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Structure and position (topography) of spiracles in larvae of the lower Brachycera (Diptera, Brachycera, Orthorrhapha)
Abstract
A comparative morphological analysis of the structure of spiracles in the lower Brachycera (Orthorrhapha) larvae was performed for the first time. The spiracular atrium is shown to be characterized by the similar type of the structure in representatives of different families. It consists of morphological structures resembling plastron of Nematocera pupae. The majority of larvae in the lower Brachycera considered as amphipneustic or apneustic forms is shown to be of polypneustic type and possesses metathoracal and abdominal spiracles connected with tracheal trunks by tracheal branches. The data obtained attest to the stability of the tracheal system in the lower Brachycera.
... Os espiráculos posteriores estão localizados no último segmento abdominal, póstero-dorsalmente, e mostram-se esclerotizados com o peritrema circundando as fendas espiraculares em número de três (Fig. 2). Considera-se que a estrutura morfológica dos espiráculos posteriores de N. perezi poderá ser utilizada na caracterização da espécie, assim como proposto por Krivosheina (2005). As medidas das mandíbulas e de espiráculos posteriores de larvas N. perezi obtidas estão representadas na Tabela 3. ...
The aim of this study was to determine biological and morphological patterns of the male shoot fly, Neosilba perezi (Diptera: Lonchaeidae). Under laboratory conditions, the incubation period of eggs took two days, on average (viability of eggs: 55.5%). Bred on an artificial diet, based on cassava flour, the mean time of development of the newly hatched larvae to pupa formation occurred in 15 days, and the average pupal period took 23 days. Finally, the biological cycle, from egg to adult, lasted approximately 40 days. The eggs are white colored, have an elliptical form and are about 960 ± 5.30 µm long and 290 ± 1.30 µm large in the central region; the vermiform larvae, third instar, are milky white and are ± 10 mm long (3rd instar).
The position of the genus Heterotropus Loew is considered based on the data on biology of Heterotropus ammophilus Paramonov. Judging by the larval morphology and biology, the subfamily Heterotropinae should be elevated to the family rank and considered within the superfamily Bombylioidea, together with Bombyliidae, Nemestrinidae, and Apioceridae.
Most of the terrestrial bugs possess 10 pairs of spiracles, 2 thoracic and 8 abdominal pairs. The position of the thoracic spiracles is constant, but the abdominal spiracles show certain variations. Structurally, all bugs bear the external type of regulatory apparatus in the thoracic and the internal type in the abdominal spiracles. Among the 2 lids of the thoracic spiracles, the stationary lid shows gradual reduction in various insects to attain a shape of a sclerotized band in a few species. Similarly the lever of the abdominal spiracles shows gradual attainment of rod-like appearance from the shape of a movable lid. The external type of regulatory apparatus has been considered to be more primitive than the internal type. The author has tried to show how the external type might have given rise to the internal type of regulatory apparatus. The presence of bristles over and inside the spiracles has been correlated with the feeding habit of the bugs.
The outer surface of the plastron of the pupal spiracular gills of the Simuliidae was previously thought to be the network formed by the apical branches of the vertical struts. It is now shown that this horizontal network supports a thin laminate outer epicuticle and also a fine meshwork, both of which have been previously overlooked. A simple method is described for quickly producing three-dimensional micrographs of great depth with the transmission electron microscope.