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Saline water on chemical properties of soil and nutritional status of Cassava
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of saline water on chemical properties of the soil and nutritional attributes of cassava. The work was conducted in the area of Irrigation and Drainage of IF Baiano, Campus de Senhor do Bonfim, BA (10 degrees 28'S, 40 degrees 11'W and 550 m). The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of seven treatments and three replicates. The treatments consisted of control (rainfed), a treatment irrigated with drinking water (100% of ETc) and five treatments irrigated with saline water of 3 dS m(-1) with varying water depths: 110, 120, 130, 140 and 150% of ETc. The use of saline water increased the exchangeable sodium percentage, the sodium adsortion ratio and the electrical conductivity of the soil in both 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m dephts. Regarding the leaf nutritional status of cassava, the treatments influenced only the contents of calcium, magnesium and chlorine.
... all the treatments used, indicating that Magnesium was the element most absorbed by Salicornia ramosissima [12]. observed that Na absorbed by Atriplex was higher than those of Ca, Mg and K when grown in greenhouse on saline-sodium soil [13]. in experiment with cassava, observed that, in the case of magnesium, the highest levels were also observed in the treatments that received saline water, which provided greater moisture in the soil, which facilitates the absorption of this ion. ...
... When the sodium content is high in relation to the other cations, it can be adsorbed by the exchange complex and, in this case, the clay particles can be dispersed, and the soil loses its structure, becoming impermeable (Holanda Filho et al., 2011). Thus, the dissolved salts in the soil solution promote changes in the physiological processes of the cultures, with consequent reduction in their root growth and their production of photoassimilates. ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the biofertilizers (common and enriched) in substrate irrigated with saline waters on the quality of the seedlings evaluated by the phytomass from yellow Passiflora edullis. In this sense, an experiment was carried in a greenhouse at the Center of Agricultural Sciences and Biodiversity CCAB/UFCA, Crato-CE, from October/2017 to March/2018. The substrate used was a material of the first 20 cm to depth of a Red Yellow Latosol. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme of type 5 × 3, with three replications, referring to the electrical conductivity values of the irrigation water: 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0 dS m-1, in the soil without the bovine biofertilizer; in treatments with common biofertilizer and, evaluated in the soil with enriched biofertilizer, conditioned in black polyethylene bags with it a maximum capacity of 5.0 kg, totaling 60 treatments. The fermented bovine biofertilizer after dilution in non-saline and non-chlorinated water (0.5 dS m-1), in the proportion of 1:3, was applied only once to 10% of the substrate volume, two days before sowing. The salinity increase of the irrigation water affected negatively the phytomass production, but with less intensity in the treatments with enriched biofertilizer. The enriched and common biofertilizer provided higher growth and consequently higher phytomass production of passion fruit seedlings in relation to the soil without the respective input, independently of the level of salinity of irrigation water.
A study was undertaken to estimate correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield and yield contributing traits
in 50 wheat cultivars grown in Randomized Block Design with three replications during rabi season 2013-14. The grain yield per plant has significant and positive correlations both at genotypic and phenotypic levels with biological yield per plant, grain weight per main spike, 1000 grain weight and number of grains per main spike. The path coefficient analysis revealed high and positive direct effects of the number of effective tillers per plant, number of grains per main spike, 1000 grain weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index on grain yield per plant. Thus, these traits are to be considered as the most important yield contributors and due emphasis should be given while attempting yield improvement in wheat.
The effects of irrigation water salinity, leaching fraction and its frequency of application on soil salinization were studied. Three water salinities (S1=1.54, S2=3.10 and S3=5.20 dS m-1) and two irrigation water depths associated with their application frequencies (W1=1.00 ETc; W2F1=1.25 ETc in all irrigations and W2F2=1.25 ETc when the irrigation water depth of W1 reached 100 mm where ETc is the crop evapotranspiration), were applied during the growing period of a grafted-cucumber crop in a greenhouse. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks of 3 x 3 factorial scheme with 3 replications. Soil salinity at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 m depths increased linearly with salinity levels of water and the leaching fraction did not have any effect regardless of its management. Salt concentration was higher near the soil surface and between the adjacent drippers.
Os efeitos de cinco lâminas de lixiviação e quatro níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação sobre a salinidade de um Neossolo Flúvico e a produtividade da cultura da beterraba (Beta vulgaris L.) foram estudados em lisímetros de drenagem. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em arranjo fatorial com quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (1,0, 2,0, 3,0 e 4,0 dS m-1, a 25 °C) e cinco lâminas de lixiviação equivalente a 0,25, 0,50, 0,75, 1,00 e 1,25 do volume de poros do solo ou 53, 106, 159, 206 e 248 mm, respectivamente, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os componentes avaliados foram a produtividade da cultura e as salinidades no solo e no lixiviado. Os resultados obtidos mostraram incrementos da salinidade no lixiviado com o decréscimo das lâminas de lixiviação. Os maiores índices de salinidade no perfil do solo, ao final do ciclo da cultura, corresponderam aos tratamentos que receberam as menores lâminas de lixiviação e condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação. A produtividade total da beterraba e a produção das raízes com diâmetros maiores que 3, 4, 5, 6 e 7 cm, não foram influenciadas pelos níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação e lâminas de lixiviação.
An experiment was carried out in permeameters provided with vertical column and constant hydraulic head in order to evaluate sodification risks of soils with contrasting characteristics and treated with solutions of different electrical conductivities (EC) and sodium adsorption ratios (SAR). The treatments consisted of nine soils and eighteen percolating solutions with three EC values (175, 500 and 1,500 mS cm-1) and six SAR values (0 to 30 for sandy soils, 0 to 25 for medium textured soils and 0 to 15 for clay textured soils). Initially, the adjustment of the Na:Ca ratio on the cation exchange complex of the soils was performed using solutions with concentration of 50 mmol c L-1. Later on leaching with solutions of different EC but same SAR was maintained to reach steady state flow, when the permeameters were dismantled and the soil samples removed for chemical analysis. Exchangeable sodium and cation exchange capacity were determined to calculate exchangeable sodium ratio (ESR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Equations were adjusted between either ESR or ESP with EC and SAR of the percolating solution, the increment of EC and SAR elevated the soil ESR and the ESP. It may be concluded that the correct assessment of the sodification hazard has to take into consideration the soil properties and the water quality.
In order to identify salt tolerance indicators, several physiological variables were evaluated in two contrasting cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) rootstocks in response to salt stress. The tolerant CCP 09 genotype showed better growth performance after two weeks under a large range of NaCl salinity (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM). The NaCl treatments induced a significant drop in transpiration as a consequence of an increased stomatal resistance in both genotypes. No significant differences in Na+, Cl, and K+ concentrations were found in both roots and leaves regardless of rootstocks. The tolerant genotype exhibited lower relative water content and less negative leaf osmotic potential as compared with the sensitive genotype and, therefore, these variables could not be related to salt tolerance. Salt stress caused more significant changes in protein and amino acid concentrations in roots than in leaves. Among the physiological indicators, leaf membrane damage was closely associated with the differences in salt tolerance between the two cashew genotypes. Furthermore, under NaCl salinity the tolerant rootstock showed greater ability to accumulate compatible organic solutes (amino acids, proline and soluble sugars) in leaves in addition to maintaining the soluble sugar concentration in roots as compared with the sensitive rootstock.
Com a finalidade de determinar a acumulação de matéria seca, extração e exportação de macronutrientes por dois cultivares de mandioca, foi conduzido um experimento de campo no Centro Experimental de Campinas, Instituto Agronômico, em solo do grande grupo Latossolo Roxo (Typic Euthrorthox). As amostragens foram feitas em seis épocas do desenvolvimento das plantas, a intervalos regulares de 60 dias. As plantas amostradas foram divididas em raízes tuberosas, hastes e folhas e analisadas para N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Os resultados mostraram que: a) O período de maior acumulação de matéria seca ocorreu dos 120 aos 180 dias após a brotação, com a taxa média de 105,0kg/ha/dia; b) Os cultivares extraíram quantidades diferentes de fósforo e exportaram quantidades diferentes de potássio e enxofre; c) A extração dos elementos, em quilogramas/hectare e quilo-gramas necessários para produção de uma tonelada de raízes foi de 113,3 e 6,21, 11,0 e 0,62, 78,6 e 4,24, 62,0 e 3,37, 18,5 e 1,00, 8,3 e 0,46 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S respectivamente; d) A exportação de nutrientes, em quilogramas/hectare e quilogramas/tonelada de raízes foi de 39,1 e 2,12, 3,9 e 0,22, 32,5 e 1,71, 12,1 e 0,66, 6,7 e 0,36, 1,7 e 0,09 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S respectivamente.