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R.K. Sharma et al. (2016) Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 15-20
DOI: 10.3126/ijasbt.v4i1. 14728
This paper can be downloaded online at http://ijasbt.org & http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJASBT
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Vol-4, Issue-1 (March, 2016)
R.K. Sharma et al. (2016) Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 15-20
DOI: 10.3126/ijasbt.v4i1. 14728
This paper can be downloaded online at http://ijasbt.org & http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJASBT
LAWSONIA INERMIS LINN: A PLANT WITH COSMETIC AND MEDICAL BENEFITS
Ritesh Kumar Sharma*, Anjana Goel and A. K. Bhatia3
Department of Biotechnology, IAH, GLA University, Mathura.
*Corresponding author email: sharmaanshul603@gmail.com
Abstract
Plants play a major role on the earth and human beings depend on plants because of their medicinal properties. About 80% of the world
population using plants as a medicinal drugs because plants have no side effects and show synergistic effect unlike modern medicine. In the
present study, review and authentication of the various aspects of the plant Lawsonia inermis was carried out. This plant is mainly present in
subtropical and tropical areas and is used in all over the world. The common name of L. inermis is Henna and Mehndi. It has been used for
over 9000 years for their cosmetic values as a dye. Traditionally, in Asian countries like India and Pakistan, plant leaves are applied to hands,
hairs and feet. Morphologically the plant is a small tree or shrub. L. inermis is cultivated for roots, flowers, stem bark and seeds for their
medicinal uses. Proteins, carbohydrates and fatty acid are primary metabolites along with secondary metabolite such as tannins, quinines,
terpenoids, coumarins etc which are present in L. inermis plant. Phytochemical constituents of L. inermis are responsible for its analgesic, anti-
inflammatory, hepatoprotective and hypoglycaemic properties. The plant has also been reported for antibacterial, antifungal,
immunostimulatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Presence of these properties in L. inermis plant develops it as medicine against various
pathogenic organism and diseases. This review gives a wide view on the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and traditional uses of
the plant.
Keywords: Phytochemistry; Lawsonia inermis Linn.; antimicrobial; anti-inflammatory.
Introduction
Many microbes show high pathogenecity towards human
and cause various chronic diseases. Modern medicines are
primarily used to treat these diseases. But due to
inappropriate use of these medicines, microbes are
developing resistance to the medicines and increasing the
public health problems (Ali et al., 1995 and Muhammad and
Muhammad., 2005). Starting from the human civilization,
various plants had been used as medicine but now a days the
use of medicinal plants increasing day by day (Natrajan et
al., 2003 and Mishra and Sahu., 1977) for treating the
diseases alone or in synergy with modern medicines.
Because of their wide biological and medicinal activities as
well as higher safety margins, plants are used as a medicine
for primary healthcare in the different countries of world
(Cragg et al., 1997 and Padma, 2005).
According to the World Health Organisation 20,000 species
of plants are now in use due to their medicinal values and
more than 80% of world’s population are using them for
their primary health care (Pandey et al., 2008 and Vijayan
et al., 2007). In India approx 3000 plant species are used as
traditional medicines and have various therapeutic
properties. (Prakash et al., 2010). A wide range of
information, knowledge and benefits of medicinal plants
exist in our early literature of Chinese, Unani, Ayurvedic
and Siddha medicine (Goyal et al., 2008).
The diverse uses of L. inermis are described in ancient
history of India and its considerable role in natural herbal
medicines or Ayurveda (Lavhate et al., 2007). The present
study was carried out to review and authenticate the various
aspects of plant Lawsonia inermis, commonly known as
Henna or Mehndi.
Plant description
Botanical description
This plant is multi branched, deciduous shrub or small tree
having 2.6 m height. Leaves of this plant are 1.3-3.2cm
broadly or elliptic lanceolate. Flowers are white or rose-
colored, which are used as a fragrant agent in local scent.
Pedicle is short less than 1.3 cm, numerous in number and
slender in shape. Calyx is 3-5 mm, long broadly
campanulate; lobes are 2.5-3 mm, long, suborbicular or
subreniform and undulate. Stamens are 8, which are inserted
in pairs on the calyx-tube. Capsules are slightly veined
outside, globose and diameter of the capsule is 6 mm.
Persistent calyx support capsule with the tipped style
(Nadkarni, 1982). Pea shape and globose seed capsules,
Mini Review
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R.K. Sharma et al. (2016) Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 15-20
This paper can be downloaded online at http://ijasbt.org & http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJASBT
which are red in color. Seeds are brown pitted, numerous
small and pyramidal in shape (Sukh, 2006).
Habitat
L. inermis is mainly cultivated for cosmetic purposes and as
traditional medicine in all over the world but native place of
this plant is tropical as well as subtropical regions mainly
India, Sri Lanka and the Middle East. Plant leaves of this
plant are used as dye which stains the hair, hands and feet
mainly in Asian countries (Jallad and Jallad, 2008).
Chemical constituents
The phytochemistry of henna is largely studied by many
practitioners of traditional herbal medicines, revealing
many interesting informations. Lawsone (C10H6O3) is the
colouring component present in leaves of henna and gets
fixed well by wool, silk and tenaciously by the skin
(Tommasi, 1920). Abd-el-Malek et al., (1973) isolated four
compounds by thin layer chromatography. Out of these
three fractions were identified as gallic acid (149-91-7),
lawsone (2-hydroxy- 1,4-naphthoquinone)(I) (83-72-7),
and 1,4-naphthoquinone (130-15-4).
Bhardwaj et al. (1978) isolated lacoumarin, which is a
coumarin, from L. inarmis leaves. Two xanthones i.e. 1, 3-
dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyxanthone and 1-hydroxy-3,6-
diacetoxy-7-methoxyxanthone were isolated from plant
leaves and commonly known as laxanthone I and II,
respectively. Another xanthone, named as laxanthone III
was identified from chemical and spectral data of L. inermis.
From leaves extract of L. inermis, apigenin-4’-glucoside,
apigenin-7-glucoside, luteolin-7-glucoside, and luteolin-3’-
glucoside were also isolated (Chakrabartty et al., 1982). The
methanol extract of L. inermis leaves yielded stigmasterol,
β-sitosterol and 1,2-dihydroxy-4-glucosyloxynaphthalene
(Babili et al., 2013; Chakrabartty et al., 1982). Luteolin,
acacetin-7-O-glucoside and glucoside of β-sitosterol were
isolated from L. inermis leaves extracts (Muhammad and
Muhammad 2005). Two pentacyclic triterpenes were also
isolated from the bark of L. inermis, which were then
recognized as (20S)-3β,30-dihydroxylupane and 3β,30-
dihydroxylup-20(29)-ene (hennadiol) (Chakrabartty et al.,
1982).
Gupta et al. (1992) isolated a sterol from the roots of L.
inermis, namely lawsaritol and elucidated it as 24β-
ethylcholest-4-en-3β-ol and from the stem bark of L.
inermis as 3-methylnonacosan-1-ol. Two triterpenoids,
lawnermis acid and its methyl ester were isolated from the
methanol extract of the defatted L. inermis seeds (Handa et
al., 1997). The isolation of two pentacyclic triterpenoids
was done from the aerial parts of Lawsonia alba. Through
spectroscopic studies, the structures of lawsonic acid (I) and
lawsonin (II) have been elucidated as 3β-E-ferulyloxy-lup-
20(29)-en-28-oic acid and 3β-E-ferulyloxy-urs-11-en-13β-
ol, respectively (Siddiqui and Kardar, 2001).
Biological uses
Charaka Samhitaa has described L inermis for the treatment
of epilepsy and jaundice. This plant has been suggested as a
medicine for malignant ulcers in Sushruta Samhitaa (Sukh,
2006). L. inermis also demonstrated to have antibacterial,
antifungal, antiamoebiasis, astringent, antihemorrhagic,
hypotensive, refrigerant and sedative properties
(Abdulmoneim, 2007). It was found effective in headache,
insomnia, hemicranias, lumbago, burns, bronchitis, boils,
abortifacient, dysuria, herpes infection, hysteria, nervous
disorders, bleeding disorder, prurigo ophthalmia, syphilitis,
sores, sore eyes, scalds, amenorrhoea, gonorrhoea, scabies,
liver disorders, vulnerary, dysentery, venereal diseases,
calculus, smallpox, spermatorrhoea, diuretic, jaundice,
leprosy, enlargement of the spleen, calcalous affections,
obstinate skin diseases and spleen diseases (Abdulmoneim
2007; Kirtikar and Basu 2005; Gogte 2000; Khare 2007;
Nadkarni 1982; Chetty 2008; Chopra et al., 1956; Reddy,
1988).
Hypoglycaemic activity
Syamsudin et al., (2008) conducted a study to determine the
effect of L. inermis leaves ethanol extract on glucose level
on artificially induced diabetes in rats. Ethanol plant leaves
extract significantly decreased glucose level showing
hypoglycaemic activity. They also reported the
hypolipidemic activity of this extract. A significant in-vitro
anti hyperglycemic activity of L. inermis methanolic leaves
extract was demonstrated by Arayne et al., (2007).
Antioxidant activity
In a study conducted by Das Gupta et al (2003) revealed that
methanolic extract was effective in increasing the
antioxidant enzymes, hepatic glutathione reductase (GR),
superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities.
Philip et al. (2011) performed the experiment on L. inermis
seeds to determine the antioxidant and free
radical scavenging activity. Four different extracts of L.
inermis seeds viz. ethanol extract (ET), dichloromethane
extract (DCM), petroleum ether extract (PE) and aqueous
extract (AQ) are compared for their flavonoid and total
phenolic content as well as antioxidant activity .
They concluded that the ethanolic extract of L. inermis
seeds is efficient antioxidant as compared to aqueous
extract, petroleum ether extract and dichloromethane
extract due to the presence of higher concentration of
phenolic and flavonoids compounds in ethanol extract.
Wound Healing Activity
Muhammad and Muhammad (2005), investigated that water
and chloroform extracts of L. inermis (henna plant) leaves
was found effective against the growth of microorganisms
which causes burn wound infections. Ethanolic extract of
L.inermis accelerate the healing process in experimental
animals as compared to control animals (Nayak et al.,
2007).
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R.K. Sharma et al. (2016) Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 15-20
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Immunomodulatory effect
According to Mikhaeil et al., (2004), methanolic extract of
henna leaves at 1 mg/ml concentration displays
immunomodulatory action which is showed by the
stimulation of T-lymphocyte proliferative responses. As per
Dikshit et al. (2007) Naphthoquinone fraction shows
significant immunomodulatory effect, obtained from leaves
L. Inermis.
Hepatoprotective activity
90% ethanol extract of L. inermis and its ethyl acetate
fraction showed hepatoprotective activity. Hepatotoxicity
was induced in rats by Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Ethanol
extract and its ethyl acetate fractions of 200 and 400 mgkg-
1b.wt. treated groups showed significantly decreases in
alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum transaminases (AST and
ALT) and total bilirubin (TB). So, it’s indicated that L.
inermis seeds use in liver disorders. Against CCl4 (0.5 mL
kg-1, i.p.) induced mice, these extract increases the albumin
and total protein level significantly (p<0.01) in dose
dependent manner. The seeds extract and its fraction also
lowered the levels of hepatic malondialdehyde by inhibiting
the production of free radicals and prevented CCl4 induced
oxidative stress by significantly restoring the levels of
reducing glutathione. The histopathological examination of
liver sections supplemented these biochemical parameters
and suggested that ethyl acetate fraction has a more
significant (p<0.05) hepatoprotective effect against
CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. (Chaudhary et al.,
2012). Hepatoprotective and lipid peroxidation inhibitory
property occur due to the presence of flavonoids (Tapas et
al., 2008).
Anti Trypanosome
Wurochekke et al. (2004) investigated the in-vitro and in-
vivo antitrypanosomal activity of L. inermis leaves and they
concluded that the crude methanolic extract of L. inermis
leaves had in-vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei at
concentration of 8.3 mg mL-1 of blood while in-vivo study
indicated that the treatment tends to ameliorate the disease
condition but did not affect the level of parasitaemia and
pack cell volume. Tadesse and Mirutse (2009), conducted
in-vitro experiments and concluded that crude aqueous and
hydro alcoholic extract of Lawsonia inermis show no
antihelmenthic effect.
Antifungal activity
Khan and Nasreen (2010), tested the antifungal activity of
methanolic extracts of five plants against 10
phytopathogenic fungi and Candida albicans B017. L.
inermis showed the greatest percent inhibition of mycelial
growth of target fungi (76.47-87.77%) among all the
extracts tested. The protein fractions of L. inermis exhibited
four to five times more percentage inhibition of mycelial
growth of Bipolaris oryzae and Colletotrichum
lindemuthianum than the nonprotein fractions. According to
Khan and Nasreen (2010), the active compounds
responsible for the effectiveness against plant pathogens
were proteinaceous in nature or were proteins. Aqueous,
methanol and chloroform crude extracts L. inermis leaves
showed the in-vitro antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the
growth of different strains of pathogenic fungi. (Saadabi,
2007; Habbal et al., 2005).
Anti-Cancer activity
Endrini et al. (2002) conducted a study in which MTT based
cytotoxic assay was used for anticarcinogenic activity of L.
inermis chloroform extract. In this viable tumour cells had
mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzyme, which reduce the
soluble tetrazolium salt in to insoluble coloured formazone.
After dissolution of formazone it can be measured by
spectrophotometer. The effect of this extract was tested on
normal liver cell lines and liver cancer cell lines. Cell
inhibition or cell killing was the explained by the IC50 value.
Cytotoxicity was determined with IC50 values of 0.3 and
24.85μg/ml against liver and human breast cancer cell lines.
Effect of L. inermis extract on mice having solid Ehrlich
tumour was tested and found effective. On the 12th day, L.
inermis extract received mice were compared with control
mice receiving water only. Control mice showed higher
diameters of the gluteal solid tumor mass than L. inermis
treated group. It was also found that extract treated mice
showed increased pH level and reduced level of glutathione
lipid peroxidation than the control. It indicated the
possibility of cancer cell metabolism inhibition by the
extract (Zumrutdal et al., 2008).
A similar study showed that extracts of L. inermis stop the
multiplication of DLA induced tumour cells in mice. It also
increased the mean survival time and life span of mice.
These results concluded that L. inermis used as a novel drug
in the cancer treatment (Priya et al., 2011).
Antibacterial activity
Yemeni traditional healer’s uses ethanol extracts of 20
plants species for the treatment of pathogenic diseases. Both
gram positive and gram negative bacteria used for the
antibacterial screening of different plant species. Among all
the plant species tested, L. inermis ethyl acetate extract was
showed highest antibacterial activity (Ali et al., 2001).
Dama et al. (1999) studied quinonic compounds from L.
inermis in-vitro for antimicrobial properties. Kirkland and
Marzin (2003) conducted genotoxic studies on lawsone and
suggested that it is a weak bacterial mutagen for Salmonella
typhimurium strain TA98 and was more clearly mutagenic
for strain TA2637. Overall, it is suggested that L. inermis
possess no genotoxic risk to the consumer. Antibacterial
effect was also reported by the aqueous extract of leaves of
L. inermis (Baba-Moussa et al., 1997). Aqueous, methanol
and chloroform crude extracts L. inermis leaves showed the
in-vitro antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the growth of
different strains of pathogenic bacteria. (Saadabi, 2007;
Malekzadeh, 1968; Habbal et al., 2005).
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Sharma (1990), reported in-vitro and in-vivo studies on
tuberculostatic activity of L. inermis. In in-vitro
tuberculostatic activity of henna, he reported that 6 μg/ml of
herb inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Rv and Tubercle bacilli from sputum on Lowenstein
Jensen medium. In his in-vivo studies, he also reported that
dose of 5 mg/kg body weight in guinea pigs and mice led to
a significant resolution of experimental tuberculosis
following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Rv. Abd-el-Malek et al. (1973) showed antibacterial
activity in Lawsonia inermis leaves ethanol extract.
Synergistic effect
Bhuvaneswari et al. (2002) reported the use of leaves of the
plant in treating urinary tract infection which is mainly
caused by Staphyloccocus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia,
Psedomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. S. aureus
cause pimples, boils and skin diseases which was treated by
plant leaves. Two antibiotic classes which are cell wall
inhibitor and nucleic acid inhibitor are less potent than drug
(Gentamycin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline,
Chloramphenicol and Streptomycin) which inhibit protein
synthesis. For this study plant extract synergism used in the
formation of drugs by combining the plant drug with
modern medicine in treating the different diseases because
now days organism show resistance against antibiotics
(Ajaiyeoba, 2000).
Abortifacient activity
Aguwa (1987) studied the abortifacient activity of
methanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis root and indicated
that the methanolic extract shows dose-dependent effect in
the induction of abortion in mice, rats and guinea pig. The
results were confirmed by its ethno medicinal use in the
procurement of abortion in humans in some parts of Nigeria.
Conclusion
Now, the scenario of the world is changing towards the use
of nontoxic plant products. Also, now adays a big problem
has arisen, development of drug resistant pathogen against
modern medicines. So, herbal medicines are the alternatives
of modern drugs with their synergistic effects for treating
the infectious diseases of human civilization. By exploring
various literatures we reveal that L. inermis plant have broad
spectrum of pharmacological activities and due to these
activities of L. inermis it can be used as a remedy in herbal
medicines. Various phytoconstituents are present in this
plant, thus enabling it for treating different diseases in
various areas. Furthermore, for treating different diseases a
broad investigation is required to develop its medicinal
utility. This plant has various medicinal properties such as
antibacterial, antiviral, antimyotic, antimicrobial etc. As this
plant has various therapeutic activities, it deserves special
consideration by scientists and researchers for developing a
milestone drug of this time. However, further assessment is
required to explore the hidden potentials of L. inermis and
its therapeutic applications for human welfare.
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