Genetic analysis of quantitative yield related traits in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

The aim of present study was to estimate the combining ability of five wheat genotypes viz; V-03138, V-04022, V-04189, PR-94 and 9247 crossed in 5 × 5 full diallel fashion during 2010-11. The five parents and twenty cross combinations were sown at research area of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during 2011-12 in randomized complete block design with three replications. At maturity, the date were recorded for plant height, tillers per plant, spike length, spikelets per spike, days to heading, days to maturity, seed index and grain yield per plant. Significant variability of combining ability estimates was observed for all traits. Higher SCA variance component was measured for most of the traits describing additive gene inheritance. Plant height showed non additive behavior and days to maturity was under control of cytoplasmic or extra nuclear genes inheritance presenting high variance component due to SCA and reciprocal effects, respectively. V-04022 possessed higher GCA estimates and proved to be best general combiner for most of the traits. Cross hybrids of V-03138 × V-04189 exhibited higher SCA for tillers per plant, days to maturity and spikelets per plant. Similarly, V-04189 × PR-94 had higher SCA values for days to heading, seed index and grain yield per plant. 9247 × V-04189 acquired high reciprocal effects followed by PR-94 × V-04022 and 9247 × V-04189 for most of the traits under study.

Full text

American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 13 (9): 1239-1245, 2013
ISSN 1818-6769
© IDOSI Publications, 2013
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2013.13.09.11235
Corresponding Author: Ghazanfar Hammad, Vegetable Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute,
Faisalabad, Pakistan.
1239
Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Yield Related Traits in
Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Ghazanfar Hammad, Muhammad Kashif, Muneeb Munawar, Usman Ijaz,
1 2 11
Muhammad Muzaffar Raza, Muhammad Saleem and Abdullah
1 13
Vegetable Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
1
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Wheat Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
3
Abstract: The aim of present study was to estimate the combining ability of five wheat genotypes viz; V-03138,
V-04022, V-04189, PR-94 and 9247 crossed in 5 × 5 full diallel fashion during 2010-11. The five parents and
twenty cross combinations were sown at research area of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during 2011-12 in randomized complete block design with three
replications. At maturity, the date were recorded for plant height, tillers per plant, spike length, spikelets per
spike, days to heading, days to maturity, seed index and grain yield per plant. Significant variability of
combining ability estimates was observed for all traits. Higher SCA variance component was measured for most
of the traits describing additive gene inheritance. Plant height showed non additive behavior and days to
maturity was under control of cytoplasmic or extra nuclear genes inheritance presenting high variance
component due to SCA and reciprocal effects, respectively. V-04022 possessed higher GCA estimates and
proved to be best general combiner for most of the traits. Cross hybrids of V-03138 × V-04189 exhibited higher
SCA for tillers per plant, days to maturity and spikelets per plant. Similarly, V-04189 × PR-94 had higher SCA
values for days to heading, seed index and grain yield per plant. 9247 × V-04189 acquired high reciprocal effects
followed by PR-94 × V-04022 and 9247 × V-04189 for most of the traits under study.
Key words: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genetic Analysis Quantitative yield traits
INTRODUCTION 8.9 million hectares. The production of 23.5 million tons
Citadel of economy of Pakistan is based upon percent growth of last year’s production of 25.2 million
agriculture sector, which continues to be the single tons. This was due to fact that the sowing of the crop was
largest sector and a dominant driving force for the growth delayed due to standing water and other climatic factors.
and development of the national economy. Wheat Grain yield in wheat is a complex inherited character
(Triticum aestivum L.), “King of Cereals” plays pivotal and dependent upon several contributing factors,
role for large part of global population and is grown in affecting yield directly or indirectly. Breeding of crops for
almost all around the world. In Pakistan, considering main higher yields is essential for fulfilling the dietary demands
consumable crop and is ranked first among rice and maize of increasing population and it has become the primary
crops. The largest crop area in Pakistan is devoted to objective for wheat breeding. Wheat production can be
wheat and the quantity produced is more than that of any enhanced through development of improved genotypes
other crop. According to Economic Survey of Pakistan capable of producing better yield and resistant to different
2011-12 [1], wheat contributes 12.5 percent to the value biotic and abiotic stresses. For a successful breeding
added in agriculture and 2.6 percent to GDP. It was programme through diallel mating design the selection of
cultivated on an area of 8.6 million hectares, showing plants on the basis of their general and specific combining
a decrease of 2.6 percent over the last year’s area of abilities in a series of crosses and in a specific cross,
showing negative growth of 4.2 percent, as compare to, 11

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respectively, is a critical step. The yield and other yield research is the assessment of the combining ability
related traits under consideration help breeders in estimates for yield contributing attributes to their genetic
selecting good general and specific combiners among architecture determination in a group of wheat promising
germplasm. The knowledge of combining ability based lines contributed by breeders from all over the country.
upon diallel analysis provides information to breeders in
developing a successful hybridization programme. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The utilization of diallel analysis in wheat breeding is
an effective way to find out the genetic bases of grain The present study was carried out on five wheat
yield and related components and to identify good varieties i.e., V-03138, V-04022, V-04189, PR-94 and 9247 at
general combining parents. Genotypes possessing research area of the Department of Plant Breeding and
significant additive gene effects, or GCA variances and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Pakistan
non additive gene effects, or SCA variances [2, 3] for most during the crop season of 2010-11. The parents were
of the economic traits in wheat can be effectively utilized crossed in all possible combinations in full diallel mating
to make crosses for evolution of new wheat cultivars. fashion. The F along with their parents was sown at
Whereas, the significant reciprocal effects in the same location in a randomized complete block design
expression of grain yield and yield attributes also indicate with three replications during Rabi crop season of
the maternal influence or role of maternal parent in 2011-12. The experimental unit consisted of single row of
determining the phenotype of F and thus importance 5 meter length with row to row and plant to plant distance
1
of selecting the parents while making crosses [4]. 30 cm and 15 cm respectively. All cultural practices were
Non additive gene effects were more important while adopted carefully. At maturity, the metric data pertaining
selecting on the basis of grain weight per spike and to yield traits was recorded from selected guarded plants
harvest index [5]. Similar results were found by of each treatment and genotype.
Siddique et al. [6] for most of the yield attributing traits in Plant height was measured in centimeters by using
5 × 5 diallel cross analysis of wheat. Khan et al. [7] meter rod along the mother shoot of selected plant from
reported both additive and non additive gene effects ground level to tip of the spike excluding awns. Spike
controlling different plant parameters of wheat. Kashif and length was also calculated in centimeters and spkilets per
Khan [8] exhibited similar consequences while observing spike were counted from spike of selected main shoot of
non additive genetic base for all yield contributing guarded plants. Days to heading and days to maturity
traits in combining ability study of wheat genotypes. were observed from sowing date to 50 % heading and
Seboka et al. [9] described the predominance of physiological maturity respectively. Tillers per plant were
non-additive gene effects for plant height, harvest index, counted from selected plants of each treatment and
grain yield per plant, 1000 kernels weight and maturity genotype. 1000-grain weight was observed by electric
traits of eight genotype’s half diallel analysis study in balance (Model QUA-606) in grams for seed index
contrast with Topal et al. [10] that advocated the determination. Grain yield per plant was determined at
dominant GCA effects of 1000 grains weight and exhibited harvesting on weight basis with the help of electronic
the additive nature of this trait. Joshi et al. [11] showed balance (Model QUA-606) for each replication and
the predominance of additive gene effects for most of treatment.
yield traits in ten parent half diallel cross of hexaploid Average data collected for all traits were subjected to
wheat and were in strong agreements of Mahpara et al. analysis of variance according to Steel et al. [15] to sort
[12] depicting addictive inheritance due to greater out significant mean differences among parents and F
magnitude of than for all the traits except for plant cross combinations. Data of those traits which showed
2g 2s
height and grain yield per plant. Çifci and Ya di [13] also significant genotypic differences were further analyzed in
explained that non-additive gene effects play a major role full diallel matting technique, proposed by Griffing
on the heredity of yield contributing traits in wheat. approach Method I, Model II [16] to compute combining
Additive and dominance gene action was exhibited by ability estimates.
some morphological traits of wheat presented by
Kamaluddin et al. [14]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The present study has been planned to screen out
genotypes with better performance for major yield This study presented in this dissertation described
contributing traits. Another main objective of present significant genetic variability (P ~ 0.01) among five wheat
1
1

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varieties and their F1 hybrids for all yield traits under variance component due to GCA (1.90) and Reciprocal
study (Table 3.1). Significant variation for general effects (3.10) indicated the presence of non additive gene
combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) action for plant height. These results are in agreement
and reciprocal effects presented in Table 3.2 illustrated the with those obtained by Li et al. [17] Asad et al. [18] and
presence of additive as well as non additive gene actions Rasal et al. [27] and in contrary to Mishra et al. [19], who
among all genotypes. The variance components described non additive gene action for plant height due to
(Table 3.3) described that all the traits, except plant height significant variance owing to SCA than GCA effects.
and days to maturity were under additive gene control V-04189 proved good general combiner with values
acquiring higher estimates of variance owing to GCA than of 2.30 followed by V-04022 (0.15) (Table 4.1). Cross
SCA and reciprocal effects. Plant height showed non combination V-03138 × V-04022 showed highest SCA
additive behavior with greater SCA variance, whereas, effects of 3.86 followed by the cross V-04189 × PR-94
higher reciprocal effects were observed in days to (2.18). Among ten direct crosses, only one cross V-04022
maturity that depicted the inheritance of Cytoplasmic or × 9247 gave negative SCA effects of -0.447 (Table 4.2).
extra nuclear genes for this trait. The perusal of table 4.3 described that parent PR-94
Among parents, V-04022 proved to be best general showed maximum reciprocal effects of 4.52 in cross
combiner for traits like days to heading, days to maturity, with V-04022. Among ten crosses, only one cross 9247 ×
spike length, spikelets per spike and seed index. Whereas, V-04189 showed negative value (-0.52) for reciprocal
V-04189, PR-94 and V-03138 showed higher general effects. These results are in accordance with the findings
combining ability values for plant height, tillers per plant of Chowdhry et al. [2], Ajmal et al. [20] and Arshad and
and grain yield per plant respectively (Table 4.1). Cross Chowdhry [21].
combinations of V-03138 × V-04189 and V-04189 × PR-94,
presented in Table 4.2, obtained top position with higher Tillers per Plant: Tillers per plant have direct effect on
specific combining ability estimates for traits like tillers per grain yield. Plant with more tillers contributes positively
plant, days to maturity and spikelets per plant, days to in grain yield per plant. On viewing analysis of variance in
heading, seed index and grain yield per plant respectively. Table 3.1 and of combining ability in Table 3.2 described
Higher specific combining ability estimates for plant the significant differences for tillers per plant as well as
height and spike length were displayed by hybrids of GCA, SCA and reciprocal effects. The greater magnitude
V-03138 × V-04022 and V-04022 × PR-94 respectively. of variance component due to GCA effects (0.071) than
Similarly, 9247 × V-04189 acquired high ranking of the SCA (-0.13) and reciprocal (0.070) effects (Table 3.3)
reciprocal effects for tillers per plant, days to heading and indicated that mainly additive genetic control was
grain yield per plant. PR-94 × V-04022 and 9247 × V-04189 involved in the control of this trait. These results
were at same place possessing higher reciprocal effects resembled with the findings of Chowdhry et al. [22].
for plant height, spike length, days to maturity and seed While Chowdhry et al. [2] and Khan et al. [7] illustrated
index respectively. V-04189 × V-04022 showed higher that non-additive genes were pronounced in this trait.
reciprocal values for only one trait (Table 4.3). Maximum GCA effects of 0.38 and 0.26 were
Combining Ability Analysis Table 4.1, respectively. The rest of the genotypes,
Plant Height: Plant height is important yield trait, it V-04022 (-0.03), 9247 (-0.26) and V-04189 (-0.35) showed
directly affects plant yield. It is most dependable variable negative GCA effects. 40% of the cross combinations
trait and after green revolution, short stature plants were exhibited positive SCA effects led by the hybrid V-03138
preferred in varietal development, because short stature × V-04189 (0.37). The cross 9247×V-04189 showed high
plants are resistant to lodging and more responsive to reciprocal effects of 0.97, whereas, only three hybrids
fertilizers. Analysis of variance (Table 3.1) revealed highly among the ten cross combinations exhibited negative
significant results among parents and cross combinations. reciprocal effects for tillers per plant.
Analysis of variance for combining ability also revealed
the significant mean squares due to general combining Days to Heading: Short duration wheat varieties are the
ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects need of present and the knowledge about the inheritance
and their reciprocal effects (Table.3.2). The higher of this trait will help the breeders to find out genotypes
variance component owing to SCA effects was 8.39 than with less time to heading days from planting date that will,
displayed by the genotypes PR-94 and V-03138 in

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ultimately, result in evolution of early maturing and short (Table 3.3). These additive effects of spike length were in
duration wheat varieties. Analysis of variance described confirmation with Chowdhry et al. [22] and Gorjanovic
the significant mean differences for all genotypes. Mean and Balalic [5]. While, the findings of Saeed et al. [25] and
squares of combining ability showed highly significant Hasnain et al. [26] were in against as they observed high
GCA, SCA and reciprocal effects (Table 3.2). The GCA SCA effects for this trait.
components of variance were predominant (0.79) over The best general combiners for spike length were
SCA (-0.45) and reciprocal effects (0.42), which was an V-04022 and PR-94 (Table 4.1). Eight out of ten hybrids
indication of additive genetic control of this trait indicated positive SCA effects ranging from 0.01 to 0.49,
(Table 3.3). maximum value being displayed by V-04022 × PR-94
Table 4.1 displayed that V-04189 stood first among (Table 4.2). The cross PR-94 × V-04022 showed highest
the five genotypes with high GCA effects of 0.858 closely positive reciprocal effects of 0.50 among the ten hybrids
followed by V-04022 with value of 0.77. V-04022 × 9247 (Tale 4.3).
showed high SCA effects (Table 4.2) of 1.16 among 6
direct crosses displaying positive SCA effects. Similarly, Spikelets per Spike: More number of spikelets per spike
9247 ×V-04189 showed high reciprocal effects of 1.56 is also a desirable trait in wheat breeding. Spike with more
illustrated in Table 4.3. spikelets boosts up the gain yield of crop. The analysis of
Days to Maturity: Like days to heading days, days to highly significant effects for spikelets per spike. Variance
maturity also an important trait in wheat breeding components owing to GGA effects were above 0.24 over
programme. Early and late maturing varieties have a great SCA (-0.07) and reciprocal effects (-0.02) indicating the
impact on yield of the crop and genotypes with early additive behavior of inheritance for the trait under
maturing ability are desirable for breeders. Analysis of investigation (Table 3.3). Similar results were predicted by
variance (Table 3.2) represented that mean squares of Rasal et al. [27] and Mahpara et al. [12]. Whereas, Kashif
GCA, SCA and reciprocal effects for days to maturity were and Khan [8] Asad et al. [18] and Gorjanovic et al. [28]
highly significant. Variance components owing to GCA showed non-additive type of gene action for this trait.
(0.80) and SCA (-0.60) effects were much lower than Table 4.1 displayed that high positive GCA effects
reciprocal effects (1.26) indicated the inheritance of were determined in the genotypes V-04022 (0.76) and
cytoplasmic or extr a nuclear genes in the control of t he V-03138 (0.24). Whereas the genotypes 9247 (-0.14), PR-94
trait under study (Table 3.3). The results are not in (-0.27) and V-04189 (-0.59) displayed negative GCA
agreement with the findings of Saeed et al. [23] and effects. 70% of the direct crosses showed positive SCA
Javed et al. [24]. values while 30% of crosses had negative SCA values.
The data presented in Table 4.1 showed that the line Maximum SCA effects of 0.34 were calculated in the cross
V-04022 was good general combiner due to high GCA V-03138 × V-04189 (Table 4.2). In case of reciprocal effects
effects of 1.18 and the second best line was V-04189 (Table 4.3) the ratio of positive to negative values was of
(0.72). While the remaining three genotypes V-03138 50% and the highest value was achieved by the hybrid
(-1.15), PR-94 (-0.67) and 9247 (-0.08) displayed negative V-04189 × V-04022 (0.50).
GCA effects for days to maturity. Among crosses V-03138
× V-04189 showed high SCA effects of 1.16 and PR-94 × Seed Index: Significant variability in seed index/ grain
V-04189 showed high reciprocal effects of 2.28 followed weight is essential for breeder to sort out genotypes with
by PR-94 × V-04022 of 2.06 (Table 4.2 & 4.3). superior grain weight that result in higher grain yield.
Spike Length: Spike length is an imperative yield significant mean squares for GCA, SCA and reciprocal
component, as high spike length possesses more number effects. GCA effects (1.05) were predominant over SCA
of spikelets that usually increase the grain yield. GCA, effects (0.24) representing additive genetic control for this
SCA and reciprocal effects in table 3.2 displayed highly trait in the genotypes. These results were in accordance
significant results for spike length. The higher GCA with the findings of Mahmood and Chowdhry [29] and
magnitude of variance (0.23) as compared to SCA (0.10) Chowdhry et al. [22] than Li et al. [17] and Asad et al. [18]
concluded the additive type of gene control of this trait that showed non-significant SCA effects for this trait.
variance (Table 3.2) for combing ability effects predicted
Mean squares of combining ability (Table 3.2) showed

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Table 3.1: Analysis of variance for yield and yield traits of wheat in a 5 × 5 diallel cross analysis
SOV D.F. Plant height Tillers per plant Days to heading Days to maturity Spike length Spikelets per plants Seed index Grain yield per plant
Replication 2 37.35 6.15 0.01 3.54 0.45 0.80 1.87 32.57
ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Genotypes 24 43.29** 1.09** 8.87** 9.99** 1.73** 1.71** 11.52** 15.70**
Error 48 8.38 0.83 4.78 3.55 0.32 0.68 3.23 6.96
ns= non significance **= significant at =0.01
Table 3.2: Combining ability analysis for yield and yield traits of wheat in a 5 × 5 diallel cross analysis.
SOV D.F. Plant height Tillers per plant Days to heading Days to maturity Spike length Spikelets per plants Seed index Grain yield per plant
GCA 4 21.78** 0.99** 9.53** 9.14** 2.41** 2.65** 11.58** 15.85**
SCA 10 16.89** 0.06** 0. 84** 0.17** 0.28** 0.12** 1.48** 0.63**
Reciprocals 10 9.04** 0.42** 2.44** 3.71** 0.14** 0.19** 3.10** 1.59**
Error 48 2.79 0.28 1.59 1.18 0.11 0.23 1.08 2.32
**= significant at =0.01
Table 3.3: Components of variance for yield and yield traits of wheat in 5 × 5 diallel analysis
Variance Components Plant height Tillers per plant Days to heading Days to maturity Spike length Spikelets per plants Seed index Grain yield per plant
GCA 1.90 0.071 0.79 0.80 0. 23 0.24 1.05 1. 35
SCA 8.39 -0.13 -0.45 -0.60 0.10 -0.07 0. 24 -1.00
Reciprocals 3.12 0.07 0.42 1.26 0.02 -0.02 1.01 -0.37
Table 4.1: Assessment of general combining ability for yield and yield traits of wheat in 5 × 5 diallel analysis
Parents Plant height Tillers per plant Days to heading Days to maturity Spike length Spikelets per plants Seed index Grain yield per plant
V-03138 -1.79 0.26 -0.68 -1.15 -0.51 0. 24 0.34 0.71
V-04022 0.15 -0.03 0.77 1.18 0.54 0.76 1.12 0.21
V-04189 2.30 -0.35 0.86 0.72 -0.41 -0.59 -1.45 -1.25
PR-94 -0.31 0.38 0.42 - 0.67 0.48 - 0.27 0.76 0.45
9247 -0.35 -0.26 -1.36 -0.08 -0.10 -0.14 -0.76 -0.12
Table 4.2: Assessment of specific combining ability for yield and yield traits of wheat in 5 × 5 diallel analysis
Crosses Plant height Tillers per plant Days to heading Days to maturity Spike length Spikelets per plants Seed index Grain yield per plant
V-03138 × V-04022 3.86 -0. 13 0.37 0.48 -0.10 0.07 -0.97 -0.35
V-03138 × V-04189 0.68 0.37 1.00 1.16 0.13 0.34 0.35 0.45
V-03138 × PR-94 0.80 -0.15 0.16 -0.48 0.04 - 0.07 -0.07 -0.10
V-03138 × 9247 1.23 0. 04 -0.73 -0.30 0.42 - 0.03 0.91 0.32
V-04022 × V-04189 0.88 -0. 07 -0.56 -0.61 0.15 0.16 -0.47 0.45
V-04022 × PR-94 0.66 0. 21 -0.27 0.28 0.49 0.08 0.72 -0.58
V-04022 × 9247 -0.45 0.14 1.16 0.03 0.01 0.04 1. 15 0.82
V-04189 × PR-94 2.18 -0.06 -0. 01 -0.38 0.31 0.09 1.02 -0.13
V-04189 × 9247 0.07 -0.11 0.001 0.09 -0.14 -0.45 -0.41 -0.71
PR-94 × 9247 1.66 -0.10 0.01 0.30 0.03 0.07 -1.40 0.59
Table 4.3: Assessment of reciprocal effects for yield and yield traits of wheat in 5 × 5 diallel analysis
Crosses Plant height Tillers per plant Days to heading Days to maturity Spike length Spikelets per plants Seed index Grain yield per plant
V-04022 × V-03138 1.94 0.08 -0.50 -0.33 -0.30 -0.57 0. 09 -1.17
V-04189 × V-03138 0.02 0.50 0.001 -1.89 -0.17 -0.43 0.04 0. 17
V-04189 × V-04022 0.96 0.77 -1.33 -1.11 0.35 0.50 -2.46 1.33
PR-94 × V-03138 3.37 0.43 1.28 0.03 -0.01 0.001 -0.24 0.001
PR-94 × V-04022 4.52 0.17 -0.04 2.06 0.50 0.27 0.32 0.001
PR-94 × V-04189 1.84 -0.08 0.11 2.28 -0.07 -0.20 2.35 0.67
9247 × V-03138 1.51 -0.08 0.40 -0.12 0.12 -0.08 1.25 -0 .17
9247 × V-04022 0.18 0.13 0.72 0.67 -0.09 -0.17 1.44 0.50
9247 × V-04189 -0.52 0.97 1.56 0.89 0.36 0.13 -0.38 1.83
9247 × PR-94 0.22 -0. 23 -2.33 -1.72 0.28 0.17 -0.18 0. 83
The perusal of Table 4.1 revealed that higher positive (1.44). While, PR-94 × V-03138 (-0.24), 9247 × V-04189
GCA effects were obtained by V-04022 (1.12) followed by (-0.38) and V-04189 × V-04022 (-2.46) hybrids showed
PR-94 (0.76) and V-03138 (0.34). The hybrid V-04022 × 9247 negative reciprocal effects.
(1.15) had maximum positive SCA effects. On the other
hand the cross PR-94 × 9247 indicated worst negative Grain Yield per Plant: Grain yield in crop improvement is
(-1.40) SCA effects. The cross combination PR-94 × ultimate objective of any breeding programme. Analysis
V-04189 (2.35) showed high positive reciprocal effects of variance Table 3.1 highly significant differences were
followed by 9247 × V-03138 (1.25) and 9247 × V-04022 observed among the genotypes, on further analysis of

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combining ability effects in Table 3.2; significant variation 5. Gorjanovi , B. and M.K. Balali , 2004. Genetic
for GCA, SCA and reciprocal effects. Higher variance of
GCA effects with a magnitude of 1.35 over SCA (-1.00)
and reciprocal effects (-0.37) revealed that additive
gene action was strictly observed by the genotypes.
The results were in conformation with those obtained by
Mishra et al. [19]and Arshad and Chowdhry [21].
Table 4.1 indicated that V-03138 had positive GCA
effects of 0.713 and was good general combiner followed
by PR-94 (0.45) and V-04022 (0.21). On observing the SCA
effects (Table 4.2) 50% of the hybrids exhibited positive
effects ranging from 0.820 (V-04022 × 9247) to 0.320
(V-03138 × 9247) and other 50% indicated negative effects
ranging from -0.713 (V-04189 × 9247) to -0.01 (V-03138 ×
PR-94). Table 4.3 illustrated that the cross 9247 × V-04189
had maximum reciprocal effects of 1.83 followed by two
other hybrids 9247 × PR-94 (0.83) and PR-94 ×V-04189
(0.67).
CONCLUSIONS
Considerable genetic variability exists in wheat
genotypes for yield improvement. Both additive and non
additive gene action is involved in expression of yield and
yield components. Parental effects play important role in
expression of days to maturity. Parents showing high
GCA values can be used in future breeding to develop
high yielding cultivars.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to Department of Plant Breeding and
Genetic, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan to
provide the financial support for this study.
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