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Received: 14 February, 2012. Accepted: 12 July, 2012. Invited Mini-Review
Bioremediation, Biodiversity and Bioavailability ©2012 Global Science Books
Achievements in Rice Research at BINA
through Induced Mutation
Mohammad Abul Kalam Azad* • Mohammad Imtiaz Uddin • Mohammad Ali Azam
Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), BAU Campus, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
Corresponding author: * makazad_binapbd@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), since its inception in 1961 as a radio tracer laboratory under the then Pakistan
Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), has released so far 9 improved varieties of rice through induced mutation technique. Of the 9
varieties ‘Iratom-24’ and ‘Iratom-38’ were developed by irradiating the seeds of the rice ‘IR 8’ and released by the National Seed Board
(NSB) of Bangladesh in 1974 for boro (December to May) and aus (March to June) seasons. The mutated characteristics of these varieties
are shorter crop duration, resistance against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and medium fine grain size. ‘Binasail’ was also developed by
irradiating the seeds of ‘Naizersail’ and released in 1987 for aman (July to December) season with mutated characters like long panicles,
more number of grains, medium fine grains with higher weight, early maturing with photo-insensitivity and higher grain and straw yields.
‘Binadhan-4’, ‘Binadhan-5’ and ‘Binadhan-6’ were developed by irradiating F2 seeds of the parents ‘BR-4’ and ‘Iratom-38’ and released
in 1998, ‘Binadhani-4’ for aman and ‘Binadhan-5’ and ‘Binadhan-6’ for boro season. ‘Binadhan-7’ was developed from M3 seeds of the
cv. ‘Tai Nguen’ of Vietnam. This variety was released in 2007 for aman season with earliness, long fine grain and high yield. Early
maturing character of this variety helps to escape drought and insect attack during flowering and dough stages. Moreover, it helps
increasing cropping intensity by facilitating timely cultivation of following winter crops. ‘Binadhan-9’ was developed by hybridizing
between the local cv. ‘Kalozira’ and an exotic mutant line Y-1281. It was released in 2012 for aman season, also can be grown in boro
season. Unlike the parent ‘Kalozira’it has short duration, long and slender grains with slight aroma. Using recent ion beam irradiation
technique BINA has already developed two mutant lines that can be grown after harvest of mustard or rapeseed during the first week of
February to first week of March and can be harvested after 121-134 days. These mutant lines produce high yield.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Keywords: aman rice, aus rice, boro rice, mutant variety, mutation breeding
Abbreviations: BINA, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture; PAE C , Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission; BAU, Bangladesh
Agricultural University; t/ha, Metric ton/hectare, INA, Institute of Nuclear Agriculture; NSB, National Seed Board; IRRI, International
Rice Research Institute
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................................................ 53
IRATOM-24 and IRATOM-38..................................................................................................................................................................... 54
BINASAIL................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
BINADHAN-4 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 54
BINADHAN-5 and BINADHAN-6 ............................................................................................................................................................. 54
BINADHAN-7 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 55
BINADHAN-9 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
ADVANCED LINES: RM-200 (C)-1-10 and RM-200 (C)-1-17 ................................................................................................................. 56
DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
FUTURE PROSPECT.................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Mutations are the tools used to study the nature and func-
tions of genes and to create raw materials for genetic im-
provements of crop plants (Adamu and Aliyu 2007). It has
been used to develop many crop varieties with improved
quantitative, qualitative and economic value (Hamid et al.
2006; Latado et al. 2006; Nayeem et al. 2006; Rutger 2006;
Azad et al. 2010). Realizing the importance of this tech-
nique in agricultural development of a country, research
work was initiated in 1961 in the then Pakistan Atomic
Energy Commission at Dhaka. After independence in 1972,
the Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (INA) comprising of
several disciplines was established. This was shifted to the
present campus of Bangladesh Agricultural University at
Mymensingh in 1975. Considering the greater role of nuc-
lear research in agriculture, the status of INA was upgraded
to an independent national agricultural research institute in
1982 and placed under the Ministry of Agriculture and was
named as “Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture”
(BINA) in 1984. BINA has been working on rice from its
very inception as it is the staple food for more than half of
the world population including Bangladesh. Induced muta-
tions have played significant role for the improvement of
rice (Azam and Uddin 1999; Maluzinski et al. 1986; Baloch
et al. 1999; 2001a; 2001b; 2002; 2003). BINA in its short
lifetime has released or registered 59 improved crop vari-
eties including 9 rice varieties. Of the rice varieties, 8 were
®
Bioremediation, Biodiversity and Bioavailability 6 (Special Issue 1), 53-57 ©2012 Global Science Books
bred through mutation breeding. In this paper the method of
development of the 8 rice mutant varieties along with their
mutated key characters (Table 1) and benefits towards
acceptability by the farmers are discussed.
IRATOM-24 and IRATOM-38
Mutation breeding work on rice was started at BINA with
the boro rice variety ‘IR-8’. The variety has some disad-
vantages like longer crop duration (170 days, seed to seed)
related to higher cost of cultivation, susceptible to lodging,
diseases and insect pests. To overcome these disadvantages
dry seeds of ‘IR-8’ were exposed to 300 Gy of gamma rays
(Tabl e 1 ) and four early maturing lines were finally selected.
Among these four mutant lines, Mutant 24 and Mutant 38
performed better. These 2 mutant lines were further tested at
various locations including IRRI, Philippines in subsequent
years. Finally, in 1974, the NSB of Bangladesh approved
these two mutant lines under the commercial names ‘Ira-
tom-24’ (Fig. 1A) and ‘Iratom-38’, respectively, for cultiva-
tion in boro (December–May) and aus (March – July) sea-
sons. The mutated key characteristics of these varieties are
shorter crop duration (‘Iratom-24’ by 20-25 days and ‘Ira-
tom-38’ by 30-35 days) than the parent, resistance against
BLB and medium fine grain size (Tab l e 1 ). Early maturity
of these two varieties offer lower cost of cultivation com-
pared to the parent, increased cropping intensity and avoid-
ing hailstorm and other natural hazards at the end of boro
season. The variety, Iratom-24 gained much popularity par-
ticularly in the northern districts of Bangladesh where it is
mostly known as “Tom dhan”. It does not lodge because of
its dwarfness. Grain yield potential of the variety is 6.0-6.5
tons (t) in boro and 3.5-4.0 t/ha in aus season.
BINASAIL
In 1973, induced mutagenesis programme was undertaken
with a popular local rice cultivar ‘Nizersail’ which was
introduced from Nizeria in 1941. ‘Nizersail’ has the excel-
lent grain quality despite having the disadvantages of longer
crop duration (150 days, seed to seed) in aman (July–
December) season, highly photo-sensitive, tall and inferior
type of plants with lodging habit and comparatively lower
grain yield. To overcome these shortcomings dry seeds of
‘Nizersail’ were treated with 250 Gy dose of gamma rays
(Tabl e 1 ) and finally one tall mutant, Mut. NS-1, having a
number of desirable traits was selected in 1983 and subjec-
ted to evaluation trial in 1985. In 1987, the NSB approved
this mutant for commercial cultivation in the aman season
as ‘Binasail’. This variety exhibited multiple mutated traits
like (i) improved plant type, comparatively taller and more
lodging resistance (Fig. 1B), (ii) longer panicles bearing
more number of grains (iii) medium fine grains with higher
weight, (iv) early maturing (135-140 days from seed to
seed) with photo-insensitivity and (v) higher grain and
straw yields (Ta b l e 1 ). It is known that in Bangladesh, all
the landraces or even the modern rice cultivars show partial
to total crop failure at late planting. It is a matter of satis-
faction that ‘Binasail’ can be planted late up to mid Septem-
ber when floodwater recedes. This is a low input variety,
very popular across the flood prone areas of the country.
Planting of ‘Binasail’ in optimum time can give 20% higher
yield (up to 5 tons) than ‘Nizersail’ while in late planting,
yield ranges between 3.5-4.0 t/ha. The plant is tall; grains
are slender and tasty with high protein content.
BINADHAN-4
F2 seeds of two crosses of ‘BR-4’ with ‘Iratom-24’ were
subjected to gamma irradiation with 250, 300 and 350 Gy
doses of gamma rays in 1985 to develop tall, high yielding
and early maturing variety for aman season. Finally, after
selection and yield trials, the mutant line BINA6-84-4-115
originated from 250 Gy dose (Tab le 1 ) was released by
NSB in 1998 in the commercial name of ‘Binadhan-4’ for
cultivation in aman season. The most prominent mutated
characters are taller plants (Fig. 1C), shorter crop duration
(130-135 days, seed to seed) and long slender grain (Tab l e
1; Fig. 1C). Early maturity trait of this variety helped in
increasing cropping intensity by facilitating cultivation of
winter crops like wheat, oil seeds, potato, etc. in time.
BINADHAN-5 and BINADHAN-6
F2 seeds of a cross between ‘Iratom-24’ and ‘Dular’ (a local
cultivar) were irradiated with 250, 300 and 350 Gy doses of
gamma rays in 1985. Finally, two mutant lines BINA4-39-
15-13 and BINA4-5-17-19 were selected from 250 Gy dose
for release. NSB approved these two mutant lines as
‘Binadhan-5’ and ‘Binadhan-6’ in 1998. The most important
mutated characters for ‘Binadhan-5’are taller and stiffer
plants (Fig. 1D) and long slender grain (Tab l e 1). It matures
one week earlier than ‘BRRI dhan29’ but with similar yield
(7.0-7.5 t/ha). Moreover, this variety is easy to thresh. For
Tab le 1 Mutagen used/method of development, parent used and key mutated characters of the BINA released mutant varieties of rice.
Mutant
variety
Mutagen used/method of
development
Parent Suitable growing
season in
Bangladesh
Year of
release
by NSB
Mutated key characters
Iratom-24 Seed irradiation with 300Gy
dose of gamma rays
IR-8 Boro December to
May) and Aus
(March-June)
1974 Shorter crop duration by 20-25 days than the parent,
dwarf, resistance against bacterial leaf blight (BLB)
and medium fine grains.
Iratom-38 Seed irradiation with 300Gy
dose of gamma rays
IR-8 Boro (December to
May) and Aus
(March- June)
1974 Shorter crop duration by 30-35 days than the parent,
dwarf, resistance against bacterial leaf blight (BLB)
and medium fine grains.
Binasail Seed irradiation with 250Gy
dose of gamma rays
Nizersail Transplant aman
(July to December)
1987 Improved plant type, longer panicles with more
number of grains, medium fine grains, early maturing
(135-140 days from seed to seed) with photo-
insensitivity and higher grain and straw yields.
Binadhan-4 F2 seed irradiation with 250Gy
dose of gamma rays
BR 4 and
Iratom-24
aman (July to
December)
1998 Shorter crop duration (130-135 days) and long slender
grain.
Binadhan-5 F2 seed irradiation with 250Gy
dose of gamma rays
Iratom-24 and
Dular
Boro 1998 Taller and stiffer plant with long slender grain and
higher yield (7.0-7.5 t/ha), easy to thresh.
Binadhan-6 F2 seed irradiation with 250Gy
dose of gamma rays
Iratom-24 and
Dular
Boro 1998 Taller and stronger plants; moderate bold grain size,
high yield (>8.0 t/ha).
Binadhan-7 Seed irradiation with 250Gy
dose of gamma rays
Tai Nguen aman 2007 Shorter crop duration (115-120 days), medium long
fine grain, tolerant to brown plant hopper (BPH) and
higher yield (4.8 t/ha).
Binadhan-9 Hybridization between a
mutant line and a local cultivar
Y-1281 (mutant)
and Kalozira
(local cv.)
aman 2012 Shorter duration (118-123 days), shorter height,
lodging resistant, aromatic, long fine grains.
54
Rice research at BINA through induced mutation. Azad et al.
this, it has become popular in some places of Bangladesh
like Mymensingh and Rangpur. Additionally, it has proven
potential to perform well in Narsingdi and many other
regions. In case of ‘Binadhan-6’, plants became taller and
stronger (Table 1; Fig. 1E); grain size became moderate
bold and grain as well as straw yields increased. ‘Binadhan-
6’ is now the topmost high yielding boro rice variety (pro-
duce above 8.0 tons/ha in average) in Bangladesh. This
variety is gaining popularity in the southern districts par-
ticularly Jhalakathi and Barisal because of its coarse grain
and highest yield.
BINADHAN-7
M3 seeds of ‘Tai Nguen’, irradiated with 250 Gy dose of
gamma rays (Table 1 ), were collected from Vietnam under
a Regional Cooperation (RC) Project of International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The collected M3 seeds
were grown during the aman season in 2000 and quite a few
numbers of similar plants were selected based on desired
plant type. The harvested seeds from these plants were
bulked. Selections during M4 to M7 generations in aman
and boro seasons of 2001 to 2003 showed the mutant line
TNDB-100 as performing better in aman season and thus
NSB approved it as ‘Binadhan-7’ for aman season in 2007.
A
B
CD
EF
G
Fig. 1 Field view of various BINA rice varieties. (A) Iratom-24; (B) Binasail; (C) Binadhan-4; (D) Binadhan-5; (E) Binadhan-6; (F) Binadhan-7 show-
ing its early maturity in comparison with a standard check variety; (G) field view showing earliness and relatively shorter height of aromatic Binadhan-9
compared to parent Kalozira.
55
Bioremediation, Biodiversity and Bioavailability 6 (Special Issue 1), 53-57 ©2012 Global Science Books
After release of ‘Binadhan-7’ in 2007, it has become very
popular throughout the country particularly for its earliness,
long fine grain and high yield (Maximum 5.5 t/ha and ave-
rage 4.8 t/ha) (Fig. 1F). Early maturing character of this
variety helps to escape drought and insect attack during
flowering and dough stages. Moreover, it help increasing
cropping intensity by facilitating timely cultivation of mus-
tard, potato, wheat and winter vegetables. The most impor-
tant point is that the introduction of this variety in the Rang-
pur region has a tremendous effect in eradicating the un-
employment driven hunger during October to mid Novem-
ber. This variety is also tolerant to brown plant hopper
commonly known as ‘current poka’ (Tabl e 1 ).
BINADHAN-9
A hybridization program between the long duration aro-
matic Kalozira (with short and coarse grain) and a long fine
grain non-aromatic mutant line Y-1281 gave birth to RC-43-
28-5-3-3 ‘Binadhan-9’. This aromatic long fine grain rice
line matures within 118-123 days (seed to seed), 17-32 days
earlier than its parent Kalozira, and produces more than
double yield (3.0 to 4.15 t/ha) in aman season (Ta b l e 1 ). It
does not lodge because of its relatively shorter height. Like
‘Binadhan-7’, cultivation of this variety will facilitate timely
cultivation of mustard, potato, wheat and winter vegetables.
NSB has approved this variety in 2012 (Fig. IG).
ADVANCED LINES: RM-200 (C)-1-10 and RM-200
(C)-1-17
In Bangladesh, more than two-third of required edible oil is
being imported in exchange of heard earned foreign cur-
rency. To reduce this import, more oil seeds particularly
high yielding mustard/rapeseed varieties should be produced.
But the high yielding varieties of mustard/rapeseed are
relatively long duration; do not fit in our existing cropping
pattern. To fit these mustard/rapeseed varieties in the exis-
ting cropping pattern short duration, high yielding (6.0 to
6.5 t/ha) boro rice varieties are needed that can be trans-
planted during the first week of February to the first week
of March and can be harvested in early days of May. BINA
has already developed two such mutant lines that mature
within 121-134 days (seed to seed) and produce 6.0 to 6.5
t/ha yield.
DISCUSSION
Mutation induction has become a proven way of creating
variation within a crop variety (Novak and Brunner 1992).
It offers possibility of inducing desired attributes that either
cannot be found in nature or have been lost during evolu-
tion. The boro variety ‘IR-8’ has the disadvantages like sus-
ceptible to lodging and longer crop duration. These two
characters were induced in ‘Iratom-24’ and ‘Iratom-38’ by
irradiating the seeds of ‘IR-8’ with 300 Gy dose of gamma
rays (Table 1 ). These results are in conformity with that of
many working with rice and other crops (Shamsuzzaman et
al. 1998; Hamid et al. 2006; Kihupi et al. 2009; Tulmann
Neto et al. 2011). They also reported induced mutations for
shorter crop duration and lodging resistance through red-
uced plant height in their studies with rice and other crops.
In ‘Binasail’ yield was increased through increased panicle
length and more number of grains (Tab l e 1 ). Moreover, it
was induced as photo insensitive unlike its parent ‘Nizer-
shail’. These results also corroborate with those of many
groups (Morinaka et al. 2006; Bughio et al. 2007; Li et al.
2011). They also observed increased yield in the mutant
than the parents in rice. Mutation breeding also improves
quality parameters in rice. ‘Iratom-24’, ‘Iratom-38’ and
‘Binasail’ have higher protein contents than their respec-
tive parents (Dutta et al. 1998). For food and nutritional
security of a big population of Bangladesh it was felt seri-
ously to develop a high yielding short duration variety of
aman rice. With that objective, a hybridization program
between the mutant variety ‘Iratom-24’ and ‘BR-4’, a Bang-
ladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) developed aman
variety gave birth to ‘Binadhan-4’ with long fine grain and
shorter duration (130-135 days, seed to seed). But this
variety could not satisfy fully the farmer’s need. The variety
‘Binadhan-7’ is that variety that could satisfy the needs of
the farmers’ fully. They are able to grow mustard/rapeseed,
wheat, potato, vegetables and even pulses after harvest of
‘Binadhan-7’.
In the northern districts of Bangladesh, aromatic rice
local cultivars are grown in aman season from time im-
memorial but these require long period to mature and have
coarse grain. To develop a short duration and long fine
grain aromatic variety another hybridization programme
between a non aromatic short duration mutant line Y-1281
and a long duration (>150 day, seed to seed) aromatic cul-
tivar with short grains, yielded RC-43-28-5-3-3 (‘Binadhan-
9’) which is early maturing (118-123 days, seed to seed),
aromatic long fine grain can be grown in aman and also in
boro season.
Recently, ion beams irradiation has been established as
an effective method of inducing mutations. The biological
effects of ion beams have been investigated and observed to
be shown a high relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in
lethality, mutation and so on, compared to low linear energy
transfer (LET) radiation like Gamma-rays, X-rays and
electrons (Blakely 1992). As ion beams deposit high energy
on a local target, it has been suggested that ion beams
induce predominantly single or double strand DNA breaks
with damaged end groups that are unable to be repaired
easily (Goodhead 1995). Therefore, it seems plausible that
ion beams frequently produce large DNA alterations, such
as inversions, translocations and large deletions rather than
point mutations. It has been also demonstrated that ion
beams induce mutations at high frequency and induce novel
mutants in Arabidopsis (Tanaka et al. 1997; Hase et al.
2000; Tanaka et al. 2002; Shikazono et al. 2003). Using this
technique BINA has already developed some mutant lines
that can be grown after harvest of mustard/rape-seed during
the first week of February to the first week of March and
can be harvested after 121-134 days. These mutant lines
produce 6.0 to 7.0 t/ha yield.
FUTURE PROSPECT
Yield of boro rice has reached a plateau in 2007-08 in
Bangladesh (Ta ble 2 ). For further increase in yield of rice
mutation breeding is one of the best option. It is easy and
straight forward to develop varieties with at least 15-20%
higher yield than a top cultivar.
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