No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The effect of tillage practices on barley production under rainfed conditions in Jordan
... The study of [9] revealed that deeptillage with moldboard plow gave the highest number of tiller per plant superior to the disc plow and harrows for shallow tillage depths. [13] Found that plant height was significantly higher for disc plow, followed by chisel plow, compared with NT. The date of [14] showed that CT (moldboard plow) gave the highest spike m -2 followed by RT (shallow straw cultivator) followed by NT. ...
... It has been also reported that RT (chisel plow) and CT (disk plow) gave the highest seed yield without significant difference between them 151 and 134 g m -2 respectively, while it was 70 g m -2 Selecting suitable seeding rate is important factor to increase seed yield. [16] found significant effect of seeding rates on tiller number as it was 69.8, 78.9, 88.1, and 102.3 tiller per meter length for seeding rates 67, 135, 202, and 270 kg ha for NT [13]. [14] reported significant effect of tillage systems on biological yield, the highest yield produced by CT followed by RT followed by NT. ...
... These results could be due to CT and RT systems encouraged the emergence and early growth of plants. This is in accordance with the results that reported by [12], [13], and [11]. ...
A Av va ai il la ab bl le e o on nl li in ne e a at t: : 2 T w ww ww w. .b ba as sr ra as sc ci ie en nc ce e-j jo ou ur rn na al l. .o or rg g2 T I IS SS SN N ــ 1ــ 18 81 17 7 ــ 2ــ 26 69 95 5 M Ma ar rw wa an n N N.. R Ra am ma ad dh ha an n M Ma ac ch hi in ne es s a an nd d a ag gr ri ic cu ul lt tu ur ra al l m ma ac ch hi in ne er ri ie es s d de ep pt t. ., , A Ag gr ri ic c.. C Co ol ll le eg ge e, , B Ba as sr ra ah h U Un ni iv ve er rs si it ty y, , B Ba as sr ra ah h, , I Ir ra aq q.. m ma al la al li i8 84 41 1@ @g gm ma ai il l. .c co om m R Re ec ce ei iv ve ed d 2 22 2-7 7-2 20 01 12 2, ,A Ac cc ce ep pt te ed d 1 11 1-1 12 2-2 20 01 12 2 Abstract A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of conventional tillage (CT), Reduced tillage (RT) and No-Tillage (NT) systems using three seeding rates (100, 120, and 140 kg haP-1 P) of two barley species Hordeum vulgare L. cultivars namely Arivat and IPA-99. The aim of the experiment was to develop management strategy for selecting tillage system, seeding rate, and cultivar to increase yield of barley under semi-arid conditions. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split-split plots arrangement having tillage systems as main plot, cultivars as sub plot and seed rates as sub-sub plot. CT and RT was more effective in enhancing tiller number, plant height, spike number, seed yield and biological yield as compared with NT. Tiller number, plant height, spike number, seed yield and biological yield for the highest seeding rate was 24.253, 5.285, 44.142, 31.108, and 9.128% respectively greater than for the lowest. IPA-99 cultivar had more tillers per unit area, spike number, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index and higher plants than Arivat cultivar. However, Arivat cultivar had higher kernel per spike and thousand kernel weight. Negative correlation coefficients were found between spikes number and kernels per spike of-0.691 and spikes number and kernels weight of-0.943. Applying seed rate of 140 kg haP-1 P with IPA-99 cultivar under CT seems to the promising combination for semiarid barley.
... Generally, the data of partial budget concluded that conservation tillage system applied after rain precipitation (CTAR) was the optimum tillage system economically for each of wheat and barley under rainfed conditions. These results are in harmony with those obtained by Samarah (2006 and2009). Ultimately, adoption of conservation tillage practices are needs further economic environmental analysis. ...
... In this respect, many research results concluded that tillage normally assists in increasing the soil moisture holding capacity through increased porosity, increasing the infiltration rates and reducing the surface runoff by providing surface microrelief or roughness which helps in temporary storage of rain water, thus providing more time for infiltration (Wilhelm et al, 1982;Hudson, 1987;Wilhelm, 1998;Al-Issa and Samarah, 2009;Cook, 2006 andMoreno et al, 2006). ...
... Comparison between seasonal precipitation (Prec) and runoff coefficients a (RC) at Jawa and the modern experimental runoff-farms Avdat and Shivta in Israel. Adapted from Evenari et al. (1982: 146 ff; -Issa and Samarah, 2007). The crop growth parameters were set by using the default settings (Stöckle and Nelson, 2000). ...
... Associated average monthly minimum temperatures reached 20.8°C and 2.8°C respectively. These temperature data are in good agreement with averaged seasonal data for Ramtha station (32°30′ N, 36°00′ E; 595 m asl) in northern Jordan (Al-Issa and Samarah, 2007), located about 110 km northwest of Safawi, indicating that temperature profiles within northern Jordan have very similar characteristics. In the absence of local data for Jawa it therefore seems reasonable to use temperature data from Safawi station for crop simulations at Jawa. ...
Located in the basalt desert of northeastern Jordan, Early Bronze Age (EBA) Jawa is regarded as one of the major settlements in the Middle East during the 4th millennium BCE. In addition to a sophisticated water storage system, the existence of three complex agricultural terrace systems based on runoff and floodwater irrigation in the close vicinity was recently revealed.This paper investigates the impact of these water management strategies on harvest yields and the scale of the 'on-site' crop production at Jawa by applying a crop simulation model (CropSyst). Simulations for the cultivation of winter barley, winter wheat and lentils were performed for the period from 1983 to 2014. To simulate the different runoff irrigation schemes, a curve-number-based rainfall-runoff model was applied. To estimate the number of people that could have been supplied by the local food production, simple calculations based on metabolic calorie requirements and agricultural and pastoral production rates were conducted.This study shows that the runoff farming systems of EBA Jawa are relatively effective under current rainfall conditions. Even during dryer seasons, the simulated crop yields are much higher under runoff irrigation/floodwater irrigation than under non-irrigated conditions. On average the crop yields increase by 1.5 to 6 times, depending on crop type and runoff irrigation level. Moreover, a marked decrease in crop failures could be observed. The total crop and animal production could have satisfied the nutritional requirements of about 500 to 1000 persons per year. Considering the estimated maximum population for EBA Jawa, ranging from 3400 to 5000 people (Helms, 1981), local production did not meet the basic needs of all inhabitants. This indicates that trade might have been an important branch of Jawa's economy in order to supplement food resources. Moreover, former population estimates for ancient Jawa might be overstated.
... This corroborate with the earlier findings of Mukherjee (2008), Bisen and Singh (2008) and Wasaya et al., (2012). Ahmad (2007) reported that the maximum plant height resulted from minimum tillage. Tillage had an effective impact on the growth at plants, especially plant height (Abdalla, 2006). ...
... The highest number of leaf was obtained in conservation tillage (RT), but the lowest number of leaf was obtained in no-tillage system (NT) ( Table 5). Ahmad (2007), in an experiment on the wheat plant, reported that the maximum wheat plant height resulted from minimum tillage (70 cm) and minimum wheat plant height resulted from no-tillage system (58 cm). Wang and partners (2006), in an experiment on wheat during 6 years with three tillage system concluded that average grain yield under tillage system was at least 8% more than the grain yield under conventional tillage system at 5% probability level. ...
In order to investigate the effect of tillage system and plant density on grain yield component in three varieties of corn, an experimental design, random complete block in a split factorial was used. Treatments arrangement was in quadruplicate in north of Iran in 2010. Main plot was subjected to tillage system in three levels: 1. Conventional system (CT). 2. Conservation system (RT) -chisel plough and multitiller. 3. No-tillage system (NT). Other factors were plant density in three levels (65000, 75000 and 85000 plant/ha) and three varieties of corn (500, 540, L.cv.sc 370). The results indicated that the grain yield and biological yield, which were affected by tillage system did not show any significant difference, while the grain yield and biological yield, which were affected by plant density and varieties showed significant difference. With the increase of density from 65000 to 85000 plants/ha, grain yield and biological yield decreased, respectively by an amount of 18.79 and 19.06. The reason for that was the decrease of some yield components, such as 1000 seeds weight, the number of grain in each row and the number of ear.
Introduction
Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important bean types in Iran. Cultivation area of pinto bean is about 50% of the total bean cultivation area and more than half of the grain bean production belongs to this type of bean. Drought is the most important environmental stresses that affected agricultural production in arid and semiarid areas and reduced crop productions. About 90 percent of Iran located in arid and semi-arid areas where water stress in the plants is inevitable. In addition, 60% of bean cultivation area in the world are faced with drought. Quantitative analysis of crops growth under water limitation condition is a good way to identify genotypes differences in response to drought stress.
Materials and Methods
In order to study the impact of deficit irrigation on pinto bean genotypes, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design, at Shahrekord University, during 2013. Main plot was irrigation regime (supply of 100, 80 and 60 percent of crop water requirement) and sub plot was pinto bean genotype (Taylor, Sadri, C.O.S.16, KS21193 (Koosha193) and KS21486). Seeds were disinfected with benomyl fungicide before planting. Planting was conducted in 30 plant m-2 density. Crop water requirement was calculated by FAO Penman-Monteith equation. Irrigation regimes were applied at V4 stage (4th three foliate leaf has unfolded) and continued until the end of the growing season.
Results and Discussion
Results showed that there is genotypic variation in stem, leaf and seed dry weight, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) in response to deficit irrigation. The dry matter accumulation of bean genotypes was sigmoidal shape and reduction in water use causes degradation of dry matter both in terms of the amount of dry matter and dry matter accumulation rate.
The highest RUE was recorded in KS21486 in supply of 80 percent of crop water requirement (3.21 g MJ-1). RUE changes to the reduction of irrigated water vary from genotype to genotype. So that, RUE of Taylor, Sadri and C.O.S.16 reduced and RUE of KS21193 and KS21486 increased in supply of 80 percent of crop water requirement condition. Moreover, RUE of all genotypes reduced in supply of 60 percent of crop water requirement condition. In fact, the amount of light absorption and biomass production reduced due to deficit irrigation. Under drought conditions, reduction in water availability decreases cell growth and subsequent reductions in leaf area index. Thus ratio of dry matter produced by the absorbed light is low and radiation use efficiency will be less. Drought stress reduced total dry weight. KS21486 had more rapidly seed dry weight enhancement rather than the other genotypes in the early stages, however Taylor and KS21193 had highest seed dry weight in all three levels of irrigation. Deficit irrigation decreased leaf area index in supply of 60 and 80 percent of crop water requirement condition compared to supply of 100% of crop water requirement condition. Maximum leaf area index in supply of 100, 80 and 60 percent of crop water requirement conditions were 3.1, 2 and 1.5, respectively. Average reduction of LAD in supply of 80 and 60 percent of plant water requirement conditions were 27 and 42 percent respectively. C.O.S.16 showed the highest CGR and maximum NAR and RGR, in supply of 100 percent of plant water requirement. In supply of 80% and 60% of plant water requirement conditions, KS21486 had the maximum NAR and RGR.
Conclusions
Biomass duration (BMD), LAD, LAI showed the highest correlation with grain yield, thus they are appropriate indicators to estimate grain yield under different moisture conditions. With the increase in leaf area index, leaf area duration and biomass duration, seed yield increased. To obtain more seed yield, the area of photosynthetic levels (leaves) and stay green must be increased to produce more photosynthetic products and allocated to seeds.
Abstract: Field experiments were conducted in silty clay soil, to study the effect of using the modified subsoiler-moldboard plow (MSMP) on some soil properties (bulk density, penetration resistance and electrical conductivity) and on some of broad bean growth and yield parameters (emergency rate, plant height, frock number, pods number per plant, seeds number per pods, weight of 1000 seeds, and total yield). The experiment parameters were three depths of subsoiler as a part of MSMP (30,40 and 50cm) and two depths of moldboard as a part of MSMP (20 and 30cm). The results showed that increasing the subsoiler depth from 30 to 40 cm resulted in redusing the bulk density and electrical conductivity of the soil by 2.70 and 8.29%, respectively, while increased the growth and yield parameters by 10.17, 14.29, 33.43, 7.37, 21.46, 27.31 and 45%, respectively. Increasing the subsoiler depth from 40 to 50cm decreased the soil bulk density and electrical conductivity by 1.85 and 0.60% respectively, whereas the growth and yield parameters increased by 10.22, 37.50, 49.89, 93.13 35.34, 33.34 and 117.67% respectively. Theincrease of the moldboarddepthsfrom 20 to 30cm leaded to increase the growth and yield parameters by 23.16%, 24.70%, 67.46%, 57.51%, 34.38%, 20.33% and 68.16% respectively. The subsoiler and moldboard depths (50 and 30cm) gave the highest emergence rate, plant height, weight of 1000 seeds and yield by 71.61%, 109.42%, 111.01% and 407.46% compared with the shallow depths of subsoiler and moldboard plow depths (30 and 20cm respectively). The results revealed that the values of the soil properties decreased by 12.50%, 60.31% and 40.86%, respectively after tillage, whereas they increased by 17.35%, 250.68% and 169.09%, respectively before harvest. Keywords:Broad bean, modified subsoiler-moldboard plow (MSMP), Soilproperties, Growth and yield parameters.
Evaluation of the ecological sustainability of different cropping systems is crucial to achieve sustainable agriculture. This evaluation is accessible via soil quality assessment. Therefore, to study the mid-term effects of different conservation tillage systems (no tillage and minimum tillage) and cover cropping on the biological indicators of soil quality, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design was conducted in Dastjerd region (Hamedan). Three levels of tillage (NT: no tillage, MT: minimum tillage and CT: conventional tillage) and two levels of cover cropping (C1: Lathyrus sativus and C2: no cover crop) were applied for four consecutive years. Soil sampling was performed in the fourth year of experiment in two steps (1- before cover crop plantation, and 2- after harvesting main crop) with three replications. Most indices (total organic carbon, active carbon, basal respiration, phosphatase activity) were significantly affected by cover crop, tillage systems and sampling time, as the highest values were obtained in NT-C1 in time 2 and the lowest ones in CT-C2 in time 1. For instance, after four years application of treatments, the mean active carbon content was increased from 927 mg/kg in the conventional tillage + no cover crop to 1350 mg/kg in the conservation tillage systems + cover crop. Therefore, conservation tillage practices combined with Lathyrus sativus cover crop were shown to be the most appropriate management for soil quality maintenance and improvement.
Introduction: The study carried out to measure the impact of different tillage methods and the rate of crop residue on soil characteristics, yield and yield components of barley. Excessive traditional tillage and residue removal practices caused to soil erosion and physical, chemical and biological degradation. As a result, improved or new varieties of crops (such as barley) as well as the use of other inputs are not able to deliver their potential contribution. Recently, many concerned farmers have begun to adopt and adapt improved crop management practices that lead towards the ultimate vision of sustainable farming. The term Conservation Agriculture (CA) removes the emphasis from the tillage component and addresses an enhanced concept of the complete agricultural system; it involves major changes in many aspects of the farm cropping operation. Normally starting CA with reduced or zero tillage, it progresses to the retention of adequate levels of crop residue on the soil surface, then to appropriate crop/cultivar selection and rotations.
Materials and Methods
This experiment using a split-plot design based on randomized complete block with 3 replications was conducted at agricultural research station of Gonabad during 2012-13 growing seasons. Main factor was 3 tillage methods (conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no tillage (NT)) allocated to main plots and 3 residue management (Zero (R0), 30% (R1) and 60% (R2) of residue retention) were assigned in sub plots.
Results and Discussion Results showed that the highest level of potassium (K) was obtained from (NT) treatment and under this treatment the amounts of pH and EC were decreased. In addition, under residue management treatments the amounts of EC was decreased and the amounts of phosphorus (P) and K were increased. Furthermore, the nutrition use efficiency (NUE) of nitrogen (N), P and K, were higher in NT treatment in comparison with the other tillage treatments. Interaction effects of NT with 0% of residue (R0) had higher level of agronomic efficiency of nitrogen. On the other hand, different tillage methods and the rate of residue management had no significant effects on biological yield (BY), grain yield (GY), and harvest index (HI). The highest and the lowest level of BY were obtained from NT (8500 kg. ha-1) and RT (with 7470 kg. ha-1) treatments, respectively. The highest amount of BY (8398 kg. ha-1) were obtained from retention of 30% residue (R1) and the highest amount of GY (5224 kg. ha-1) from R0 treatment. The highest BY (9122 kg. ha-1) were obtained from NT + retention of 60% residue treatment (R2). The highest of GY (3897 kg. ha-1) and harvest index (HI) were related to NT + R0
treatments. Finally, change in tillage method from conventional to conservation (no tillage) had no significant effects on yield and yield components of barley. Moreover, increasing of crop residue had positive effect on increasing amount of P and K and decreasing of soil EC.
Key words: Conservation agriculture, Efficiency, No tillage, Reduced tillage, Yield
A Field experiments were conducted in silty clay soil, to study the effect of
using the modified subsoiler-moldboard plow (MSMP) on some soil properties (bulk
density, penetration resistance and electrical conductivity) and on some of broad bean
growth and yield parameters (emergency rate, plant height, frock number, pods number
per plant, seeds number per pods, weight of 1000 seeds, and total yield). The
experiment parameters were three depths of subsoiler as a part of MSMP (30,40 and
50cm) and two depths of moldboard as a part of MSMP (20 and 30cm). The results
showed that increasing the subsoiler depth from 30 to 40 cm resulted in redusing the
bulk density and electrical conductivity of the soil by 2.70 and 8.29%, respectively,
while increased the growth and yield parameters by 10.17, 14.29, 33.43, 7.37, 21.46,
27.31 and 45%, respectively. Increasing the subsoiler depth from 40 to 50cm decreased
the soil bulk density and electrical conductivity by 1.85 and 0.60% respectively,
whereas the growth and yield parameters increased by 10.22, 37.50, 49.89, 93.13 35.34,
33.34 and 117.67% respectively. The increase of the moldboard depths from 20 to 30cm
leaded to increase the growth and yield parameters by 23.16%, 24.70%, 67.46%,
57.51%, 34.38%, 20.33% and 68.16% respectively. The subsoiler and moldboard depths
(50 and 30cm) gave the highest emergence rate, plant height, weight of 1000 seeds and
yield by 71.61%, 109.42%, 111.01% and 407.46% compared with the shallow depths of
subsoiler and moldboard plow depths (30 and 20cm respectively). The results revealed
that the values of the soil properties decreased by 12.50%, 60.31% and 40.86%,
respectively after tillage, whereas they increased by 17.35%, 250.68% and 169.09%,
respectively before harvest.
Field experiments were conducted in silty clay soil, to study the effect of
using the modified subsoiler-moldboard plow (MSMP) on some soil properties (bulk
density, penetration resistance and electrical conductivity) and on some of broad bean
growth and yield parameters (emergency rate, plant height, frock number, pods number
per plant, seeds number per pods, weight of 1000 seeds, and total yield). The
experiment parameters were three depths of subsoiler as a part of MSMP (30,40 and
50cm) and two depths of moldboard as a part of MSMP (20 and 30cm). The results
showed that increasing the subsoiler depth from 30 to 40 cm resulted in redusing the
bulk density and electrical conductivity of the soil by 2.70 and 8.29%, respectively,
while increased the growth and yield parameters by 10.17, 14.29, 33.43, 7.37, 21.46,
27.31 and 45%, respectively. Increasing the subsoiler depth from 40 to 50cm decreased
the soil bulk density and electrical conductivity by 1.85 and 0.60% respectively,
whereas the growth and yield parameters increased by 10.22, 37.50, 49.89, 93.13 35.34,
33.34 and 117.67% respectively. The increase of the moldboard depths from 20 to 30cm
leaded to increase the growth and yield parameters by 23.16%, 24.70%, 67.46%,
57.51%, 34.38%, 20.33% and 68.16% respectively. The subsoiler and moldboard depths
(50 and 30cm) gave the highest emergence rate, plant height, weight of 1000 seeds and
yield by 71.61%, 109.42%, 111.01% and 407.46% compared with the shallow depths of
subsoiler and moldboard plow depths (30 and 20cm respectively). The results revealed
that the values of the soil properties decreased by 12.50%, 60.31% and 40.86%,
respectively after tillage, whereas they increased by 17.35%, 250.68% and 169.09%,
respectively before harvest.
Conventional methods of seed bed preparation involve intensive tillage which not only deteriorate the soil physical health but also increase input cost for resource poor farmers of developing countries. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate different less intensive tillage systems on soil physical properties and wheat yield. The tillage treatments applied at the time of wheat planting were minimum tillage (MT), rotavator (RT), disc plough (DP) and cultivator (CT) arranged in RCBD layout. Soil bulk density was lowest under DP at 0-15 cm and under MT at 15-30 cm soil depth. Consequently the highest total soil porosity was observed under DP at 0-15 cm depth and under MT and DP at 15-30 cm depth. Soil water content measured twelve times during crop period did not show significant difference among tillage treatments. Mean values of soil water content were 8.20% at 0-15 cm depth and 9.29 at 15-30 cm depth. Wheat biomass yield was higher under DP and MT than RT and CT. Grain yield was highest under DP followed by MT that was signifcnalty higher than CT. Regression analysis showed that variation in biomass and grain yield of wheat was mainly explained by the differences in bulk density with r 2 values of 0.566 and 0.623, respectively. The study indicates that minimum tillage and disc plough can be used as an alternative to conventional intensive tillage systems for better soil physical health and wheat crop in subtropical dry land conditions.
Agriculture the major .economic and social activity in the globe. It is understood that agriculture is highly sensitive to climatic variability and likely to be affected most to predicted climate change. The fourth assessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reconfirmed that the phenomenon of existence of climate change in recent decades is due to anthropogenic activities. It is also revealed the availability of wide array of adaptation options for agro-ecosystem to cope up with the impact of climate change. However, it is important to design more extensive adaptation strategies to reduce vulnerability of agriculture and rural poor to impacts of climate change. Climate change impacts and responses are presently observed as autonomous adaptation in the physical and ecological_ systems as well as in human adjustments to resource availability and risks at different spatial and tropic levels. But these strategies are not enough to reduce the current anthropogenic driven climate change, so there is a need to adopt the planned adaptation. This paper reviews the findings based on the series of studies carried across the globe on the potential adaptation strategies to alleviate the impact of climate change by improving the resilience of the agro-ecosystems. Adaptation strategies have to be in place to reduce vulnerability to climate change through developing consensus between industrialized countries and developing countries at global scale, whereas new public policies in place at national regional and local level is prudent to support
adaptation research, insurances, incentives to farmers to adapt new technologies.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.