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Don't Tweet This! How journalists and media organizations negotiate tensions emerging from the implementation of social media policy in newsrooms
Abstract
Journalistic use of social media for sourcing, distribution and promotion of news comes at a time when the newsroom itself can be said to be in a state of “transition”. Previous research about social media and journalism has focussed on the transition of journalistic practices to the “social media age”, but less attention has been given to the ways in which new workplace relationships might contribute to a social media-enabled newsroom. It is thus important to analyse the policies and procedures different media organizations have implemented to integrate and regulate the use of social media in their newsrooms and how this might impact on news production and dissemination overall. The aim of this paper is to compare and critically analyse social media management policies and procedures in Australian newsrooms, as well as the relations between various editorial staff, to manage its introduction into journalistic practice. Based on 25 qualitative research interviews with editors, social media managers and news media staff from major Australian media companies, this study also reflects more broadly on the potential conflicts created by the regulation of social media use in newsrooms and how various personnel respond to them.
... Having considered the opportunities, and even more so the dangers, that the use of social media by journalists can entail, the media have decided to guide the conduct of their workers on such platforms in order to protect their reputation and credibility as informational brands (Bloom et al. 2016). In some organizations, professionals specialized in the management of corporate social profiles are the ones who advise the rest of the workforce on their use to guarantee an optimal relationship with the public, as well as to verify the sources and content obtained through these platforms (Sacco and Bossio 2017). Such guidance can be complemented with coaching and training for journalists (Bloom et al. 2016;Sacco and Bossio 2017). ...
... In some organizations, professionals specialized in the management of corporate social profiles are the ones who advise the rest of the workforce on their use to guarantee an optimal relationship with the public, as well as to verify the sources and content obtained through these platforms (Sacco and Bossio 2017). Such guidance can be complemented with coaching and training for journalists (Bloom et al. 2016;Sacco and Bossio 2017). However, other media outlets understand the presence and activity that both the organization and their workers make of social media as a matter of governance and therefore choose to control their conduct through policies and guidelines (Sacco and Bossio 2017). ...
... Such guidance can be complemented with coaching and training for journalists (Bloom et al. 2016;Sacco and Bossio 2017). However, other media outlets understand the presence and activity that both the organization and their workers make of social media as a matter of governance and therefore choose to control their conduct through policies and guidelines (Sacco and Bossio 2017). Although the contents of these standards and practices vary across media, they all seek to maintain a consistent image and conduct between the corporate profiles and those of their journalists (Safori 2019), to identify the dangers of social media, to avoid any inappropriate content and to ensure that the information cannot be used to challenge the integrity of their reporters, photographers and editors (Podger 2009). ...
Strategies and productive routines within the information arena are increasingly oriented towards social networks, as journalists use them to connect with the audience, gather information, disseminate content and build their own brand. Their activity on their personal profiles impacts the credibility of the media they work for, which is why these develop policies for the use of such platforms. In this chapter we analyze the social media guidelines developed by the public service broadcasting corporations of the European Union—BBC, ORF, RTÉ, Sveriges Radio, TVR, YLE, EITB, NDR and VRT—with the objective of clarifying the recommendations for their journalists. The analysis of these documents reveals that organizations place special emphasis on regulating the personal and professional use of social media accounts, the relationship with the audience, reporting, as well as on transparency and the treatment of confidential information.
... Social media platforms have influenced the professional identities and norms of journalists, changed practices for audience interaction, blurred public and private information, and prompted an increased emphasis on branding for journalists and media organizations (Duffy & Knight, 2018;Lasorsa, 2012;Sacco & Bossio, 2017). Predating social media "likes" and "shares," there is a storied history of branding in broadcast journalism, through its careful selection of television anchors and other on-air talent (Schultz & Sheffer, 2012). ...
... Anchors in our sample posted pictures of their personal lives outside of work, reinforcing the accessibility of their private selves for public consumption (Sacco & Bossio, 2017). Anchors tended to post photos from vacations, talk about their appearance, and provide general updates about activities outside of work. ...
... These comments suggest a level of familiarity between journalist and audience, perhaps a result of prior posts in which the anchor mentioned having a husband. If journalists are expected to function as an individualized "brand," constantly available and accessible to their audience (Sacco & Bossio, 2017), this raises the question of whether such branding ought to extend to their private lives. Although individual journalists may not mind discussing personal matters with fans, the concern here is that journalists may feel obligated to engage in and/or accept personal commentary due to spoken or unspoken expectations from employers, rather than by personal choice. ...
Women television journalists have long faced criticism and harassment regarding their appearance. The normalization of social media engagement in newsrooms, where journalists are expected to interact with their audience, creates new challenges for women journalists by providing forums for public judgment that was once a private matter. Research suggests that receiving harassing or abusive comments from audience members online can cause harm to the health, wellbeing, and careers of women television journalists. The public goods that are generated through such interaction are opaque at best. This essay focuses on three intersecting areas of concern pertaining to this issue: (1) The tension between journalistic standards and the requirements to engage in personal branding through social media; (2) The practice of requiring journalists to take their personal branding online, which exposes women journalists, in particular, to potentially harmful statements; and (3) The perpetuation of gender-based stereotypes and inequalities in television journalism, which we argue constitutes a social harm. We discuss these issues with reference to the existing empirical literature and an illustrative qualitative analysis of audience comments left on women news anchors’ Facebook pages. We also offer recommendations for news organizations, grounded in their duties to their workforces.
... When news organizations started their presence on SMP, "everyone was expected to help out" with running the accounts on these platforms (Lysak et al., 2012, p. 199). However, organizations soon started hiring SME (also titled social media managers or audience/engagement editors; see 99,107,118), who are central to many studies concerning the coordinating program. The introduction of SME is closely connected with the growing importance of SMP for news organizations (90,118). ...
... However, organizations soon started hiring SME (also titled social media managers or audience/engagement editors; see 99,107,118), who are central to many studies concerning the coordinating program. The introduction of SME is closely connected with the growing importance of SMP for news organizations (90,118). Therefore, they were not only hired in larger newsrooms but also in smaller (local) organizations (107), which often have less resources but might depend more on the revenue that comes through SMP (126,139). ...
... challenges and revealed the weaknesses in the business models of the media companies, requiring changes in the logic of news production and consumption (Sacco & Bossio, 2017). ...
... International Journal of Communication 16 (2022) News organizations' presence on these platforms is important not only to promote content and increase the traffic to news portals (Sacco & Bossio, 2017) but also as a new form to reach, communicate with, interact with, and engage with different audiences (Holton & Lewis, 2011). People are searching for short up-to-date news stories presented in innovative formats in these settings (Vázquez-Herrero et al., 2019). ...
News outlets are increasingly developing formats dedicated to capturing audience attention in social platforms. Meanwhile, the use of data-driven storytelling is becoming increasingly integrated into the ever-complex business models of news outlets, generating more impact and visibility. Previous studies have focused on studying these two effects separately. To fill this literature gap, this study identifies and analyzes the use of data journalism on social media content of AJ Labs, the team dedicated to producing data-driven and interactive stories for the Al Jazeera news network. Drawing upon a mixed-method approach, this study examines the use and characteristics of data stories on Instagram. Results suggest that there is reliance on producing visual content that covers topics such as politics and violence. In general, AJ Labs relies on the use of reproducible formats and produces its own unique data. To conclude, we suggest potential ways to improve the use of Instagram to tell data stories.
... These scholars are largely interested in how journalists have adapted to the emergence of metrics within newsrooms (Anderson, 2011;Bunce, 2019;Tandoc, 2014). The work of Sacco and Bossio (2017) and Hanusch (2017) is of particular relevance to this study as they have both conducted qualitative research in the Australian media sector. Hanusch (2017) has identified "the emergence of more specialized decision-making in relation to newsrooms' activities on different digital platforms" (p. ...
... 1581). Sacco and Bossio (2017) have found that while social media is generally well-integrated in the newsroom, "media management policy sometimes clashed with the individual professional expectations of journalists" (p. 189). ...
Since changing its algorithm in January 2018 to boost the content of family and friends over other content (including news), Facebook has signaled that it is less interested in news. However, the field is still trying to understand the long-term impacts of this change for news publishers. This is a problem because policymakers and legislators across the world are becoming concerned about the relationship between platforms and publishers. In particular, there are worries that platforms’ ability to make unilateral decisions about how their algorithms operate may harm the economic sustainability of journalism. This article provides some clarity around the relationship between these two parties through a longitudinal study of the Australian news media sector’s relationship with Facebook from 2014 to 2020, with a particular focus on the January 2018 algorithm change. We do this by analyzing Facebook data (2,082,804 posts from CrowdTangle) and external traffic data from 32 major Australian news outlets. These data are contextualized by additional desk research. We identify a range of trends including the decline of news sharing, the collapse in the performance of “social news,” the variable position of social media as a source of referral traffic, and, most critically, the diffused nature of the 2018 algorithm change. Our approach cannot make direct causal inferences. We can only identify trends in on-platform performance and referral traffic, which we then contextualize with industry reportage. However, the data provide vital longitudinal insights into the performance and responses of individual media outlets, news categories, and the Australian media sector as a whole during a critical moment of algorithmic change.
... This shows the importance of new technologies (broadband), new devices (computers, mobile phones, tablets) and new areas of interaction (social networks) in the production, dissemination and consumption of informative content. Using social networks for journalistic writing rose the most as they became important channels for distributing information, extracting ideas and increasing website traffic (Hermida et al., 2012;Lee, 2016;Sacco & Bossio, 2017;Thurman, 2018). Not only did they become a valid source of information (Pedriza, 2018;Justel-Vázquez et al., 2018), especially in the emergence of unforeseen events (Pérez-Soler & Micó, 2015), but they led the media to adapt information content according to the logic of consumption (Hernández-Pérez & Rodríguez-Mateos, 2016). ...
... Pinterest and Reddit, however, have shown they made a limited contribution in this regard. The results of this study reinforce what is indicated in previous research concerning the necessary relationship between media and social networks because they offer the possibility to distribute information, increase website traffic and interact with audiences (Hermida et al., 2012;Lee, 2016;Al-Rawi, 2017;Sacco & Bossio, 2017;Thurman, 2018;Duffy & Knight, 2019). The latter becomes relevant as long as the media structure is based on audiences and sources of funding (Tandoc & Maitra, 2018). ...
This article studies media behavior and information consumption during the COVID-19 health crisis using quantitative content analysis of the news published by Italian digital media between January 1 and April 27, 2020 (n = 841,786). The data shows a direct relationship between the number of publications and the capacity for engagement and a greater reach with classic, general media and Facebook.
... Indeed, such branding activity is a hallmark of digital work (Gandini, 2016) and can be interpreted as a natural consequence of the precarity and contingency that have marked media work in the 21st century (Deuze, 2007;Powers and Vera Zambrano, 2018), a period in which workers in the broader cultural industries have sought to mitigate the growing precarity of their work (Banks and Hesmondhalgh, 2009;Marwick, 2013). Branding is evident at various levels across the social media pages of journalists who regularly engage in promoting themselves, their colleagues, their organizations, and the wider profession of journalism Ottovordemgentschenfelde, 2017;Sacco and Bossio, 2017). A growing body of research has highlighted the nature and evolution of this journalistic branding, particularly as journalists' personal interests come into conflict with organizational prerogatives. ...
... Previous studies suggested that institutional branding may have been a reaction to a cultural crisis in journalism, wherein it is unclear who is a journalist and what news can be trusted. That is, by banding together with other journalists and sharing the best examples of journalistic output, journalists might collectively defend their value as a social institution (Ottovordemgentschenfelde, 2017;Sacco and Bossio, 2017). But our survey finds that institutional branding practices appear to be motivated by desires for networking, rather than a desire to uphold the profession as a whole. ...
This study offers a new way of understanding the motivations that influence media workers’ impression management (or branding) in the social media era. Amid the growing insecurity of media work generally and the particular pressures of branding oneself and promoting one’s employer online, our research introduces a framework through which to interpret the forces and factors—internal (social–psychological) and external (environmental)—that shape how and why media professionals engage in branding. Through a first-of-its-kind survey of a broad cross-section of journalists (N = 642), this study proposes, tests, and confirms a branding alignment hypothesis. This typology sheds light on how branding activity aligns with individual, organizational, and institutional motivations as well as professional identities. Importantly, the study shows how branding is manifested over and above social media dynamics alone and reveals how “self-made” and “company” journalists differ in how they promote themselves,
their employers, and the journalism occupation.
... Moreover, the complementarity dynamic happens when social media communication and mainstream media use each other as sources. Sacco and Bossio (2017) summarised that previous research has highlighted four dominant impacts of social media on journalism: (1) effects on the traditional professional identities of journalists, (2) changes in norms and practices reflecting audience interaction, (3) the blurring line between "private" and "professional", and (4) the notion of a news "brand" at both individual and organisational level. ...
Traditional journalism practices are changing due to the advancement in information and communication
technologies contributed by social media. Today, social media play an important role as journalistic sources as they offer a
convenient, inexpensive and effective way to gather information. Social media also provides journalists easy access to a
wide range of sources, while empowering both elites and the general public to express their opinions. The journalist-source
relationship is one of the fundamental concerns in journalism research. Journalist’s online sourcing approach deserves
special attention because it is related to the democratising effect of the Internet, as well as the changing nature of news and
the role of the journalist.. Furthermore, news sources have the power to interpret and define reality, while playing an
important function in agenda-setting and framing. The current study aimed to examine the use of social media as journalistic
sources by Malaysian legacy and online newspapers. This study employed content analysis as the research method and
diffusion of innovation theory as the theoretical framework. The study found that the legacy newspaper The Star cited social
media news sources fivefold more than the online newspaper Malaysiakini. Twitter and Facebook were most commonly
adopted as news sources by both newspapers. The Star tended to quote only social media sources in its news reports, while
Malaysiakini was found to mostly publish the social media posts in screenshot or verbatim format. In addition, both the
newspapers mostly quoted the social media posts to provide more context to the stories. The Star and Malaysiakini mostly
quoted politicians from Facebook and Twitter posts, while reporting celebrities’ or artists’ voices from Instagram posts.
Majority of the news stories in The Star that quoted social media were international news while most of the stories in
Malaysiakini were national news. The topics for which social media were most commonly sourced by The Star and
Malaysiakini included politics, crime, media, technology, arts, culture, lifestyle and entertainment. This study contributes
to the ongoing effort in documenting the impact of social media on journalists as individual media workers, as well as for
journalism as an institution.
... (J43) Studies show that "many new professional relationships are forming-from technologists, to videographers, from social media management staff to iPad editors" in newsrooms worldwide (Sacco & Bossio, 2017, p. 189). As such, it is important to understand the relationships between editorial, business and technology teams and elements in news organizations, especially as it relates to social media production (Sacco & Bossio, 2017). One example of this relationship is journalists expressing the importance of teamwork within newsrooms and delegating social media promotion to staff focused on that task in particular. ...
This dissertation provides a theoretically driven empirical investigation of the emerging institution of solutions journalism. Solutions journalism is a journalistic approach defined as rigorous reporting on responses to social problems. This project uses a triangulated qualitative methodology comprising 52 in-depth interviews; netnography of solutions journalists, editors, and practitioners’ digital communities; and qualitative content analysis of solutions-oriented journalistic texts. This dissertation presents three major arguments. The first argument is that solutions journalism is a journalistic approach that functions globally as a networked organizational form with a central mission and decentralized hubs and spokes that carry out the practice worldwide. The second argument is that emerging institutions gain legitimacy through shared support for a codified set of rules, norms, and values, as seen in the legitimation of solutions journalism. The third and final argument is that solutions journalism is in a moment between theorization and diffusion worldwide, with various factors contributing to and constraining its success. Drawing from foundational roots in sociological and managerial literature, this dissertation project expands the applicability of new institutional theory to empirical questions about emerging news practices. This dissertation also answers calls for clarity of the theorization and conceptualization of solutions journalism.
... Instagram dan Twitter menjadi dua platform tempat singgah jurnalis membuat akun sebagai sumber informasi bagi khalayak. Kedua media sosial tersebut telah berubah menjadi saluran yang kuat bagi media untuk menyampaikan informasi, menemukan sumber dan ide cerita, mempromosikan konten, meningkatkan lalu lintas (traffic) ke situs mereka, serta menjadi sarana untuk menjangkau, berinteraksi, dan berkomunikasi dengan khalayak yang lebih luas (Sacco & Bossio, 2017;Barberá et al., 2017;Thurman, 2018, Duffy & Knight, 2019. Pada platform Instagram, informasi diberikan melalui foto dan infografis ataupun video singkat yang menarik khalayak. ...
This article aims to see the changing characteristics and role of journalism as a new media. The rapid development of technology encourages all parties to move forward, including the mass media. Over time, various conventional mass media companies such as print media began to turn to online media as a means of reporting. Apart from news portals with big names, there are currently many independent news portals or individuals who choose to share information through social media accounts. The problem is focused on how journalists pay attention to the code of ethics in reporting information in the realm of social media. The data were collected through the document study method or literature review and non-participant observation. With literature review, the author takes references and examples from books that are relevant to the research title. The data that has been obtained were analyzed qualitatively. This study concludes that in online media, the writing style is more rigid and similar to conventional media such as newspapers. Meanwhile, in new media, the writing style looks more flexible and the journalist's perspective or personal view on the issues being reported is often more visible.
... News organizations' presence on these platforms is important not only to promote content and increase the traffic to news portals (Sacco & Bossio, 2017) but also as a new form to reach, communicate, interact, and engage with different audiences (Holton & Lewis, 2011). People are searching for short up-to-date news stories presented in innovative formats in these settings (Vázquez-Herrero et al., 2019). ...
p>News outlets are developing formats dedicated to social platforms that capture audience attention, such as Instagram stories, Facebook Instant articles, and YouTube videos. In some cases, these formats are created in collaboration with the tech companies themselves. At the same time, the use of data-driven storytelling is becoming increasingly integrated into the ever-complex business models of news outlets, generating more impact and visibility. Previous studies have focused on studying these two effects separately. To address this gap in the literature, this paper identifies and analyzes the use of data journalism on the Instagram content of AJ Labs, the team dedicated to producing data-driven and interactive stories for the Al Jazeera news network. Drawing upon a mixed-method approach, this study examines the use and characteristics of data stories on social media platforms. Results suggest that there is reliance on producing visual content that covers topics such as politics and violence. In general, AJ Labs relies on the use of infographics and produces its own unique data. To conclude, this paper suggests potential ways to improve the use of Instagram to tell data stories
<br
... That way, the penetration of social media use in Indonesia has reached 59 percent of the total population [3]. Journalistic use of social media for sourcing, distribution and promotion of news comes at a time when the newsroom itself can be said to be in a state of "transition" [4]. ...
The era of digital disruption marked by the massive use of social media and digital technology has an impact on real challenges facing the national television industry in Indonesia. Currently television stations not only compete with other television stations but also have to compete with influencers on social media in capturing viewers and advertisements. For the television industry, the presence of social media can be seen as a challenge and an opportunity in carrying out its business processes. Seeing this phenomenon, Rajawali Televisi (RTV) is aware of the great influence of social media as a media for program promotion and distribution of broadcast content. This study aims determine the social media management of RTV. This study uses a qualitative research approach with a case study method and uses the conceptual foundation of Regina Lutrell's The Circular Model of SOME. Data collection techniques in the form of interviews, literature study, and documentation. The results show that currently the use of social media on RTV greatly contributes to building the closeness of the audience to its programs and increasing company revenue obtained from YouTube AdSense and advertising on RTV social media. RTV social media management seeks to pay attention to the aspects of share, optimize, manage, and engage so that social media Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube can be used optimally to achieve company goals.
... Demonstrators within and without particular areas now use Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube as sites instead of free information circulation, which has been left entirely unscathed [26]. The most popular used in social media are using hashtags to share the content and rising voice to be trending social media Issues linked to equal political justice, and challenging infractions of voice in establishment media have arisen from the recent usage of hashtags such as #BlackLivesMatter, #GirlsLikeUs, and #SayHerName [27], [28]. On the other side, the social media used, there some point that protestors could still benefit from using online platforms to increase their exposure. ...
... Sharing information, thoughts and feeling with friends, family & public become an integral need of the people and social media provides best platforms to gratify these social integrative needs of individuals (Dolan, Conduit, Fahy, & Goodman, 2016;Massa & Werder, 2013;Quinn, 2016;Shepherd, 2015;Stanley & Shepard, 2015).Social media for sharing of information includes news stories, fresh arrivals of books in a library, events and announcement is being used by professionals (Burkey & Newton, 2014;Chambers & Champ, 2015;Ifinedo, 2016;Karlis & Collins, 2013;Masouras, 2015;McKinney & Watkins, 2014).Uses and gratification of social media among professionals has been discussed and examined widely in literature (Aisha, Wok, Manaf, & Ismail, 2015;Alikilic & Atabek, 2012;Allen, 2005;Fieseler, Meckel, & Ranzini, 2015;Gilbert, Fourie, & Bornman, 2002;Gonzalez & Floto, 2010;Gruzd, Haythornthwaite, Paulin, Gilbert, & del Valle, 2016;Gulyas, 2013;Guo et al., 2015;Junco, 2012;Knab, Humphrey, & Ward, 2016;Listorti & Stewart, 2015;Reuben, 2008;Rice, 2015;Rucht, 2004;Sacco & Bossio, 2017;Schaefer & Jackson, 2013;Schmiedebergs & Pharmacol, 2017;Sin, 2001;Touarti, 2007;Yuan, 2011). ...
The present position paper explores to examine the lexical effects of the English language on Khowar (the regional language of Chitral, Pakistan). In the recent past, the said language has, to a greater extent, received influence from the English language, which, because of the least research has been unrecorded. The reason behind the
Anglicisation of Khowar is the establishment of the growing number of educational institutions and mounting use of social and electronic media. In order to locate and highlight the above-said effects and their likely reasons, the researchers employed the tools of observation, interviews, and personal experiences, to arrive at the conclusive
results of the issue in hand. The target population for the said purpose is a group of female students of intermediate level studying at the English medium colleges; while the locale for research is a lower district of Chitral, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The study is carried out at the lexical level of spoken Khowar juxtaposed with spoken English, not necessarily focusing the syntactic, semantic and phonological levels. The study finds out that influences are recorded in the dress and language codes, too, besides lifestyle and socio-cultural norms and values of Chitrali society at large.
Keywords: Khowar, lexemes, social and electronic media.
... Sharing information, thoughts and feeling with friends, family & public become an integral need of the people and social media provides best platforms to gratify these social integrative needs of individuals (Dolan, Conduit, Fahy, & Goodman, 2016;Massa & Werder, 2013;Quinn, 2016;Shepherd, 2015;Stanley & Shepard, 2015).Social media for sharing of information includes news stories, fresh arrivals of books in a library, events and announcement is being used by professionals (Burkey & Newton, 2014;Chambers & Champ, 2015;Ifinedo, 2016;Karlis & Collins, 2013;Masouras, 2015;McKinney & Watkins, 2014).Uses and gratification of social media among professionals has been discussed and examined widely in literature (Aisha, Wok, Manaf, & Ismail, 2015;Alikilic & Atabek, 2012;Allen, 2005;Fieseler, Meckel, & Ranzini, 2015;Gilbert, Fourie, & Bornman, 2002;Gonzalez & Floto, 2010;Gruzd, Haythornthwaite, Paulin, Gilbert, & del Valle, 2016;Gulyas, 2013;Guo et al., 2015;Junco, 2012;Knab, Humphrey, & Ward, 2016;Listorti & Stewart, 2015;Reuben, 2008;Rice, 2015;Rucht, 2004;Sacco & Bossio, 2017;Schaefer & Jackson, 2013;Schmiedebergs & Pharmacol, 2017;Sin, 2001;Touarti, 2007;Yuan, 2011). ...
The study provides structural and functional analyses of four-word LBs (lexical bundles). It follows mixed method research design. Quantitative data (4-word LBs) are retrieved adopting threshold set by Cortes (2008). A number of 129 LBs are used for the qualitative analyses. Biber et al.'s (1999) taxonomy adapted by Bal (2010) is applied for structural analysis. A total of 119 (92.2 %) LBs came under Phrasal category while 10 Bundles fall into Clausal Bundles. The analysis introduced Adjective Phrase not previously recorded. Implementing functional categorization of Biber et al. (2004), 100 LBs are classified as RBs (Referential Bundles), 19 are SBs (Stance Bundles) and only 15 are DOBs (Discourse Organiser Bundles). LBs found performing dual functions are listed in both of the categories. The highlighting features of the results are not very different from the previous studies. The study identified a subgroup (Text Reference: Abstract/Physical Entity) of a sub-category of RBs. LBs and their persistent use by numerous authors emphasize their automaticity, discipline-relatedness and warranty of respective research community. The analysis reinforces the significance of frequency-based language pedagogy in academia and offers grammatical and discoursal description of LBs for dissemination of knowledge to the scholars of Applied Linguistics in particular.
... They have changed the way journalistic content is produced, distributed, used, and consumed (Kramp & Loosen, 2017;Newman, 2009), so being active on them is considered "by many news managers as an obvious and necessary step in journalism's digital-first transformation" (Lewis & Molyneux, 2019, p. 2580. Sites such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have turned into powerful channels for media to deliver information, find sources and story ideas, promote contents, and increase the traffic to their websites (Barberá et al., 2017;Hermida et al., 2012;Lee, 2016;Sacco & Bossio, 2017;Thurman, 2018), as well as another means to reach, communicate, interact, and engage with their audiences (Al-Rawi, 2017;Burnett & Bloice, 2016;Duffy & Knight, 2019;Holton & Lewis, 2011). ...
Social media are increasingly integrated into media routines as channels to gain access, verify and spread information. Likewise, as mobile news consumption is standardized, the media experiment with native formats for these platforms. This study analyzes how the media use Instagram Stories, to identify the strategies that they apply, as well as the adaptation and innovation features on this platform. A content analysis was conducted from a sample of 17 online media that use Instagram Stories, both legacy and digital native. The results show an upward potential in ephemeral news production, one that is increasingly developed and unique.
... Also, they show solidarity with other journalists in an age when news media and their democratic functions are under attack. These interactions have been styled as individual, organizational, and institutional branding in previous research (Molyneux, Holton, & Lewis, 2017;Sacco & Bossio, 2016). These branding efforts are not strictly professional, as studies suggest that journalists' and other media workers' self-representations often blend both personal and professional aspects (Duffy & Pruchniewska, 2017;Scolere, Pruchniewska, & Duffy, 2018). ...
As the field of journalism becomes increasingly unrecognizable, the messages that identify the journalist, their work, and their affiliations are of increasing importance. This study envisions journalism and social media both as gendered spaces and examines their intersection as the setting of much of journalists’ branding work. In this setting, gender’s influence on the extent, style, and target of journalists’ branding efforts is examined using data from two different datasets (content analysis and survey). The findings suggest that female journalists take a more personalized approach by speaking about themselves in their profiles and their tweets and focusing more resources and attention on their individual brands. This suggests that female journalists are not well served by male-dominated news organizations and therefore turn to a more personalized self-image in their branding efforts. This understanding is particularly important as societies and newsrooms both work toward a more inclusive, egalitarian future.
... For instance, at a micro-level, previous academic works report how journalists negotiate with their hierarchy in order to publish news (Hubé, 2010), with their human or non-human sources (see e.g. Legavre, 2011;Parasie & Dagiral, 2013;Domingo & Le Cam, 2014;Revers, 2014), with non-journalist colleagues such as programmers (Lewis & Usher, 2016), or with technologies and policies (Sacco & Bossio, 2017). At a macro-level, and from a media economics perspective, others describe the negotiation process as advertising sales agencies and media agencies (Ouakrat et al., 2010). ...
This study consists of understanding how interactions between journalists and marketers occur in the context of two organizations from Belgium and Brazil. We seek to understand what is being negotiated, as well as whether there are differences in their applied strategic approaches. To do this, we conducted a cross-national perspective on participant observation and open interviews for data collection. We describe the elements found in the field and relate these processes using “competency-based” analysis. The results of this approach show that issues such as revenue models, organizational cultures, hierarchical positions, relevant professional skills, and personal motives play an important role in the negotiation processes between journalists and marketers. Also, we observe that gatekeeping practices are – to some extent and in specific cases – shared between journalists and marketers.
Este estudo consiste em compreender como as interações entre jornalistas e profissionais do marketing ocorrem no contexto de duas organizações da Bélgica e do Brasil. Nosso objetivo é entender o que está sendo negociado, assim como se existem diferenças nas abordagens estratégicas aplicadas. Para tal, nós conduzimos uma perspectiva transnacional com observação participante e entrevistas abertas para coleta de informações. Nós descrevemos os elementos encontrados no campo e os relacionamos a esses processos usando a análise baseada em competências. Os resultados dessa abordagem mostraram questões tais como modelos de negócios, culturas organizacionais, posições hierárquicas, habilidades profissionais relevantes e motivos pessoais, que desempenham um papel importante nos processos de negociação entre jornalistas e profissionais de marketing. Além disso, notamos que as práticas de gatekeeping são – em certa medida e em casos específicos –, compartilhadas entre jornalistas e profissionais de marketing.
Este estudio consiste en comprender cómo se producen las interacciones entre periodistas y especialistas en marketing en el contexto de dos organizaciones de Bélgica y Brasil. Nuestro objetivo es entender lo que está siendo negociado, y también si existen diferencias en los enfoques estratégicos aplicados. Para ello, conducimos una perspectiva transnacional con observación participante y entrevistas abiertas para la recolección de información. Describimos los elementos encontrados en el campo y los relacionamos con estos procesos usando el análisis “competency-based”. Los resultados de este enfoque mostraron cuestiones tales como modelos de ingresos, culturas organizacionales, posiciones jerárquicas, habilidades profesionales relevantes y motivos personales desempeñan un papel importante en los procesos de negociación entre periodistas y profesionales de marketing. Además, notamos que las prácticas de gatekeeper son, en cierta medida y en casos específicos, compartidas entre periodistas y profesionales de marketing.
... At the same time, these practices have introduced questions about the boundary between personal and professional expression online. In response, news outlets have developed guidelines to articulate practices that will protect the reputation of the organization and the journalist (Duffy and Knight, 2018;Sacco and Bossio, 2017). As a result, journalists need to 'negotiate the "rules" governing social media use when deciding whether social media is used as an editorial or promotional tool on behalf of their organization or individual professional goals' (Bossio, 2017b: 81). ...
The blurring of professional boundaries between journalism and other communications roles is a contested issue in journalism scholarship. To date, much of the work has examined this topic in relation to the impact of digitization on journalism practice, and the challenges this presents to traditional conceptions of journalistic professionalism. Less attention has been paid to audience perceptions of the shifting margins between traditional journalism and non-journalism roles. Data from the Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2018 found 26% of news consumers from 33 countries knew that the responsibility for writing a press release belonged to a spokesperson of an organization, rather than a lawyer (3%). However, 40% thought that it was the role of news reporters or producers and a further 34% said they did not know. Regression analyses reveal that news consumers in countries with higher online news consumption, use of news alerts, trust in news on social media and lower press freedom are less likely to answer correctly. Drawing on theory of advocacy in journalism this article argues these findings point to a possible perception on the part of the audience of journalists being both marketers and providers of news. We suggest this partly stems from journalists and news organizations increasingly assuming marketing functions to publicize themselves
... Fisher's research, which examined the normative orientations of former journalists who transitioned to parliamentary public relations, found they pragmatically adapted to the distinct "truth expectations" of their new roles (2016, p.671). Finally, Sacco and Bossio's (2017) study, which examined management-employee dynamics around social media use in newsrooms, found journalists pushed back against managerial regulation, branding, and promotion of their professional and personal identities when it was "at odds" with their professional norms. ...
In India, the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) employs a digital
army of right-wing supporters to harass journalists who are
critical of the party’s Hindu-nationalist ideology. As a result, the
country’s press freedom rankings have significantly declined over
the past decade. While scholars have examined the discursive
strategies used by online Hindu nationalists against journalists,
how reporters cope with these attacks remains unknown. This
study investigates how Indian media professionals perceive the
personal and professional consequences of harassment for
themselves and the coping strategies they use to combat digital
hate. In-depth interviews with 24 journalists reveal that they
employ mechanisms such as strategic social disconnection,
formation of alliance networks, and working for non-profit news
sites and international media organizations to overcome the
effects of social media harassment. The analysis also highlights
that commercial media that are subservient to the Modi
government failed to protect their reporters, while independent
media outlets provide much more support to their employees.
The findings underscore the need for social media companies to
promptly respond to content flagged by journalists and allocate
additional resources to moderate hate speech in India’s local
languages to safeguard journalists from sustained online abuse.
Purpose
This paper aims to examine the relationship between the interaction of the social media manager’s customer orientation and the service climate perceived by supervisors, on the customer’s perception of brand authenticity and, through it, on the willingness to pay a price premium.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses triadic data from 200 social media followers, 20 social media managers and 20 supervisors from a range of industries.
Findings
The findings show that the customer orientation of the brand social media managers interacts with their work context to influence social media followers’ perceptions of brand authenticity, and ultimately, their willingness to pay a premium price. Finally, product involvement moderates the relationship between brand authenticity and willingness to pay a premium price.
Research limitations/implications
This study shows how and when the disposition of brand social media managers affects the attitudes and intentions of the social media followers. Further research should continue this novel line of research and explore in greater depth the impact of social media managers and their environments.
Practical implications
Social media managers’ values should fit those of their organization. This organization-person fit reflects on social media and improves social media followers’ perceptions of brand authenticity and, consequently, their willingness to pay a premium price.
Originality/value
Leveraging participation in social media is currently a key issue for firms. However, the internal determinants of successful social media usage have received limited attention from researchers. Therefore, this research contributes to the social media literature by suggesting the need to consider the characteristics of social media managers and their context to promote the outcomes of social media usage, specifically brand authenticity and willingness to pay a premium price.
This study takes an empirical approach to analyze how journalists perform the roles of promoter, celebrity, and joker on social media. These roles already play out in print and broadcast, but much less is known about how they are performed outside of traditional media contexts. This study addresses this gap in the literature through a content analysis of 4,100 posts by 23 Chilean journalists in 2020 on Twitter and Instagram. The analysis draws on key variables derived from the literature, including frontstage and backstage performance, personal context, platform, follower count, gender, and type of parent media organization. Results suggest that Twitter tends to serve as a space for professional performance bounded by established norms and practices, while Instagram tends to offer a space for a more fluid performance beyond the institutional boundaries of the news media. Findings indicate that professional social media contexts are more suited spaces to perform the promoter role, while personal or backstage contexts are more suited for the celebrity and joker roles. Results indicate how journalists take on specific roles on Twitter and Instagram, considering the affordances of these platforms.
Journalists increasingly use social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to pursue audience engagement. In doing so, journalists have learned these platforms carry personal and professional risks—namely accusations of political bias that can lead to termination from their jobs, as well as trolling, doxing, and threats of physical violence. This is especially true for women journalists and journalists of color. This study examines the extent to which newsroom managers help—or hinder—their journalists when it comes to navigating the risks and challenges of audience engagement via social media platforms. It draws on interviews with 37 reporters, editors, publishers, freelancers, and social media/audience engagement managers from throughout the U.S. about their experiences with and thoughts about their newsroom’s social media policies. Findings reveal that although journalists are encouraged to be “active,” “personable,” and “authentic” social media users, their newsroom social media policies offer little guidance or support for when journalists subsequently face personal, aggressive attacks. I conclude that these tensions are a consequence of the extent to which social media has upended the ways that journalists approach their work, as well as their relationship with the public.
The two-decade-long US occupation of Afghanistan, following the September 11, 2001 attacks, finally ending with the withdrawal of the US forces on August 31, 2021. The ensuing political, social and economic chaos for Afghanistan continues to reverberate throughout Pakistan as well. Several journalists have lost their lives while covering ‘combating operations’ against terrorist organizations. The missions of secret agencies, target killings, insurgencies created by Taliban militants in the north, Baloch separatists’ movements in the south, and ‘disrupted law and order’ are some of the great threats faced by the media professionals while rending their professional assignments. By and large, Pakistan’s mainstream print and electronic media have covered the government’s National Action Plan to mount an ongoing anti-terrorist offensive with a positive tone. Extensive research has been carried out with regards to the image of Pakistan in the realm of terrorism in its national media.
This chapter synthesizes existing knowledge about journalistic practices in an online-first era and, more specifically, the challenges before Indian journalism. I begin by explaining the origins and tenets of gatekeeping theory, how it has evolved into one of the most well-rounded, theoretical models to explain how journalists select and disseminate information, and how the emergence of social media may have disrupted some of the key concepts of gatekeeping.Next, I introduce and explain the HOI model. This section describes how each step (individual factors, routine factors, organizational factors, social institutional factors, and social system factors) can influence journalistic gatekeeping decisions and the specific items within these factors that affect journalists’ decisions to select or share breaking news. I then discuss existing studies and what they tell us about journalists’ use of social media and their perceptions of such platforms as professional tools.Finally, I evaluate studies that focus on journalism in India, specifically, how journalists select and share news. In doing so, I discuss knowledge gaps, such as lack of studies examining journalists’ perceptions about social media, social media usage patterns for professional reasons, and factors that influence their online-first gatekeeping decisions. This chapter concludes by reexamining the relevance of gatekeeping theory in a digital-first era.
The integration of digital technology into media production is at the heart of the media transformation. These changes have been reflected in the conventional media’s transformation route, where all this integration has resulted in new strategies, means, and tools for producing diversified content for multi-platforms to keep up with new trends and practices. This chapter discusses the extent to which the Aljazeera channel has integrated digital technology into TV program creation, as well as the new trends in TV program production and the strategies utilised to stay current with all the changes and transformations. The chapter focuses mainly on the trends and practices adopted by Aljazeera in attracting more audiences to television programs, increasing their interactivity, newsgathering, audience engagement, distribution of TV production on social media platforms, producing various content for multi-screens, and enhancing the integration between TV screen, Internet, and digital platforms.
Although the intersection of social media usage and journalism practice enjoys a prominent place in many scholarly inquiries throughout the field of journalism studies, a comprehensive understanding of this body of literature is lacking. This study attempts to alleviate this problem. Through a systematic analysis of more than 150 studies primarily focusing on how journalists utilize social media in newswork, this article first classifies social media usage into three broad categories: news construction, news dissemination, and branding. Next, this study introduces a typology that visualizes and explores three dimensions of social media use: motivation (self vs. organization), prevalence (sporadic vs. prevalent), and disruption (disruptive vs. normalization). Our findings illustrate potential future research areas.
On the basis of a digital ethnography and in-depth interviews with Chilean journalists, this study analyzes how news professionals reinterpret and redefine their professional roles on Twitter and Instagram through their practices and discourse, building different digital identities. The results of our analyses show that Twitter and Instagram strengthen and render a more complex construction of journalists’ digital selves, allowing them to build a multi-dimensional identity that goes beyond the framework defined by the media in which they work through the performance of emerging and more traditional roles: (1) the service role becomes a resource for creating community-oriented identities and for helping to resolve individuals’ everyday challenges; (2) the celebrity role supports the construction of an identity that plays with distances and social status, distinguishing and differentiating the journalist from others; (3) the promoter role allows them to promote their work and that of their media outlets as well as products and services, which generates a material benefit and gives the practices an instrumental meaning; and (4) the joker role allows them to entertain the audience and engage in a playful and critical way of observing the world through humor, irony, and sarcasm. Journalists make these roles compatible and decide which they want to use depending on their target audience and the specific platform used, validating certain practices and media strategies. In the case of Twitter, we observe a reinterpretation of traditional practices, and on Instagram we found a clearer redefinition of journalistic roles.
In June 2020, representatives of eight photography organizations addressed ongoing challenges to the industry by introducing the “Photo Bill of Rights,” asserting “the rights of all lens-based workers and defining actions that build a safer, healthier, more inclusive, and transparent industry.” The bill centers what “lens-based workers” are owed by the media organizations that employ them. This study analyzes the bill’s contents and the explicit and implicit values within it, finding that the bill presents a normative view of the work environment lens-based workers should expect as a baseline. In so doing, the bill connects what lens-based workers owe their respective publics to what their employers owe those same workers. The bill highlights the enabling environment that these workers need to satisfy their obligations to the public. The bill reminds employers of their duty to create an equitable environment that can enable the fulfillment of public responsibility.
Past studies conceived of journalists-audience relations as largely dyadic, highlighting the interaction between the two sides. The current study argues that such a conceptualization should now be modified to fit today’s media environment, where these interactions obtain on social media platforms. Through a process of platformization—the subjugation of news production to social media logic—these platforms are reshaping journalists’ and social-media editors’ conceptions regarding audience, its role in news production, and its expectations vis-à-vis the newsroom. These beliefs translate into news professionals’ everyday practices as concerns contact with audiences, and ultimately influence news production. Based on interviews with 18 social-media editors and 24 journalists, the study demonstrates how each of the above relational aspects has been modified in line with social media’s economic, governmental and infrastructural logic. It also shows how, due to their diverging goals, news organizations and journalists have come to cultivate a semi-autonomous relationship with audience members, thus introducing new tensions into the newsroom.
This study analyzes survey data, gathered in 2014 and 2020, regarding local television newsrooms’ social media policies (SMPs). The purpose of the study is to explore changes to these policies. As part of this inquiry, the researchers investigate if and in which ways newsroom SMPs are evolving in four areas: journalists’ professional and personal social media activities; social media sources and content; audience complaints; and ownership of on-air talents’ accounts. The researchers found a significant increase of guidelines regarding what is and is not appropriate on the professional and personal social media of journalists, with little distinction made between these types of accounts. Although newsrooms have implemented policies to articulate what is appropriate conduct and a majority have revised policies, those guidelines don't always address the contemporary issues journalists face, specifically online threats and verification of user-generated content. The researchers found an increasing percentage of news outlets retain ownership of on-air talents’ professional accounts.
In recent years, media has adapted to the logic of each new social network to respond to renewed consumption habits and journalists have developed new roles on these platforms. TikTok is an emerging platform with its own influencer culture and in which the main audiences are the millennial and centennial generations. The main objective of this study is to analyze the presence of journalists on TikTok through the type of content and strategies used in adapting to this platform. The research is based on methodological triangulation. First, a database of journalists on TikTok ( n <sub>1</sub> = 212) was developed and the profiles were reviewed. Second, a questionnaire survey ( n <sub>2</sub> = 63) was developed. Finally, a content analysis ( n <sub>3</sub> = 520) of profiles exceeding 100,000 followers was conducted. This research provides a first description of the activity of journalists on TikTok, where a variety of roles, usages, and strategies are identified, beyond those of their profession. They join the of-the-moment platform with different purposes (to inform, entertain, or introduce themselves) and targets (new audiences, young people, fans). Journalists adapt their presence to the TikTok social media logic, seeking a space of influence on a platform that is the natural habitat of younger generations.
This article, as the fourth in the cycle, presents the conclusions of the research project analysing marketing activities of Polish Catholic opinion-forming weeklies on the chosen social media platforms. This paper aims at presenting the results of the study on the use of Instagram and YouTube as marketing tools by the aforementioned weeklies. The authors focus on such topics as: (1) social media as a way of creating and distributing media products; (2) social media as a way of commercialising the content; (3) social media as carriers of marketing communication (including self-promotion). The empirical research is based on case studies and the content analysis of the social media profiles of the five selected magazines (Gość Niedzielny (GN), Tygodnik Katolicki Niedziela (TKN), Przewodnik Katolicki (PK), Idziemy (I) and Tygodnik Rodzin Katolickich Źródło (TRKŹ)). It can be concluded that some Catholic weeklies manage their accounts in a moderately professional way, using their visual and distribution potential and some functions of the platforms quite efficiently. On the other hand, they do not apply a regular and purposeful self-promotion strategy, do not use important mechanisms of the platforms such as the Shop and IGTV (on Instagram), and do not consistently build a profile or create playlists on YouTube.
This research analyzes journalists’ and audiences’ responses to a critical incident: the coverage of Kobe Bryant’s death, including whether it included accusations against Bryant, and of the Washington Post’s brief suspension of reporter Felicia Sonmez, who, at his death, retweeted an old storey about rape charges filed against Bryant. Findings are that journalists focused on the complexity of Bryant’s legacy and emphasized the journalistic values of professionalism and truth. Moreover, while journalists engaged in some boundary setting, this research suggests the value of seeing audiences as press critics not unlike professional journalists. Audiences acknowledged and endorsed journalistic principles but noted the importance of social norms; their expectations for good journalism suggest ways to rebuild trust in journalism.
Research on journalists’ social media practices has not yet developed clear platform specificity; that is, how these practices might differ according to a platform’s unique culture and vernacular affordances. This paper explores how journalists have mediated aspects of Instagram’s unique visual cultures within their professional journalism practices. It argues journalists develop representations of their professional identity and role using mediated journalistic practices that also adhere to Instagram’s culture and “vernacular” social practices. Using a visual content analysis and semi-structured interviews with Australian journalists, this paper shows that journalistic practices on Instagram are context-specific and dynamic. Unique journalistic practices develop and change according to the journalist’s perception of professional need for, and personal satisfaction with, Instagram’s specific culture of interaction, its vernacular communication practices, and professional and personal communication outcomes. This is important to establish how journalistic practices are negotiated within Instagram’s visual cultures, and the consequences for changing practices on production, distribution, and audience reception of news on the site.
В статье рассматриваются правила поведения журналистов зарубежных СМИ в социальных сетях, закрепленные в редакционных стандартах компаний. Автор изучает внутренние документы шести ведущих англоязычных редакций: CNN, BBC, AP, Reuters, The Guardian, The New York Times. Как показало исследование, медиамененджеры чаще видят в соцсетях угрозу для профессиональных стандартов и реже отмечают потенциальные позитивные стороны использования социальных медиа в практике журналистов.
This study explores the prevailing institutional logics within Western news outlets to examine the prevalent values and concerns around the social media news audience amid a time of great upheaval in the news industry. Through a qualitative content analysis of social media guidelines from mainstream news outlets the study finds that professional logics continue to dominate news organization goals with the journalists positioned as the professionals in charge of the news and their audiences still limited to largely passive consumer roles at best allowed to comment, like and share only after publication. While the findings show that the news organizations view their audiences as a consumer rather than collaborator, the study notes the emergence of two audience-oriented values which suggest that news organizations have already begun to respond to the ways in which their audiences are being reshaped by digital and social media even if those new technologies have not—yet—reshaped the organization’s relationship with the audience. Overall, the study shows that professional logics continue to inform news organization attitudes in relation to their audiences as organizations continue to privilege the role of the news organization as the professional in charge of the content.
Journalists are increasingly reporting that online harassment has become a common feature of their working lives, contributing to experiences of fatigue, anxiety and disconnection from social media as well as their profession. Drawing on interviews with American newsworkers, this study finds at least three distinct forms of harassment: acute harassment such as generalized verbal abuse, chronic harassment occurring over time and often from the same social media users and escalatory harassment that is more personalized and directly threatening. Women journalists said they especially are experiencing chronic and escalatory forms of harassment. Journalists also discussed a perceived lack of systemic efforts on the part of news organizations to address such harassment, leaving journalists to search for preventative and palliative coping mechanisms on their own. Such labor may be driving journalists’ disconnection from social media as well as the profession of journalism and highlights a growing need for news organizations to address harassment as a systemic, rather than individual, issue. The mental health and well-being of journalists may depend on such action, especially at a time when more journalists are reporting fatigue, burnout, and a desire to exit the profession.
Unter dem in regelmäßigen Abständen wiederkehrenden Schlagwort „Social Bots“ wird in der öffentlichen Debatte überwiegend ein negativ konnotiertes Bild gezeichnet, wonach diese vornehmlich für die gezielte Verbreitung von Falschnachrichten, Desinformationen sowie Hassrede verantwortlich sind und letztlich sogar eine Gefahr für die Demokratie darstellen können. Allerdings ist die Wirkungsmacht der in Deutschland gerne als „Meinungsroboter“ betitelten Computerprogramme bisweilen umstritten. Dennoch macht der Umstand, dass der alleinige Einsatz derartiger Programme eine solche Resonanz hervorruft, eine grundlegende Einordnung der Mechanismen notwendig.
The proliferation of misinformation in social media has raised concerns on the veracity of news that citizens consume. Recent scholarship has therefore emphasized the importance of news literacy as higher levels imply greater competence in navigating the streams of information in the social media space. Drawing from subsamples of respondents who use social media for news in seven democracies (UK, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Ireland, Norway, and the US, N = 6774), this comparative analysis examines the dynamics of social media news platform use that influence news literacy. After controlling for demographics, news interest and news use frequency, analyses show that social media news engagement and connections to news organizations and journalists exhibited both positive direct and indirect relationships with news literacy. Multi-platform use of social media for news was also related to engagement, but in five countries the relationship with news literacy was negative.
The study attempts to understand what attracts online audiences to the social media outlets of celebrity journalists in the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region by examining the most replied-to tweets and the most commented-on Facebook posts in order to understand what audiences find appealing and interesting. The focus of the study is related to an important part of media practice both today and in the future, and it introduces the theoretical concept of celebrity journalists 2.0 by building on the literature on personality and celebrity journalism. Using a content analysis approach and borrowing a codebook from a previous study, the top social media posts are categorized into 14 main types. The findings indicate that audiences primarily engage with celebrity journalists’ posts on Twitter and Facebook that deal with self-promotion (26.6%), sharing news (26.5%), and providing opinion (20.7%). The study also shows that many journalists’ top posts are limited in terms of their local and national scope, and that some journalists react to trolls in different ways.
This study explores forms of social media fatigue described by professional journalists, including frustration with the perception of their increased affective labor, dissatisfaction with communication environments on particular social media platforms, and increased anxiety about the possible impact of social media use on both their professional reputations and personal well-being. We argue that these forms of social media fatigue have influenced new professional practices on social media practice that include strategies of disconnecting from, but not necessarily terminating, social media use. Using a comparative analysis of semistructured interviews with Australian and American professional journalists, this study illustrates that experiences of social media fatigue over time have resulted in a careful renegotiation of professional and personal boundaries around journalists’ social media use, influenced by the technological, social, and cultural affordances of specific media platforms, organizational and institutional constraints, as well as the online literacies and behaviors of journalists themselves.
Organisations are becoming increasingly reliant on social media for realising effective public engagement strategies, as well as managing branding and reputation. Nonetheless, traditional organisational external communications strategies have often proven to be unwieldy in developing and managing social media content. Instead, the development of organisational use of social media has often been reliant on the expertise of social media managers. This article explores some emergent characteristics of social media management in negotiating organisational reputation and management of employee use of social media for both external and internal communication. While substantial research exists about social media in organisations, there has been less focus on the pivotal role played by human ‘intermediaries’, such as social media managers, to negotiate the fraught ecology of online communication on behalf of organisations. The article utilises interviews with Australia social media managers to discuss their role in negotiating and legitimising new communication practices using social media.
Social media editors were initially appointed by media organizations which aimed to extend their reach and to establish their presence in social media. These editors were hired to create content on behalf of mass media organizations, but with social media in mind. As such, they need constantly to reconcile mass media logic and social media logic. Relying on the frameworks of ‘social media logic’ and ‘network media logic’, this study focuses on the role of social media editors as the arena in which both logics fuse to create a hybrid media system. Twenty in-depth interviews with social media editors, representing a large proportion of the Israeli media, were carried out. Our findings underscore how editors’ every day routines are a result of negotiation between logics, creating hybrid media organizations.
Anglo-American journalism has typically drawn a firm dividing line between those who report the news and those who run the business of news. This boundary, often referred to in the West as a ‘Chinese Wall’, is designed to uphold the independence of journalists from commercial interests or the whims of news proprietors. But does this separation still exist in today’s age of social media and at a time when news revenues are under unprecedented pressure? This article focuses on Twitter, now a widely used tool in the newsroom, analysing the Twitter output of 10 UK political correspondents during the busy party conference season. It examines how they promote their own stories or ‘personal brand’ and whether they are stepping over a once forbidden line, blurring the boundary between news and the business. The research is complemented by interviews with political correspondents and analysis of editorial codes of practice on the use of social media. It draws on a conceptual framework of boundary work (Carlson & Lewis, 2015) to pose the question whether such practice has now become accepted and normalised. The findings suggest that the 10 political correspondents are highly individualistic in their use of Twitter but all have embraced its use to promote their own work plus that of colleagues both inside their own organisation and those working for rival news outlets. Their acceptance of Twitter as a tool for self-promotion and branding suggests that in this area of reporting the practice has become normalised and the wall has been breached.
An increasing body of media research suggests journalists are struggling to balance their personal and professional identities. This is particularly evident in social media spaces, where regulations from news organizations remain murky and audience expectations for engagement continue to grow. These studies, which relied heavily on content analyses and large-scale surveys, have demonstrated fundamental shifts in the norms journalists use to guide their practice, while also suggesting that journalists may be searching for ways to periodically disengage from social media. Drawing on interviews with 39 American and Australian journalists, this study explores drivers of what we consider to be a rising identity dilemma among journalists and why social media disengagement is considered a possible solution. The findings suggest journalists are grappling with issues of personal and professional identity construction across social media platforms with organizational pressures to present a more professional appearance without room for periodic disengagement from social media.
Popularity on social media has become more important for journalists as news organisations increasingly encourage their journalists to develop online personas which are popular with audiences. However, outlets’ social media guidelines have also narrowed journalists’ scope for action to do so, particularly in what they can post. Using a quantitative analysis of Twitter data and profiles of 300 UK journalists, this study asks if the strategic use of low-level forms of behaviour as well as journalists’ professional self-presentation on social media offer “a way out”. It finds that a “golden formula” to increase popularity on Twitter through these means does not exist and suggests that journalists’ popularity on Twitter is largely beyond their immediate control, raising important questions about the significance and use of popularity metrics on social media as benchmarks in news organisations.
Social media are now firmly embedded in professional newsrooms, and policies and guidance within these newsrooms have evolved to include social media activities. These policies articulate and expose the underlying assumptions of the role of these new media within the traditional boundaries of the newsroom. Through thematic analysis of the policies of 17 news organizations, this research identifies and explicates the ways in which professional news organizations have moved and reinforced the boundaries of newswork to both include social media, and to bring social media under its control—to the extent of requiring newsworkers to subsume their personal online identities under their professional ones. The research identifies a number of areas of further research, including analysis of compliance with these policies and resistance to them on the part of newsworkers.
Variations of adopting digital media, particularly tensions and negotiations in adoption processes, mark points of departure of technological change. This comparative study of social media adoption in journalism reveals two concurrent tendencies: 1) diversification of professionalism, accompanied by an increasingly hybridizing media environment and 2) corroboration of professionalism, connected to normalizing new technologies.
Aside from a shared crisis awareness of legacy news and similar experiences of accelerated news cycles, particularly social media adoption reflects profound differences between the US and Germany. Social media served more to reproduce than alter occupational norms for German journalists. US journalists, on the other hand, adapted their occupational roles and expanded boundaries of professionalism through social media. Especially Twitter featured US reporters as more willing to introduce more transparency of their daily practice. Structural differences of media systems can not account for these differences entirely. Adoption patterns are explicable in large part by distinct cultural commitments and professional imaginaries of journalism in these two countries.
This chapter is based on qualitative research on two state political press corps in the US and Germany, conduced between 2009 and 2012, and an analysis of discourses of journalistic professionalism in both countries.
This paper grew out of the authors’ interest in updating the journalism curriculum at AUT (Aukland University of Technology) to better reflect the impact of online media, including social media, on the work of journalists. The challenge for journalism educators is to remain relevant in rapidly changing news and education environments. Our study suggests that while the vast majority of students have some engagement with social media, particularly social networking, and are aware that it can be a powerful tool for journalists, they are still not entirely comfortable with its techniques and they are not experimenting with social media as a production platform as much as we first thought. In short, it appears that they do not have command of professional fluency with social media tools. In response to these findings we have begun to introduce some social media tools and processes directly into the units we teach, in particular: digital story-telling techniques; the use of Twitter and location-based applications; encouraging the ethical use of Facebook etc. for sourcing stories and talent for interviews; podcasting, soundslides and video for the Web, Dreamweaver, InDesign and PHP-based content management systems. We do not see the work to date as the end-point of the changes that we know are necessary, but we are acutely aware of the limitations (structural, institutional and financial) that suggest we should continue with this small-steps approach for the foreseeable future.
In contemporary journalism, there is a need for better conceptualizing the changing nature of human actors, nonhuman technological actants, and diverse representations of audiences—and the activities of news production, distribution, and interpretation through which actors, actants, and audiences are inter-related. This article explicates each of these elements—the Four A’s—in the context of cross-media news work, a perspective that lends equal emphasis to editorial, business, and technology as key sites for studying the organizational influences shaping journalism. We argue for developing a sociotechnical emphasis for the study of institutional news production: a holistic framework through which to make sense of and conduct research about the full range of actors, actants, and audiences engaged in cross-media news work activities. This emphasis addresses two shortcomings in the journalism studies literature: a relative neglect about (1) the interplay of humans and technology, or manual and computational modes of orientation and operation, and (2) the interplay of editorial, business, and technology in news organizations. This article’s ultimate contribution is a cross-media news work matrix that illustrates the interconnections among the Four A’s and reveals where opportunities remain for empirical study.
On the basis of three elections, covering a period of fifty years, the authors aim at testing the increasingly popular hypothesis that political communication is driven by media logic and by political and media system characteristics. In short: sooner or later, the modes and styles of American media will appear in Europe too.The complex and volatile relationship between media and politics in the Netherlands in the last half century does show some, although not uni-linear signs of media logic. The strength of a public service tradition and a political culture of non-adversariality, however, seem to have stopped the developments short of a political communication style which is characterised by performance driven campaigning, horse race and poll driven reporting, orientation on the public as consumers, journalistic dominance, agenda setting and cynicism.
Speed and quality used to be considered the twin pillars of “good” journalism. Now there is a third pillar: sociability. It is no longer enough to be “first with the news”, nor is it sufficient to be comprehensive and trustworthy. It is now increasingly considered necessary to ensure that news is produced in a form that is capable of spreading virally. This paper considers the way in which “viral” transmission is impacting on the work of news journalists and news organisations.
The history of journalism in elective democracies around the world has been described as the emergence of a professional identity of journalists with claims to an exclusive role and status in society, based on and at times fiercely defended by their occupational ideology. Although the conceptualization of journalism as a professional ideology can be traced throughout the literature on journalism studies, scholars tend to take the building blocks of such an ideology more or less for granted. In this article the ideal-typical values of journalism’s ideology are operationalized and investigated in terms of how these values are challenged or changed in the context of current cultural and technological developments. It is argued that multiculturalism and multimedia are similar and poignant examples of such developments. If the professional identity of journalists can be seen as kept together by the social cement of an occupational ideology of journalism, the analysis in this article shows how journalism in the self-perceptions of journalists has come to mean much more than its modernist bias of telling people what they need to know.
The study of management of innovation is crucial to media management research, helping explain how technology diffusion affects the communication industry and providing a glimpse into its future. This meta-analysis looks at the recent history of mass communication scholarship (1983–2008), addressing newsroom changes to determine whether a mainstream managerial theory—sociotechnical literature—garners adequate use. The researchers discovered numerous references—mostly indirect—to sociotechnical systems (STS) theory, yet found sporadic use of a true managerial emphasis as expressed through the analysis of STS theory's principles- and frames-specific theoretical framework. Implications of the findings and future, alternative directions for research are proposed.
Integrating organizational development (OD) and technological intervention into a total system is one of the more difficult tasks for an executive or consultant to execute. Organizations are profoundly affected by technological advancements and require a flexible customized change model to fit the social network of the specific organization into which technology is being introduced. Examines sociotechnical systems (STS) theory and presents classical organization theories of Burns and Stalker, Woodward, Perrow, Thompson and Trist to develop a contemporary OD intervention in terms of self-regulating work groups (self-leading or self-managing teams) performing interrelated technological tasks. Finally, presents some pointers for executives and consultants in assessing STS interventions via 31 diagnostic questions intended to identify interactions among elements of the system.
This study examines how mainstream journalists who microblog negotiate their professional norms and practices in a new media format that directly challenges them. Through a content analysis of more than 22,000 of their tweets (postings) on the microblog platform Twitter, this study reveals that the journalists more freely express opinions, a common microblogging practice but one which contests the journalistic norm of objectivity (impartiality and nonpartisanship). To a lesser extent, the journalists also adopted two other norm-related microblogging features: providing accountability and transparency regarding how they conduct their work, and sharing user-generated content with their followers. The journalists working for national newspapers, national television news divisions, and cable news networks were less inclined in their tweets than their counterparts working for less “elite” news outlets, to relinquish their gatekeeping role by sharing their stage with other news gatherers and commentators, or to provide accountability and transparency by providing information about their jobs, engaging in discussions with other tweeters, writing about their personal lives, or linking to external websites.
Convergence is reshaping the landscape of journalism in a variety of ways. This comparative study was targeted on integrated newsrooms, which combine at least two platforms: print and online, in some cases also television and radio. Research was conducted in six media companies which are undergoing some degree of newsroom convergence in Austria, Spain and Germany. Descriptors for different levels of cross-media production and the process of convergence were established—avoiding technological determinism and the typical mindset in the industry that regards full integration as the necessary final step of any convergence project. As a result of the transnational comparison of six case studies, a convergence matrix for analysis and comparison of integrated newsrooms was outlined. The matrix is related to four essential areas of development in a media convergence process: project scope, newsroom management, journalistic practices, work organization. Based on this matrix, three models of newsroom convergence were drawn: full integration, cross-media and co-ordination of isolated platforms.
The concept of Social Media is top of the agenda for many business executives today. Decision makers, as well as consultants, try to identify ways in which firms can make profitable use of applications such as Wikipedia, YouTube, Facebook, Second Life, and Twitter. Yet despite this interest, there seems to be very limited understanding of what the term “Social Media” exactly means; this article intends to provide some clarification. We begin by describing the concept of Social Media, and discuss how it differs from related concepts such as Web 2.0 and User Generated Content. Based on this definition, we then provide a classification of Social Media which groups applications currently subsumed under the generalized term into more specific categories by characteristic: collaborative projects, blogs, content communities, social networking sites, virtual game worlds, and virtual social worlds. Finally, we present 10 pieces of advice for companies which decide to utilize Social Media.
This study examines how national UK newspaper websites are integrating user-generated content (UGC). A survey quantifying the adoption of UGC by mainstream news organisations showed a dramatic increase in the opportunities for contributions from readers. In-depth interviews with senior news executives revealed this expansion is taking place despite residual doubts about the editorial and commercial value of material from the public. The study identified a shift towards the use of moderation due to editors’ persistent concerns about reputation, trust, and legal liabilities, indicating that UK newspaper websites are adopting a traditional gate-keeping role towards UGC. The findings suggest a gate-keeping approach may offer a model for the integration of UGC, with professional news organisations providing editorial structures to bring different voices into their news reporting, filtering and aggregating UGC in ways they believe to be useful and valuable to their audience. While this research looked at UGC initiatives in the context of the UK newspaper industry, it has broad relevance as professional journalists tend to share a similar set of norms. The British experience offers valuable lessons for news executives making their first forays into this area and for academics studying the field of participatory journalism.
The business model concept is becoming increasingly popular within IS, management and strategy literature. It is used within many fields of research, including both traditional strategy theory and in the emergent body of literature on e-business. However, the concept is often used independently from theory, meaning model components and their interrelations are relatively obscure. Nonetheless, we believe that the business model concept is useful in explaining the relation between IS and strategy. This paper offers an outline for a conceptual business model, and proposes that it should include customers and competitors, the offering, activities and organisation, resources and factor market interactions. The causal inter-relations and the longitudinal processes by which business models evolve should also be included. The model criticises yet draws on traditional strategy theory and on the literature that addresses business models directly. The business model is illustrated by an ERP implementation in a European multi-national company.
The increasing prevalence of new media technologies and the rise of citizen journalism has coincided with a crisis in industrial journalism –as the figure of the "journalist as hero" is fading, new media forms have facilitated the production of news content "from below" by citizens and "pro-am" journalists. Participation in an action-research project run during the 2007 Australian Federal Election, youdecide 2007, allowed the authors to gain first-hand insights into the progress of citizen-led news media in Australia, but also allowed us to develop an account of what the work of facilitating citizen journalism involves. These insights are important to understanding the future of professional journalism and journalism education, as more mainstream media organizations move to accommodate and harness user-created content. The paper considers the relevance of citizen journalism projects as forms of R&D for understanding news production and distribution in participatory media cultures, and the importance of grounded case studies for moving beyond normative debates about new media and the future of journalism.
Pagination reduces page-production time for the newspaper as a whole, but it adds to the time spent in the newsroom, where this computerized page design and assembly process is done. This study of 12 U.S. dailies showed that pagination took editors an average of about 15 minutes per page more. That time burden has implications for editorial quality.
A review of the literature indicates a participative style of management is important to job satisfaction during periods of technological change in the newsroom. Studies suggest the relationship between job satisfaction and computerization of newsrooms is a combination of four factors: method of introduction, types of positions using the equipment, individual characteristics of the users and environment into which computers are introduced. Based on past research, newspaper managers are advised to allow employee participation during the planning stage of computerization and managers are warned to plan carefully.
Though it is seen as an advance, many respondents in Washington state survey are accepting computerized pagination with ambivalence and concern about its impact on the traditional journalistic mission.
Use of modular format, color and offset printing continues to increase.
Strategic Management in the Media Industry: Theory and Practice aims to provide a comprehensive, accessible and expert introduction to strategy within a media management context. It is divided into two parts - part one proves an introduction to and overview of the media industry from a strategic management perspective, looking in detail at the sectors that together comprise the industry - newspaper, book and magazine publishing, music, radio and television - and the strategic forces at work in each. This provides the foundation for part two, which analyses a number of strategic topics central to the media sector, such as technological change, organisational structure, leadership, and creativity and innovation. The chapters follow the same structure: the relevant theory is outlined, its application to the media industry is discussed, and case studies from the media industry are used to illustrate the theory and illuminate its relevance for the media field. The cases and examples used come from all sectors of the industry and a range of geographic regions and include News Corporation, Endemol, BBC, Bertelsman, CNN, MTV, Disney and Pixar.
Scholarship about social media in general, and Twitter in particular, has increased dramatically in recent years as adoption by individuals and institutions has burgeoned; especially by journalists and media organisations. Much of the journalism research on Twitter has focused on the dynamics of professional news practices on the social media platform, with journalism considered as a cultural field of production. This paper considers Twitter as a networked communication space that results in a hybridity of old and new frames, values and approaches. It highlights research that points to the hybrid and innovative forms of news production on open, networked platforms, suggesting new paradigms of journalism at play that break with classic narrative structures and deviate from long-held and fiercely defended norms.
This article explicates, in a concrete, step-by-step manner, some procedures that can be followed in phenomenologically analyzing interview data. It also addresses a number of issues that are raised in relation to phenomenological research.
In this article, I examine how ‘old’ media organizations develop ‘new’ media technologies by analyzing processes of technological innovation in two Danish newspaper companies that integrated blogs into their websites in very different ways in 2007. Drawing on concepts from science and technology studies and sociology and building on previous research on blogging by news media organizations, I analyze how the three different communities involved in the development process – journalists and managers, but also the often-overlooked community of technologists – articulated different versions of what blogging ought to be in each organization and tried to shape the technology and pull the development work in different directions. On the basis of interviews with key participants, I show how the two newspaper organizations (equally ‘old’ media) came to develop nominally the same ‘new’ medium (blogs) for nominally the same purpose (journalism) in quite different ways through tension-filled and often contentious collaborative processes. I argue that researchers interested in understanding technological innovation in the media industry need to consider the important and active role played by the community of technologists (project managers, computer programers, information architects, etc.) that are increasingly integral to how legacy media organizations operate in a new and ever more convergent media environment under circumstances of great economic uncertainty, and discuss the wider implications for how we understand processes of technological development in the news media and the realization of the democratic potentials of new media technologies.
Social media is already a fixture for reporting for many journalists, especially around breaking news events where non-professionals may already be on the scene to share an eyewitness report, photo, or video of the event. At the same time, the huge amount of content posted in conjunction with such events serves as a challenge to finding interesting and trustworthy sources in the din of the stream. In this paper we develop and investigate new methods for filtering and assessing the verity of sources found through social media by journalists. We take a human centered design approach to developing a system, SRSR ("Seriously Rapid Source Review"), informed by journalistic practices and knowledge of information production in events. We then used the system, together with a realistic reporting scenario, to evaluate the filtering and visual cue features that we developed. Our evaluation offers insights into social media information sourcing practices and challenges, and highlights the role technology can play in the solution.
The authors developed a short course of introductory qualitative research methods to help the lessons learned organizations in the police community improve their data collection techniques. This document provides an annotated version of the course material. It should be of interest to research professionals interested in qualitative research methods. This research was conducted within the Intelligence Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Department of the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community. The authors of this work are Margaret Harrell and Melissa Bradley.
This article presents a new institutionalism approach to news grounded in sociological and historical approaches to new institutionalism and argues that this approach to news production has several advantages. Among them are that it encourages analysts to see the news as an outcome of interaction between journalists and other political actors, that it allows for variance in news coverage around a general tendency toward homogeneity in the news, and, finally, that it encourages scholars to examine the full range of news outlets in the media universe rather than to concentrate their attention on the narrow world of mainstream elite media. This approach is compared and contrasted with that offered by Sparrow elsewhere in this issue, and future directions for research are offered.
More than a decade after the adoption of the Internet by news organisations and newsrooms, journalism is still coming to terms with its implications. It offers a novel platform for reaching audiences and has become a part of newsgathering and news-processing routines. But, as the Net develops in sometimes unpredictable directions, it raises an array of new questions about practices and values, some of which go to the declared defining essentials of journalism. The new media ecology, with its additional agendas of interactivity, democracy, multimediality, and with a new domain of bloggers and citizen reporters, presents a set of issues and opportunities that extend beyond familiar boundaries. European journalists in 11 countries were asked, in an informed survey, to respond to questions concerning these developments. The results elaborate some of the tensions between “traditional” journalism, rooted in “old” media, and the new perceptions, expectations and pressures of digital journalism in an increasingly inter-connected media system.
This article examines the material culture of newsroom practices by focusing on the dynamics of the processes through which news workers adopt new technolo-gies. More specifically, it looks at some key factors that shape the adoption of mul-timedia and interactive technologies in online newspapers. Through ethnographic case studies of innovations in 3 online newsrooms, I show that variations in orga-nizational structures, work practices, and representations of the users are related to different ways in which members of the newsroom appropriate these technolo-gies. I draw from this analysis to reflect on issues related to the technological di-mension of editorial work and the dynamics of media convergence. Field studies of newsroom dynamics have shed light on the interpersonal, institu-tional, and political dimensions of editorial work (Epstein, 1973; Gans, 1980; Gitlin, 1980; Kaniss, 1991; Tuchman, 1978). Despite these valuable contributions, re-search in this area has mostly neglected the newsroom's technological dimension. According to Sumpter (2000), "Media sociologies . . . have lagged the technical . . . evolution of the news worker's milieu" (p. 335). This lag is particular salient to make sense of contemporary American media firms, given the extent to which their newsrooms have been computerized since the 1970s. To Hansen, Ward, Conners, and Neuzil (1994), "The now classic newsmaking studies require reex-amination in the light of information technology adoption in the newspaper in-dustry" (p. 561). In a review of research on news work, Schudson (2000) con-cluded, "There has been little academic attention to the concrete consequences of the technological transformation of news production" (p. 182).
Companies commercialize new ideas and technologies through their business models. While companies may have extensive investments and processes for exploring new ideas and technologies, they often have little if any ability to innovate the business models through which these inputs will pass. This matters - the same idea or technology taken to market through two different business models will yield two different economic outcomes. So it makes good business sense for companies to develop the capability to innovate their business models.This paper explores the barriers to business model innovation, which previous academic research has identified as including conflicts with existing assets and business models, as well as cognition in understanding these barriers. Processes of experimentation and effectuation, and the successful leadership of organizational change must be brought to bear in order to overcome these barriers. Some examples of business model innovation are provided to underline its importance, in hopes of inspiring managers and academics to take these challenges on.
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