one! of! the! only! two! endemic!

carnivore! species! of! Europe,! and! other! small!

vertebrates,!including!birds!and!amphibians.!!

The!outcomes! of! the! present! assessment,!

focused!on!“threatened”!species! sensu'IUCN! Red!

List,!partly! differ!from! the! results! of! the! recent!

“State!of!nature!in!the! EU”! (EC! 2015,!EEA! 2015),!

focused!on!species! and! habitats!protected!under!

the! Birds! and! Habitats! Directives,! describing! IAS!

as!a! less! significant! threat! compared! to! other!

causes! of! harm.! The! different! outcomes! are! in!

part!due!to!the!different!geographic!scope!which!

characterises! the! two! approaches,! but!mostly!to!

the! different! set! of! species! (and! habitats)! w hich!

the! analysis! refer! to.!In! fact,! only! 43.5%! of!

species! protected! under! the! Habitats! and! Birds!

Directives! are!assessed! as! threatened! under!the!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

5!There!is!some!controversy!about!the!taxonomic!

identity!of!invasive!alien!ice!plants.!Although!most!

records!are!attributed!to!Carpobrotus'edulis,!

another!introduced!ice!plant!species!(namely!C.'

acinaciformis)!occurring!in!Europe,!is!actually!more!

widespread!than!C.'edulis.!Additionally'!both!

'species'!hybridise!and!form!a!hybrid!complex!with!

intermediate!characters!(see!Scalera!et'al.!2012).!

Therefore!the!analyses!were!carried!out!at!the!

genus!level.!

14!

IUCN! Red! List! (in! particular! 465!threatened!

species!on!a!total!of!1069!species!included!in!the!

Nature! Directives).! This! shows! that! IAS! are! of!

greater! concern! for! “threatened”! species,! rather!

than! “protected”! species!such! as! those! covered!

by!the!EU!Nature!Directives.!!

"#!

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%b'*+J'*(+;-!Trends'in'Ecology'and'Evolution.!

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Annex 1 - Complete list of alien invasive

species and groups that affect threatened

(IUCN Red List CR, EN, VU) species in

Europe

Alien$species$or$group$

No.$of$

impacted$

native$species$

Unspecified!species!

83!

Unspecified!Fish!

51!

Unspecified!Plants!

36!

Unspecified!Animals!

28!

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27!

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26!

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13!

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13!

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12!

Family!Rodentia!

10!

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Family!Salmonidae!

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18!

Phalaris'aquatica'

Pinus'halepensis'

Pinus'radiata'

Podarcis'siculus'

Poxvirus'avium'

Procyon'lotor'

Pseudochondrostoma'polylepis'

Ranunculus'spp.!

Rhododendron'spp.!

Rubus'spp.!

Rutilus'rubilio'

Sagittaria'subulata'

Salmo'letnica'

Senecio'angulatus'

Smilax'aspera'

Thelohania'contejeani'

Theodoxus'fluviatilis'

Trachemys'scripta'

Unspecified!Anura!

Unspecified!Crustaceans!

Unspecified!Mammals!

First Scientific Record for Sivas Aquatic Systems Related to Alien Fish Species:Small-scaled Pacu; Piaractus mesopotamicus (Teleostei:Characidae)

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2021

In July 2017, three specimens of an alien fish species were caught by the amateur fishermen in Kızılırmak River at Sivas city center. One of the fish specimens was taken from the fishermen for ichthyologic examination. The morphological, metric (23 features) and meristic characters (13 features) of this specimen were determined. The alien fish is with ovoid shape and flattened laterally. Mouth is in a sub-ventral position. The tooth row is double. Teeth formula are 3,2 / 2,3 (at first row on maxil) and 2 / 2 (at second row on maxil), 3,3 / 3,4 (at first row on mandibul), 1,1 (at second row on mandibul). The number of rakers on the first gill arch is 33. The scale numbers in line lateral are 107 (on right side) and 103 (on left side). The number of branched rays of dorsal, anal, pectoral, and ventral fins are 14, 24, 14, and 7; respectively. As a result of the evaluation of morphological, metric and meristic characters, it was decided that the alien fish caught from Kızılırmak was Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) belonging to the Characidae family. This species is also called as the small-scaled pacu. P. mesopotamicus is not among to native fish fauna of Kızılırmak. It is a fish species which originated from South America and is a tropical freshwater fish. These alien fish specimens which were caught by the amateur fishermen, probably translocated from a hobbyist aquarium to this aquatic system. Both directly and indirectly, invasive fishes affect a wide range of native organisms from zooplankton to mammals across multiple levels of biological organizations ranging from the genome to the ecosystem. This study is the first scientific record for Sivas aquatic systems related to alien fish species.

Eradication and Control of Invasive Mammal Species as a Seabird Conservation Tool

Chapter

May 2022

Ecological impact of Prosopis juliflora on the habitat conditions of blackbuck in Sathyamangalam tiger reserve, Tamil Nadu, India

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019

Bhavanisagar Range of Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve in the foothills of the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, known for its landscape beauty varied of forest ecosystems and wildlife diversity. Current investigation carried out to assess the impact of Prosopis juliflora on habitat condition of blackbuck. The results revealed that Prosopis eradicated area attracted more blackbuck density than the Prosopis invaded area. Density of blackbuck, in different sites viz., site I, site II and site III with the value of direct sighting 0.56 ha-1 , 0.39 ha-1 and 0.15 ha-1 respectively and indirect sighting 0.37 ha-1 , 0.22 ha-1, 0.29 ha-1 respectively. An effort was also made to study the impact of Prosopis juliflora eradication and effective management for improvement of a blackbuck habitat and indigenous floral species, which shows positive impacts towards high density population of blackbuck in the Sathyamangalam Tiger reserve.

Ecological impact of Prosopis juliflora on the habitat conditions of blackbuck in Sathyamangalam tiger reserve, Tamil Nadu, India

Article

Apr 2019

Asian Hornet, Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836 (Hym.: Vespidae), Venom Obtention Based on an Electric Stimulation Protocol

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021
MOLECULES

The yellow-legged Asian hornet (Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)) is naturally distributed in China, Southeast Asia, and India; however, recently it has been detected outside of its native area, confirmed as being established in South Korea, Europe, and Japan. Health risks and deaths caused by the invasive Vespa velutina stings have become a public health concern, being the most common cause of anaphylaxis due to hymenopterans in some European regions. This in turn has led to increased demand from medical practitioners and researchers for Vespa velutina venom for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this study, a straightforward, quick, and inexpensive method for obtaining Vespa velutina venom by electric stimulation is described. The venom extracts were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-NMR). The availability of Vespa velutina venom will lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic methods, mainly by venom immunotherapy (VIT), in patients allergic to this invasive species.

Effect of invasive plant, Prosopis juliflora on tree diversity in the southern tropical thorn forest of Western Ghats, India

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023

The spread of invasive alien species (IAS) affects the conservation of tropical forest ecosystems. This study assessed the effect of Prosopis juliflora, an invasive species, on the tree diversity in the southern tropical thorn forest of Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS),a protected area in the southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. The results showed a significant difference in the diversity of mature tree species between invaded and uninvaded areas. The P. juliflora invaded area has less tree diversity than P. juliflora non-invaded area only in the mature tree phase. Examining the relationship between the abundance of P. juliflora and tree diversity (r = -0.59),the study revealed a negative relationship between the biotic components. There is a need to eradicate P. juliflora from CWS for the conservation of biodiversity.

The effects of extreme climate on the invasive plant Gutenbergia cordifolia: Implications for its future management in savannah ecosystems

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of varying water stress levels on morphological and physiological parameters of an invasive plant Gutenbergia cordifolia. The assessment was conducted in the screenhouse at the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology following a completely randomized design (CRD). Both morphological and physiological parameters were variable under water stress levels. While the maximum (159 cm) and minimum (9 cm) plant heights for G. cordifolia were observed under flood and drought water stress respectively, its maximum root collar diameter of 5 mm and the minimum of 1.3 mm were observed under moderate flood and drought water stress respectively. Generally, the number of leaves was highest under moderate flood stress (194 leaves/plant), and lowest under drought stress (13 leaves/plant). Simirarly, the largest and smallest leaf surface area of 9x10³ and 1x10³mm² were observed under flood and drought water stress respectively due to G. cordifolia’s tendency to retain water when exposed to water stress through a reduction in number of leaves and leaf surface area when under drought stress condition. While a decrease in leaf chlorophyll was observed across water stress levels with the lowest chlorophyll levels of 0.02 under drought water stress, an increase in leaf anthocyanin levels (0.29 Abs g.DM⁻¹) was observed particuraly under flood stress due to increased chlorophyll breakdown and plants’ water stress, respectively. This study informs that extreme climatic events such as excessive floods will likely facilitate invasions by G. cordifolia leading to decreased biotic resistance of native communities in savanna rangelands. Efforts to manage G. cordifolia's effects in a changing climate must therefore include the development of strategies and action plans that account for catastrophic events like floods and drought.

PHYSALIS PRUINOSA L., A HIGHLY INVASIVE SPECIES: NEW DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS FROM UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

A highly invasive plant Physalis pruinosa L. is recorded from Mirzapur, Pratapgarh and Varanasi districts of Uttar Pradesh, India. Previously, this species is only known from Chitrakoot and Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh. Within five years (2014–2019), this species is reported as a new record for six states of India viz. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, confirming its alarming rate of invasiveness. This plant species is growing with other highly invasive species like Amaranthus spinosus L., Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby, Cleome viscosa L., Corchorus olitorius L., Croton bonplandianus Baill., Parthenium hysterophorus L., Physalis angulata L., Sida acuta Burm. f., Xanthium strumarium L. etc.

Bioinvasions, Trends, Threats and Managment Proceedings

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Jul 2024

Prosopis juliflora is an invasive tree competing with native plants for nutrients, water and light. The present study assessed the effect of P. juliflora on tree diversity in the tropical dry forest of the Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS), a protected area in the southern Western Ghats. Purposive random sampling method was adopted to study twenty plots (10 invaded and 10 non-invaded). The results show a significant difference in the diversity of mature tree species between invaded and non-invaded areas (p <0.05). However, there is no significant difference between the regenerative phases (saplings and seedlings) in invaded and non-invaded areas (p >0.05). Analysis of the scatterplot equation shows a negative relationship between the abundance of P.juliflora and tree diversity (r =-0.59). As a conclusion, high diversity was observed in the non-invaded areas while invaded areas have less diversity. Hence, an urgent management program to eradicate P.juliflora is required in CWS to conserve its biodiversity.

Upravljanje invanzivnim vrstama- STUDIJA SLUČAJA ZASAVICA

Book

Full-text available

Feb 2022

A grey future for Europe: Sciurus carolinensis is replacing native red squirrels in Italy

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2013

Introduced mammals can cause extinction of native species due to replacement competition, disease, predation or hybridization. We studied the colonization of Piedmont (NW-Italy) by American grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and its effect on the native red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). Presence/absence data (2 × 2 km2), of both species were (re)constructed using questionnaires, literature, existing databases, unpublished information, and direct monitoring with hair-tubes. In 1970 red squirrels were still widespread and greys were restricted to forests near the introduction site. By 1990, grey squirrels had increased their range to 220 km2, which coincided with the disappearance of native squirrels from 33 squares inside this range. The invasive species continued its spread occupying an area of 2,016 km2 in 2010; within this area red squirrels went extinct in 88 squares. Overall, from 1970 to 2010 red squirrel went extinct in 62 % of 2 × 2 km2 (ca. 1,689 km2), and were replaced by grey squirrels. The spread of the alien species was slow in the first 20 years, but doubled in the successive two decades. Nevertheless spread was slower than in Ireland and England. Grey squirrel adapt to climate and habitats in both North and South Europe, causing extinction of the native red squirrel. A EU LIFE co-funded project with the aim to control the grey squirrel in North Italy and recent trade-restrictions and trade-ban are a first step in reducing the risk of grey squirrels invading other countries, but their effectiveness will have to be evaluated.

A conservation paradox for the 21st century: The European wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, an invasive alien and an endangered native species

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2008
MAMMAL REV

This review highlights the status of the European wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus , which is threatened within its native range and yet is a highly successful colonizer across its worldwide, introduced range. The European wild rabbit is a keystone species in Iberia, and the survival of a range of threatened predator species, including the Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus and Spanish imperial eagle Aquila aldabertii , is dependent upon the restoration of rabbit populations. Although not native to the UK, the rabbit also performs significant ecosystem services for nationally rare UK species, by maintaining short sward heights in heathland and grassland ecosystems, and serving as a prey item for populations of predators. We identify the European wild rabbit as an excellent model to demonstrate the wide range of complex effects that an introduced mammalian species may exert on ecosystems to which it has been introduced. These effects include habitat degradation following overgrazing, competition with native mammals and facilitating meso‐predator release and hyperpredation. We also show that rabbit eradication from some sites may generate more problems than are solved because of the impacts of trophic cascades stemming from dependence on rabbits by native predator assemblages.

Alien Mammals of Europe

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2008

Mammals are large, charismatic animals that have a mineralised skeleton that may form long lasting fossils. For these reasons, the level of knowledge on this class, together with other vertebrates, is much higher than for any other animal group. Therefore, the available information on introduction patterns, trends of invasions, and detrimental impacts caused to the environment and to human well-being are more detailed than for other groups covered in the DAISIE project. History of mammal invasions is very long, as anthropogenic introductions of mammals started at least since the beginning of the Neolithic period. Ancient introductions involved wild species commensal of humans (i.e., black rat Rattus rattus and house mouse Mus musculus), anthropophilous (i.e., lesser white-toothed shrew Crocidura suaveolens and wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus) and domestic species (i.e. species domesticated in the Middle East and gone feral, like the Corsican mou-flon Ovis aries). Data on alien mammals have been collected from available globalreviews (Long 2003; Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999; Lever 1985), national inventories (Austria: Englisch 2002; Denmark: Baagøe and Jensen 2007; France: Pascal et al. 2006; Germany: Geiter et al. 2002; Ireland: Stokes et al. 2006; Italy: Andreotti et al. 2001; Scalera 2001; Liechtenstein: Broggi 2006; Scandinavian countries: Weidema 2000; Spain: Nogales et al. 2006; Palomo and Gisbert 2002; Switzerland: Wittenberg 2006; the UK: Battersby and Tracking Mammals Partnership 2005; Weijden et al. 2005). Databases available on the internet were also used as a source of information (i.e. for Belgium, the Nordic countries, etc.). Other data have been collected through inputs of the experts of the DAISIE consortium, but also with the valuable support of many experts of the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group and of the Group of Experts on Invasive Alien Species of the Council of Europe. Independent experts have verified each record, which included information on taxonomy, native range, vector and pathway of introduction, date of introduction, status of the species, basic information on population size, distribution and impacts. Based on the DAISIE database, in the present chapter we present an overview of the main patterns of mammal invasions in Europe, and analyse the main environmental, social and economic correlates to the arrival and successful establishment.

Avian assemblage structure and domestic cat densities in urban environments

Article

Dec 2007
DIVERS DISTRIB

While there is intense debate regarding the impact of domestic cat populations on wildlife, its resolution is hindered by the lack of quite basic information. Domestic cats are generalist and obligate predators that receive supplementary food, and their population density reflects that of humans more than the density of their prey. In such a predator–prey system there is the potential for cat populations to have negative impacts on avian assemblages, which may be indicated by negative correlations between cat density and avian species richness and density. Here we report on the nature of such correlations across urban areas in Britain both for groups of species classified regarding their vulnerability to cat predation and individual species. Taking the availability of green space into account, we find negative relationships between cat densities and the number of bird species breeding in urban 1 km × 1 km squares. These relationships are particularly strong among groups of species that are vulnerable to cat predation. We find positive correlations between cat and avian densities; these have low explanatory power and shallow slopes among the species groups that are particularly vulnerable to cat predation. Evidence that the densities of individual species that are vulnerable to cat predation are negatively correlated with cat densities is equivocal, with at least half the species showing no marked pattern, and the remainder exhibiting contrasting patterns. Our results appear not to be confounded by the density of nest-predating corvids (carrion crow, magpie, and jay), as the density of these species was not strongly negatively correlated with avian species richness or density. The general lack of marked negative correlations between cat and avian densities at our focal spatial scale may be a consequence of consistently high cat densities in our study areas (minimum density is 132 cats per square kilometre), and thus uniformly high impacts of cat populations on urban avian assemblages.

State! of! nature! in! the! EU:! Results! from! reporting! under! the! nature! directives! 2007M2012

Jan 2015

EEA! (2015)! State! of! nature! in! the! EU:! Results! from! reporting! under! the! nature! directives! 2007M2012.!EEA!report!No!2/2015!!

The impact of invasive alien species on native threatened species in Europe.

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