Article

Distilled white vinegar (5% acetic acid) as a potential decontamination method for adult zebra mussels

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Abstract

The spread of zebra mussels into new bodies of water is of great concern in the United States due to their economic and ecological costs. Some government agencies suggest the use of vinegar as a decontamination option but do not provide data to explain this decision. This study examined the toxicity of distilled white vinegar on adult zebra mussels at varying concentrations and exposure times. All tested concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100%) caused complete mortality within four hours. These results indicate that distilled white vinegar can be used for the decontamination of adult zebra mussels.

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... Mortality endpoints varied between studies, taxa and organism life-stage, however general methods for assessment of viability and survival were comparable. Adult bivalves were considered dead when, after a period of recovery, organisms did not respond to tactile stimulation, did not re-attach byssal threads and/or demonstrated prolonged shell gaping (e.g., Harrington et al. 1997;Forrest and Blakemore 2006;Barbour et al. 2013;Stockton and Moffit 2013;Davis et al. 2015a;Moffit et al. 2015;Joyce et al. 2019), while death of veligers was confirmed by the absence of ciliary movement inside the shell or extended velum (e.g., Verween et al. 2009;Haque et al. 2014;Moffit et al. 2016;Haque and Kwon 2017;Davis et al. 2018). New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) mortality was confirmed when individuals with closed opercula showed no movement after 10 min, or where bodies were clearly protruding from shells (Schisler et al. 2008;Opligner and Wagner 2011;De Stasio et al. 2019). ...
... Immersions in concentrations of 2.5%, 3.75% and 5% (i.e. vinegar) took 4, 2 and 1 hour (s) respectively to kill 100% of adult zebra mussels (Davis et al. 2015a), while immersions in 5% acetic acid (i.e. vinegar) took > 10 min to kill 100% of zebra mussel veliger larvae (Davis 2016). ...
... Acetic acid is a low cost chemical which is readily available to the general public (vinegar = 5% acetic acid) and is identified in some provincial (MFFP 2018; Government of British Columbia 2020b, 2020c; Government of Manitoba 2021a) and state (DiVittorio et al. 2012; Michigan Department of Environmental Quality 2014; Department of Natural Resources 2020) CDD+D protocols as effective, primarily for the control of zebra mussel larvae on equipment (see Table 8; 3.75-5% for 10-60 min). Only one primary research paper and one thesis were found in the literature that quantified the lethality of acetic acid immersion on zebra mussels (adults: Davis et al. 2015a;veliger larvae: Davis 2016), which suggests that a 1 h immersion at a concentration of 5% (i.e. vinegar) is effective to kill adult and young stages of zebra mussels, however with high associated uncertainty. ...
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Food engineering is an important sub-field that requires special attention in the food industry. The application of biochemical process engineering principles in food production often leads to the optimization of certain features of the food production process; similarly, it results in rapid production, improved quality and reduced food losses. Consequently, to address each aspect of food processing including engineering adequately, researchers must have a multidisciplinary approach, using aspects from a number of fields such as microbiology, chemistry, food technology, process engineering and molecular biology. Accordingly, this review focuses on the engineering of various vinegars. Furthermore, cognizance is given to the gaps that need to be addressed in vinegar engineering, particularly to address limitations employed in traditional approaches during vinegar production. Food engineering assessments address numerous functions in integrated systems for which fermentation systems are the primary process. Mathematical models are used to describe the process, simulate future fermentations and describe process performance. Vinegar engineering also includes the use or design of bioreactors intended for improved product yield and rapid production, improved mass or energy transfer efficiencies and the reduction of detrimental hydrodynamics fermentor conditions on the microorganisms used. For vinegar fermentation, bioreactor selection which might include cell immobilization requires that appropriate process control and optimization be conducted using mathematical models, with rates of acetification being influenced by parameters such as the ratio of dissolved oxygen consumption in comparison to acetic acid yield. Graphical Abstract
... • A suite of trials focussed on decontamination methods for small juveniles not visible to the naked eye would be very useful. They may prove to be easier to kill than those say, 3 mm length and larger (Davis et al., 2015;Cahill et al., 2021). ...
Technical Report
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NZ govt biosecurity response to invasion by freshwater Aisan / Gold clam
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... We cleaned the shells with a brush and removed the attached flora and fauna. Despite collecting U. pictorum in January, we rinsed the shells of this species with 5% acetic acid so as to kill any Dreissena polymorpha larvae that may have become attached to these mussels (DiVittorio, Grodowitz & Snow, 2012;Davis, Wong & Harman, 2015). ...
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... Lethal effects are desired for eliminating target species, be they invasive or native species fouling marine shellfish culture (Carver et al. 2003;Sharp et al. 2006;Forrest 2007;Forrest et al. 2007;Denny 2008;Locke et al. 2009;Parent et al. 2011;Rolheiser et al. 2012) or aquatic species invading native communities (the present study and Ksander 1995a, b, 1999;Kilroy et al. 2006;Anderson 2007;McCann et al. 2013;Davis et al. 2015). A second, major focus of many studies reviewed here has been the effect of V/AA on non-target species where non-lethal (at best, or sub-lethal) effects are desirable. ...
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... Adult mortality data were used to create the LD50 and LD99 with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for times 4, 6, 12, and 24 h by using a probit regression. For each exposure period, the LD50 was the chemical concentration that caused mortality of 50% of the mussels, and the LD99 was the concentration that caused mortality of 99% of the mussels (Davis et al. 2015a(Davis et al. , 2015b. We determined that a 24-h period was the greatest exposure time for watercraft disinfection. ...
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Applying the concept of sustainability to invasive species management (ISM) is challenging but necessary, given the increasing rates of invasion and the high costs of invasion impacts and control. To be sustainable, ISM must address environmental, social, and economic factors (or "pillars") that influence the causes, impacts, and control of invasive species across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Although these pillars are generally acknowledged, their implementation is often limited by insufficient control options and significant economic and political constraints. In this paper, we outline specific objectives in each of these three "pillars" that, if incorporated into a management plan, will improve the plan's likelihood of sustainability. We then examine three case studies that illustrate how these objectives can be effectively implemented. Each pillar reinforces the others, such that the inclusion of even a few of the outlined objectives will lead to more effective management that achieves ecological goals, while generating social support and long-term funding to maintain projects to completion. We encourage agency directors and policy-makers to consider sustainability principles when developing funding schemes, management agendas, and policy.
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A comprehensive, systematic literature review and original research were conducted to ascertain whether patients' emotional and spiritual needs are important, whether hospitals are effective in addressing these needs, and what strategies should guide improvement. The literature review was conducted in August 2002. Patient satisfaction data were derived from the Press Ganey Associates' 2001 National Inpatient Database; survey data were collected from 1,732,562 patients between January 2001 and December 2001. Data analysis revealed a strong relationship between the "degree to which staff addressed emotional/spiritual needs" and overall patient satisfaction. Three measures most highly correlated with this measure of emotional/spiritual care were (1) staff response to concerns/complaints, (2) staff effort to include patients in decisions about treatment, and (3) staff sensitivity to the inconvenience that health problems and hospitalization can cause. The emotional and spiritual experience of hospitalization remains a prime opportunity for QI. Suggestions for improvement include the immediate availability of resources, appropriate referrals to chaplains or leaders in the religious community, a team dedicated to evaluating and improving the emotional and spiritual care experience, and standardized elicitation and meeting of emotional and spiritual needs. Survey data suggested a focus on response to concerns/complaints, treatment decision making, and staff sensitivity.
Invasive Aquatic Weed Control Program Lake Tahoe CA: Bureau of Reclamation Final Report No. R10AP20613 Four decades of change: dramatic loss of zoobenthos in an oligotrophic lake exhibiting gradual eutrophication
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Brockett J, Boyd K, Shaw D, Stone P (2013) Invasive Aquatic Weed Control Program Lake Tahoe, CA: Bureau of Reclamation Final Report No. R10AP20613, South Lake Tahoe, CA, 28 pp Caires AM, Chandra S, Hayford BL, Wittmann ME (2013) Four decades of change: dramatic loss of zoobenthos in an oligotrophic lake exhibiting gradual eutrophication. Freshwater Science 32: 692–705, http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/12-064.1
History and status of introduced fishes in California California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin No. 178 Offense and defense in landscape-level invasion control
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Dill WA, Cordone AJ (1997) History and status of introduced fishes in California, 1871-1996. California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin No. 178, Sacramento, CA, 414 pp Drury KLS, Rothlisberger JD (2008) Offense and defense in landscape-level invasion control. Oikos 117: 182–190, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.16081.x
Aquatic Pesticide Monitoring Program: Review of Alternative Aquatic Pest Control Methods for California Waters Economically viable strategy for prevention of invasive species introductions: Case study of Otsego Lake
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Greenfield BK, David N, Hunt J, Wittmann ME, Siemering G (2004) Aquatic Pesticide Monitoring Program: Review of Alternative Aquatic Pest Control Methods for California Waters. Oakland, CA, 106 pp Horvath T (2008) Economically viable strategy for prevention of invasive species introductions: Case study of Otsego Lake, New York. Aquatic Invasions 3: 3–9, http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ ai.2008.3.1.2
Ecosystem effects of the invasion of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) at Lake Tahoe
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Walter KM (2000) Ecosystem effects of the invasion of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) at Lake Tahoe, CA-NV. Master Thesis, University of California Davis, 263 pp Wittmann ME, Chandra S (2015) Implementation Plan for the Control of Aquatic Invasive Species within Lake Tahoe.
Offense and defense in landscape-level invasion control
  • W A Dill
  • A J Cordone
Dill WA, Cordone AJ (1997) History and status of introduced fishes in California, 1871-1996. California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin No. 178, Sacramento, CA, 414 pp Drury KLS, Rothlisberger JD (2008) Offense and defense in landscape-level invasion control. Oikos 117: 182-190, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.16081.x
Natural and Human Limitations to Asian clam distribution and recolonization--Factors that Impact the Management and Control in Lake Tahoe (P057): A report submitted to the Pacific Southwest Research Station
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Wittmann ME, Chandra S, Schladow SG, Reuter JE (2013) Natural and Human Limitations to Asian clam distribution and recolonization--Factors that Impact the Management and Control in Lake Tahoe (P057): A report submitted to the Pacific Southwest Research Station, US Forest Service, 91 pp Wittmann ME, Jerde CL, Howeth JG, Maher SP, Deines AM, Jenkins JA, Whitledge GW, Burbank SR, Chadderton WL, Mahon AR, Tyson JT, Gantz CA, Keller RP, Drake JM, Lodge DM (2014) Grass carp in the Great Lakes region: Establishment potential, expert perceptions, and re-evaluation of experimental evidence of ecological impact. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71: 992-999, http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0537