Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of Chaulmoogra Oil
Abstract and Figures
Chaulmoogra oil, the fixed oil obtained from fresh ripe seeds of Hydnocarpus species, had been widely used in traditional medicine in the treatment of leprosy and other skin diseases. Among the different Hydnocarpus species, H. wightiana is the major source of chaulmoogra oil and other important species are H. kurzii and H. anthelmintica. The fixed oil is characterized by the presence of cyclopentenyl fatty acids (CFAs), hydnocarpic, chaulmoogric and gorlic acids as major constituents. The pharmacological evaluation of the oil as well as isolated acids showed potential activity against Mycobacterium leprae and was effective in treating early cases of leprosy. The literature on the development of chaulmoogra oil, its traditional use, chemistry and pharmacology has been reviewed in the chapter.
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... 75 A study 82 demonstrated the penetration-enhancing potential of chaulmoogra oil extracted from the seeds of a tree from the genus Hydnocarpus and family Flacourtiaceae. 185 A nanoemulsion containing chaulmoogra oil at approximately 84 μg/mL, Tween surfactant at approximately 90 μg/mL, and cosurfactant at approximately 2 μg/mL was developed for the transdermal delivery of methotrexate in the dermatological treatment of psoriasis. Drug retention studies showed that higher amounts of the API were retained in the epidermis and dermis, the layers that are mainly affected by psoriasis. ...
... 187,188 Cyclopentenyl acids from chaulmoogra oil have been shown to incorporate into triacylglycerols and cell membrane phospholipids to further disrupt membrane processes leading to the inhibition of Mycobacterium vaccae proliferation. 185,189 Table 1 (items 30 to 33) presents the permeation effectiveness of APIs used with oils in TTDs. ...
In recent years, significant progress has been made in transdermal drug delivery systems, but there is still a search for enhancers that can improve the absorption of active substances through the stratum corneum. Although permeation enhancers have been described in the scientific literature, the use of naturally occurring substances in this role is still of particular interest, because they can offer a high level of safety of use, with a low risk of skin irritation, and high efficiency. In addition, these ingredients are biodegradable, easily available, and widely accepted by consumers due to the growing trust in natural compounds. This article provides information on the role of naturally derived compounds in transdermal drug delivery systems that help them penetrate the skin. The work focuses on the components found in the stratum corneum such as sterols, ceramides, oleic acid, and urea. Penetration enhancers found in nature, mainly in plants, such as terpenes, polysaccharides, and fatty acids have also been described. The mechanism of action of permeation enhancers in the stratum corneum is discussed, and information on the methods of assessing their penetration efficiency is provided. Our review mainly covers original papers from 2017 to 2022, supplemented with review papers, and then older publications used to supplement or verify the data. The use of natural penetration enhancers has been shown to increase the transport of active ingredients through the stratum corneum and can compete with synthetic counterparts.
... Chromatographic separation and purification of plant extracts usually yield these oil constituents as mixtures of triglycerides and fatty acids or as impurities in other fractions and compounds. Several of these medicinal plant oils have medicinal properties such as chaulmoogra oil active against Mycobacterium leprae and effective in treating early cases of leprosy, 1 castor seed oil and its industrial applications 2 and olive oil with its medicinal uses. 3,9 There is presently a demand for oils as renewable bioresources for industrial and other purposes apart from food use. ...
... The sum of MUFA and PUFA gives the relative total unsaturation of the oils and the relative amount of SFA was calculated by 1 − . Using these formulas, the estimated percentage amounts of PUFA, MUFA and SFA for each of the oils are given in Table 3 Comparison between oils from ripe and unripe kernel of Elaeis guineensis 1 H NMR spectra of oils from ripe and unripe palm kernel were the same ( Figure 4). This indicates that ripening does not affect the nature of oils from palm kernel. ...
Plant oils form a major component of our nutrition and also have various applications in medicine and industry. In Benue state, many plant seed oils are used for food and as components of traditional medicine. However, the levels of unsaturation of many of these oils has not been determined. A study of twenty (20) medicinal plants (Abrus precatorius, Albizia lebbeck, Anacardium occidentale, Annona muricata, Canarium schweinfurthii, Chrysophylium albidum, Citrullus lanatus, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrus senensis, Cucumeropsis mannii, Cyperus esculentus, Dacryodes edulis, Delonia regia, Elaeis guineensis, Irvingia gabonensis, Moringa oleifera, Parkia biglobosa, Phoenix dectylifera, Sphenostylis stenocarpa and Terminalia catappa.) seed oils was conducted to determine the levels of unsaturation and percentage composition of saturated fatty acids, mono unsaturated fatty acids and poly unsaturated fatty acids in the oils. The medicinal plant seeds were extracted in organic solvent (hexane) at room temperature by maceration. 1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was conducted on the extracted oils. The NMR spectra obtained were processed and interpreted. The results were used to classify the oils based on their saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids content. Most of the oils were unsaturated and triglycerides while oils from Irvingia gabonensis, Phoenix dactylifera and Elaeis guineensis contained mainly saturated fatty acids.
... CHO plays an important role in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, particularly in the treatment of leprosy caused by Mycobacterium bacteria. Its applications encompassed both internal, and external forms, and it was subsequently formally acknowledged as a drug for internal use in the Indian Pharmacopoeia and the British Pharmacopoeia (Rameshkumar et al., 2011). ...
The aim of the study was to ascertain the chemical composition of the volatile and fatty acid fractions of chaulmoogra oil from Hydnocarpus wightiana. A series of GC-MS/SPME analyses revealed that chaulmoogra oil contains a diverse array of volatile compounds, with a notable proportion comprising terpene compounds (22.3 %). The GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of cyclopentenyl fatty acids in chaulmoogra oil from Hydnocarpus wightiana which constituted about 80 % of the fatty acid fraction. Furthermore, the chaulmoogra oil was extracted using methanol. The methanol extract obtained was subjected to GC-MS analysis for the identification of fatty compounds and volatile compounds. Methanol was identified as an effective extractant for the cyclopentenyl fatty acid fraction. The quantitative content of cyclopentenyl fatty acids in the methanol extract was similar to the content of these acids in the whole chaulmoogra oil. This proves that the derivatization method used in this work was appropriate. A further crucial aspect of the research was the assessment of the antibacterial activity of both the whole oil and its methanol extract against reference bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The results indicate that both the oil and its fraction obtained through methanol extraction exert a slight bacteriostatic effect on the aforementioned bacterial strains.
... Identification of isolated compound UV-visible spectrophotometry One mg per mL of stock sample was prepared and absorbance was measured between 200-400 nm range to get the λ max using UV-visible spectrophotometry [11]. ...
Cite this article: Parveen R, Samal M, Nafis, Mukhtar HM, Ahmad S. Development of solid lipid nanoparticle gel for transdermal delivery system of chaulmoogra oil. Abstract Aim: The main objective of the study was to formulate, evaluate and perform an optimization study of chaulmoogra oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) based gel. Methods: The study involves isolation, identification, and quantification of hydnocarpic acid (HA), using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and characterization using ultraviolet (UV), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectroscopy (MS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Different concentration of assorted solid lipids and surfactants was used for the preparation of SLN gel with the improved transdermal application. Size distribution, entrapping efficiency, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and percent yield were tested for the prepared SLN and the characterization of SLN gel was evaluated on the basis of in vitro diffusion study, stability studies, homogeneity, and skin irritancy test. Results: The amount of HA quantified in the oil sample was found to be 54.84% w/w. The percent yield and entrapment efficiency (EE) of HA SLNs were 96.176 ± 1.338% and 90.2 ± 0.5% respectively. The in vitro percent cumulative drug release was 80.89% for the developed SLN, the homogeneity test showed no grittiness, and the prepared gel was found to be effective as it shows no signs of erythema post-treatment of 10 days. The in vitro dissolution studies showed better results for SLN gel when compared to SLN suspension. Conclusions: The nano-gel could be a better option for the topical delivery of herbal drugs with improved bioavailability providing several benefits over conventional formulation.
Hydnocarpus kurzii, is a plant found in the Southeast Asian region. Various parts of the plant such as barks, fruits, leaves have many therapeutic uses in traditional medicinal system. After reviewing various journals and on the basis of traditional uses, our work was designed to conduct various phytochemical and pharmacological tests (antioxidant, antidiabetic, analgesic, laxative, diuretic, antihelminthic, blood anticoagulation) on the leaves of the plant. The extract showed DPPH free radical and Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities (IC50 values were 58 µg/mL and 67 µg/mL, respectively). Reducing power assay was also performed (RC50 = 79 µg/mL). Total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin content and total antioxidant capacities of the plant were found to be 242 mg GAE/g, 365 mg QE/g, 289 mg GAE/g and 274 mg AAE/g, respectively. The plant caused a significant reduction in blood glucose level in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and alloxan-induced diabetic test, though it did not show any response in α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory test. The extract exhibited significant analgesic, laxative, diuretic, anticoagulant and antihelminthic activities in a dose-dependent manner and these were compared with the respective standard drugs. All of these results signified the plants’ utilization in traditional medicinal system. We hope that these preliminary studies will be helpful for conducting further research on this plant in order to isolate promising drug molecule.
this Bibliography on scientific contributions represents the research output from JNTBGRI in the thirty five years, since the inception of its publication activities in 1980. The research outcome of inter-institutional collaborations is also included. This volume contains 1893 references published during the period 1980-2015, categorised as books, research papers, chapters in books, booklets, popular articles, newsletters etc. A subject index is included to facilitate ready reference. Indices on authors, plant categories and journals are also provided.
Chaulmoogra oil and cooking oils were fed to mice per oral for a while before.