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The Ethogram and Animal Behavior Research
... In the former, "Travel" included all forms of movement, while the latter study distinguished between Moving and Fleeing. When choosing the level of detail for an Ethogram, it is thus imperative to clearly formulate the questions one wishes to address with the time-activity data that is collected (Braude et al., 2002). ...
... Validity and external reliability were ensured by applying a stratified sampling design. By pooling (Braude et al., 2002) activity data from each observation session, activity budget objectives for this study were met. ...
... Once all data were collected, notes were pooled for dry and wet seasons (Braude et al., 2002) and if an item occurred in the wet season, a 'W' was recorded for that species under the correct column. The same was repeated for the dry season (with a 'D' marked for the species under the relevant phenophase). ...
Mnemba Island has been housing a population of the vulnerable Aders’ duiker (Cephalophus adersi) since 2005, sharing the small, forested area with a prolific population of Suni antelope (Neotragus moschatus) (both species re-introduced). Despite government attempts to control the population size of Suni antelope, the tiny antelope proliferates at a seemingly high rate. Additionally, no Aders’ duiker has been removed since introduction to the island. Together, the two antelope species have been negatively impacted the island’s natural forest condition over time. Due to the Aders’ duiker’s endangered status, this natural habitat is essential to the survival of the species.
For the first time, a study was initiated to investigate the ecology of the Aders’ duiker on Mnemba island to aid in determining a feasible carrying capacity to better manage the protected species on this Island. The outcomes of the study would be instrumental in managing the sub population and creating more suitable conditions to provide a sustainable harvest for reintroduction of offspring into other conservation sites (to be identified by the Government) in the rest of the Zanzibar Archipelago.
A variety of inquiries were planned and performed to obtain an overview of the natural habitat, interactions of the Aders’ duiker with its environment, each other, and with the Suni antelope. A lack of weather data for the north-eastern side of Unguja, Zanzibar also prompted an onsite weather station to gather baseline data for a better understanding of the island’s climate conditions.
A comprehensive vegetation assessment confirmed suitable species diversity and phenology for the maintenance of the duiker population. A mark-recapture population survey using an adjusted Lincoln Peterson estimate was undertaken to infer the current population density. Then the collection of birth and death data over twelve months provided an instantaneous growth rate which was necessary for modelling a logistic population growth curve. From the population survey and the growth rate, an estimated 25 Aders’ duiker were estimated to be inhabiting the island and it was projected that a maximum sustainable harvesting density of 13 duikers would maintain an ecological carrying capacity for the island. An adjusted growth model suggested that the maintenance of the proposed ecological carrying capacity would result in a sustainable harvest rate of 40%, which aligns with the suggested rate for other antelope of this size.
All behaviour activities for the Mnemba Aders’ duiker population were observed over twelve months, using a stratified purposeful focal sample survey methodology, and pooling data for all daylight hours for 300 focal observations. Theoretically, each of the 25 duikers had an equal opportunity to be observed 12 times over 12 months. The pooled data provided a time activity budget that indicated that the general Aders’ duiker population on Mnemba island foraged for 39% of daylight hours. Seasonal comparisons further indicated that males foraged 12% more in the dry season, while females foraged 10% less in the dry season. The species’ diel pattern was also confirmed as loosely crepuscular, with significant differences between male and female duiker activity patterns. Males presented a more matutinal pattern while females followed a more vespertine pattern.
Further to the capacity assessment, a twelve-month GPS tracking survey of one male and one female duiker provided spatial data for estimating annual and seasonal home and core range sizes, using a kernel density estimation. The two pairs of duikers implicated in the tracking inquiry were found to use half the indigenous forest on the island as their combined home ranges, and based on the average core range sizes, the natural forest would have spatially housed 25 individuals with no core overlap, which happened to be the same number as the population estimate derived from the growth model. Comparisons between the population survey results and the spatial carrying capacity proposed that maximum density had been reached.
... Data collections were done from April to May 2021 simultaneously in three different locations. In seven days, sixty-three hours of observations were carried out using scan sampling and data recorded using the continuous method [15]. Observation time divide into morning (06.00 ...
The Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata) is known as a common pest in the Indonesian rice field. However, there is no study on the daily activity of this species. This study aims to determine the daily activity of L. punctulata in rice field habitat. The research was conducted on April-May 2021 in Aceh Besar (Sumatera), Wonogiri (Central Java) and Tulungagung (East Java). Sixty-three hours of observations were carried out in seven days using scan sampling and data recorded using the continuous method. Observation time was divided into morning, afternoon, and evening for three hours each time. Data variation was analyzed with ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis, then the correlation between behavior and temperature was analyzed using Pearson and Spearman Correlation Test. Our results show that moving (35.9 – 65.2%) and feeding (16.9–44.69%) are the most frequently observed behaviors. Only sunbathing behavior in the afternoon was significantly different in three locations (p-value < 0.001). Correlation analysis shows that feeding and sunbathing behavior have an inverse correlation with temperature. However, resting behaviors increases with increasing temperature. Temperature affects daily activities due to the bird's thermoregulatory system. The other factors also influence L. punctulata behavior, such as other bird species presence and bird scaring activities.
... Data collections were done from April to May 2021 simultaneously in three different locations. In seven days, sixty-three hours of observations were carried out using scan sampling and data recorded using the continuous method [15]. Observation time divide into morning (06.00 ...
The Scaly-breasted Munia ( Lonchura punctulata ) is known as a common pest in the Indonesian rice field. However, there is no study on the daily activity of this species. This study aims to determine the daily activity of L. punctulata in rice field habitat. The research was conducted on April-May 2021 in Aceh Besar (Sumatera), Wonogiri (Central Java) and Tulungagung (East Java). Sixty-three hours of observations were carried out in seven days using scan sampling and data recorded using the continuous method. Observation time was divided into morning, afternoon, and evening for three hours each time. Data variation was analyzed with ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis, then the correlation between behavior and temperature was analyzed using Pearson and Spearman Correlation Test. Our results show that moving (35.9 – 65.2%) and feeding (16.9–44.69%) are the most frequently observed behaviors. Only sunbathing behavior in the afternoon was significantly different in three locations (p-value < 0.001). Correlation analysis shows that feeding and sunbathing behavior have an inverse correlation with temperature. However, resting behaviors increases with increasing temperature. Temperature affects daily activities due to the bird’s thermoregulatory system. The other factors also influence L. punctulata behavior, such as other bird species presence and bird scaring activities.
... The five phases included in the methodology are described as follows, and there are two of them that have their own feedback: Phase 1. Biological system requirements: An ethogram was used to carry out a behavioural study as a statistical tool to identify the needs, activities and behaviours of the animal [7]. Phase 2. Technical features analysis: Radiographs of the toucan were taken and a biometrics protocol [8] was adapted to identify the size and weight of the lost pelvic structures and also to recognise the technical characteristics that the prosthesis should have. ...
The proper performance of the biomechanics of the body has a key role in animal welfare. For this project, a foot prosthesis was designed for improving the quality of life of a Ramphastos tucanus specimen that presents an amputation at tarsometatarsus level. The main objective is recovering its statics biomechanics through the design and implementation of a prosthetic prototype based on a kinetic analysis. Using the incremental prototypes methodology, the biological system requirements were identified, the technical features were analysed , the prototype was designed by selecting one of three alternatives proposed and analysed by computational methods and then the device was constructed and implemented. Currently is being evaluated. Thanks to the application of an ethogram, it was identified rest as the static position to evaluate in the biomechanical analysis; the adjustment and implementation of a force sensor evidenced an overload on the pelvic limb with the amputation by supporting the 62,3% of the mass of the bird; the biometrics define the prototype size and showed an increase of musculoskeletal mass on the gripped limb; besides, the kinetics study exposed the difference of the force applied by the flexor tendon on surfaces. The design was created using CAD tools, and applying materials as PET-G, stainless steel, and aluminium. The finite element analysis was carried out before implementing the prototype. This process extends to an ongoing adaptation and evaluation protocol designed specifically for the bird, allowing to identify the impact of the prototype over the animal in the different aspects named previously.
... Observation sheets used for Ad-Libitum Sampling [1]. Sampling and behavior observation sheet scan sampling. ...
Scaly-breasted and white-headed Munia bird ( Lonchura maja ), is one of three species of Lonchura birds that live arround UNYcampus. Life habit and behavior is not well known. This study was done by observing the natural behavior without giving treatment to the object of research. The process of observations conducted from June to August 2017. This study aims to determine the condition of vegetation and climatic environment arround UNY and the behavior of Lonchura birds, and determine ideal conditions for nesting. All data collected by visual observation. These results indicate that the vegetation condition arround UNY related to Lonchura wildlife on campus, divided into 6 different locations. Each location has climatic conditions and different environmental carrying capacity resulting in species of birds that inhabit it any different. Scaly-breasted bird requires fairly dry location with an ideal temperature for the activity in the range of 27ºC, humidity is above 50% and the intensity of light that tends to light. Nesting sites of Lonchura made amid a clump of tree stands with a height at the top of the half-height of the tree. The most ideal conditions for Lonchura is the availability of feed such as grass seeds, the availability of dry grass for nest materials and also stands at over 4 meters high as nesting sites.
... An ethogram is a catalog of all the behaviors a particular species might perform and these are often published to communicate and generalize between equals the reactions and actions the animals do in their daily life (Crews et al., 2002). ...
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is currently one of the animals with the greatest global distribution (Tsachalidis & Hadjisterkotis, 2009; Barrios- García & Ballari, 2012; Massei et al., 2014) and according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), in the last years its
populations has continued expanding. Although domestic pig’s production has a very important place, in the last years, wild boar utilization has become stronger and has created new opportunities to utilize this species as a meat producer, currently, the wild boar meat is
considered as one of the most important and popular game species in Europe (Thurfjell et al.,
2013).
Wild boar behavior has a particular way that cannot be compared to one of the domesticated pigs. The boar is a lot more active and aggressive and can live under stress conditions depending on the circumstances the environment inhabiting bring.
Behavioral analysis is currently playing one of the main roles for conservation and management of wildlife around the world. These studies help to determine several important factors for the welfare of the species by understating the species requirements. As an important part of behavioral studies or analysis, ethograms are often defined by the authors.
An ethogram is a catalog of the reactions and actions an individual can exhibit and are the basis to determine a behavior in a particular situation and to define the social conduct of a species.
Some important studies have been developed to categorize the behavior of the wild boar both in wild and in captivity and the boar has been described as an extremely social animal in any of these situations.
This work pretends to realize a bibliographic analysis of the behavioral studies carried out by different researchers around the world in relation to the behavior of the wild boar under different circumstances as an individual and as a group living animal. Also, a definition of the
most used behavioral elements and an analysis of the perception by a group of professionals and non- professionals of these behavioral elements are going to be studied in this thesis.
... One ways to quantify the animal behavior is to record the duration of each behavior type over a specified time period (Blackshaw 1986), and a record of how an organism spends its time is called time budget (Crews et al. 2002). The objective of this research was to measure the time budget of Javan deer in Panaitan Island and to address their age-sex class variation. ...
Javan deer that exist in Panaitan Island was reintroduced from Peucang Island during 1978-1982. We observed behavior of the reintroduced Javan deer inhabiting Panaitan Island. Javan deer in this island spent most of their diurnal time for feeding. There were no significant differences between all age-sex variation for all activities pattern. The behavior of Javan deer was influenced by age, sex, social group, temperature, and food availability.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.