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Innovative technologies to monitor plankton dynamics - Scanning flow cytometry: a new dimension in real-time, in-situ water quality monitoring
Abstract
Phytoplankton is an important water-quality indicator due to its high species differentiation, fast growth rates and responsiveness to environmental actuators. National and regional regulations and directives call for a detailed assessment of phytoplankton blooms as an indicator of the ecological status of various types of waters. Microscopic analysis of samples takes a lot of time and, therefore, only detects low-frequency changes. Automated systems, such as scanning cytometry, can fill the gaps between microscopical examinations by gathering information on rapid, high-frequency changes and, thus, permit real-time, in-situ operational monitoring. This article discusses modern scanning flow cytometry as a practical means to obtain real-time information on changes in plankton communities in marine, coastal and estuarine waters.
... Indeed cytometry is calibrated using plastic microbeads. In situ flow and imaging cytometers have been deployed (Dubelaar and Jonker, 2000;Dubelaar and Geerders, 2004;Lambert et al., 2017;Olson et al., 2017;Sosik, 2017), and an intriguing possibility is the reduction in size and power of deployed systems using microcytometers (Benazzi et al., 2007;Barat et al., 2012;Spencer et al., 2014Spencer et al., , 2016McGrath et al., 2017). Focused and significant effort is required to turn these opportunities into mature sensor technologies that can address operational metrology of marine debris across a wide size range in the marine environment. ...
Maximenko et al. Integrated Marine Debris Observing System Plastics and other artificial materials pose new risks to the health of the ocean. Anthropogenic debris travels across large distances and is ubiquitous in the water and on shorelines, yet, observations of its sources, composition, pathways, and distributions in the ocean are very sparse and inaccurate. Total amounts of plastics and other man-made debris in the ocean and on the shore, temporal trends in these amounts under exponentially increasing production, as well as degradation processes, vertical fluxes, and time scales are largely unknown. Present ocean circulation models are not able to accurately simulate drift of debris because of its complex hydrodynamics. In this paper we discuss the structure of the future integrated marine debris observing system (IMDOS) that is required to provide long-term monitoring of the state of this anthropogenic pollution and support operational activities to mitigate impacts on the ecosystem and on the safety of maritime activity. The proposed observing system integrates remote sensing and in situ observations. Also, models are used to optimize the design of the system and, in turn, they will be gradually improved using the products of the system. Remote sensing technologies will provide spatially coherent coverage and consistent surveying time series at local to global scale. Optical sensors, including high-resolution imaging, multi-and hyperspectral, fluorescence, and Raman technologies, as well as SAR will be used to measure different types of debris. They will be implemented in a variety of platforms, from hand-held tools to ship-, buoy-, aircraft-, and satellite-based sensors. A network of in situ observations, including reports from volunteers, citizen scientists and ships of opportunity, will be developed to provide data for calibration/validation of remote sensors and to monitor the spread of plastic pollution and other marine debris. IMDOS will interact with other observing systems monitoring physical, chemical, and biological processes in the ocean and on shorelines as well as the state of the ecosystem, maritime activities and safety, drift of sea ice, etc. The synthesized data will support innovative multidisciplinary research and serve a diverse community of users.
... Indeed cytometry is calibrated using plastic microbeads. In situ flow and imaging cytometers have been deployed (Dubelaar and Jonker, 2000;Dubelaar and Geerders, 2004;Lambert et al., 2017;Olson et al., 2017;Sosik, 2017), and an intriguing possibility is the reduction in size and power of deployed systems using microcytometers (Benazzi et al., 2007;Barat et al., 2012;Spencer et al., 2014Spencer et al., , 2016McGrath et al., 2017). Focused and significant effort is required to turn these opportunities into mature sensor technologies that can address operational metrology of marine debris across a wide size range in the marine environment. ...
Plastics and other artificial materials pose new risks to health of the ocean. Anthropogenic debris travels across large distances and is ubiquitous in the water and on the shorelines, yet, observations of its sources, composition, pathways and distributions in the ocean are very sparse and inaccurate.
Total amounts of plastics and other man-made debris in the ocean and on the shore, temporal trends in these amounts under exponentially increasing production, as well as degradation processes, vertical fluxes and time scales are largely unknown. Present ocean circulation models are not able to accurately simulate drift of debris because of its complex hydrodynamics.
In this paper we discuss the structure of the future integrated marine debris observing system (IMDOS) that is required to provide long-term monitoring of the state of the anthropogenic pollution and support operational activities to mitigate impacts on the ecosystem and safety of maritime activity.
The proposed observing system integrates remote sensing and in situ observations. Also, models are used to optimize the design of the system and, in turn, they will be gradually improved using the products of the system.
Remote sensing technologies will provide spatially coherent coverage and consistent surveying time series at local to global scale. Optical sensors, including high-resolution imaging, multi- and hyperspectral, fluorescence, and Raman technologies, as well as SAR will be used to measure different types of debris. They will be implemented in a variety of platforms, from hand-held tools to ship-, buoy-, aircraft-, and satellite-based sensors.
A network of in situ observations, including reports from volunteers, citizen scientists and ships of opportunity, will be developed to provide data for calibration/validation of remote sensors and to monitor the spread of plastic pollution and other marine debris.
IMDOS will interact with other observing systems monitoring physical, chemical, and biological processes in the ocean and on shorelines as well as state of the ecosystem, maritime activities and safety, drift of sea ice, etc.
The synthesized data will support innovative multi-disciplinary research and serve diverse community of users.
... Indeed cytometry is calibrated using plastic microbeads. In situ flow and imaging cytometers have been deployed (Dubelaar and Jonker, 2000;Dubelaar and Geerders, 2004;Lambert et al., 2017;Olson et al., 2017;Sosik, 2017), and an intriguing possibility is the reduction in size and power of deployed systems using microcytometers (Benazzi et al., 2007;Barat et al., 2012;Spencer et al., 2014Spencer et al., , 2016McGrath et al., 2017). Focused and significant effort is required to turn these opportunities into mature sensor technologies that can address operational metrology of marine debris across a wide size range in the marine environment. ...
Plastics and other artificial materials pose new risks to health of the ocean. Anthropogenic debris travels across large distances and is ubiquitous in the water and on the shorelines, yet, observations of its sources, composition, pathways and distributions in the ocean are very sparse and inaccurate.
Total amounts of plastics and other man-made debris in the ocean and on the shore, temporal trends in these amounts under exponentially increasing production, as well as degradation processes, vertical fluxes and time scales are largely unknown. Present ocean circulation models are not able to accurately simulate drift of debris because of its complex hydrodynamics.
In this paper we discuss the structure of the future integrated marine debris observing system (IMDOS) that is required to provide long-term monitoring of the state of the anthropogenic pollution and support operational activities to mitigate impacts on the ecosystem and safety of maritime activity.
The proposed observing system integrates remote sensing and in situ observations. Also, models are used to optimize the design of the system and, in turn, they will be gradually improved using the products of the system.
Remote sensing technologies will provide spatially coherent coverage and consistent surveying time series at local to global scale. Optical sensors, including high-resolution imaging, multi- and hyperspectral, fluorescence, and Raman technologies, as well as SAR will be used to measure different types of debris. They will be implemented in a variety of platforms, from hand-held tools to ship-, buoy-, aircraft-, and satellite-based sensors.
A network of in situ observations, including reports from volunteers, citizen scientists and ships of opportunity, will be developed to provide data for calibration/validation of remote sensors and to monitor the spread of plastic pollution and other marine debris.
IMDOS will interact with other observing systems monitoring physical, chemical, and biological processes in the ocean and on shorelines as well as state of the ecosystem, maritime activities and safety, drift of sea ice, etc.
The synthesized data will support innovative multi-disciplinary research and serve diverse community of users.
... Automated systems such as scanning flow cytometers (SFCM) can fill the gaps between the microscopic examinations by gathering information on rapid, high-frequency changes, permitting real-time, in situ, operational monitoring [11]. However, the data analysis is based on bidimensional visualization, which is therefore dependent on the expertise and ''common sense'' of the operator. ...
Coastal zones are among the most productive areas in the world, offering a wide variety of valuable habitats and ecosystems services. Despite the low population density in the Brazilian coastal zone, their distribution is quite concentrated near some coastal cities and state capitals. This concentration places enormous pressure on coastal resources. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to present an overview on the current status of SiMoCo (Sistema de Monitoramento Costeiro, or Coastal Monitoring System in English) project as a possible early warning system that can be integrated to the Brazilian Coastal Management Information System. This prototype platform provides a real-time access to the composition, organization and simulation of planktonic communities. First, our results demonstrate such a system detecting a target dinoflagellate; second, we apply structural and functional indexes to compare and characterize the ecological networks from two different coastal areas. Conclusions are made about SiMoCo’s feasibility and its possible contribution to the decision-making process within integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) strategies.
... Nevertheless, the compilation of a global reference data set on taxonomic units for the application of automated (machine) labelling systems awaits calibrations and standardization with taxonomic experts (Culverhouse et al. 2006a). Also, devices such as the CytoSense benchtop and CytoSub/CytoBuoy ìn situ flow-cytometers have been recently developed and could be widely applicable for the automated monitoring and/ or analysis of pico-to micro-plankton fractions (Dubelaar et al. 2004). Still under trial, the HAB-BUOY (http:// www.cis.plym.ac.uk/cis/projects/HABBuoy.html) is an in situ moored instrument for the detection of harmful algal blooms (HAB) in coastal waters (Culverhouse et al. 2006b). ...
Both scientific and technical capacities are key issues for achieving the objectives of understanding the functioning of the oceans, conserving their health and resources, and predicting the impacts of climate change. Many international programmes related to ocean studies and monitoring, as well as those concerning global climate change, include 'capacity building' as a fundamental process in order to achieve these objectives. Capacity building (CB) in the context of ocean monitoring and research describes the actions concerning the development, fostering and support of infrastructure, resources and relationships for ocean science and related systems and services at individual, organizational, inter-organizational, regional and system levels. The purpose of this document is to define the CB components which are essential for the accomplishment of the objectives of large-scale scientific programmes and initiatives dealing with monitoring and analysis of planktonic communities in the oceans. These components include: a) training of students, technicians, and scientists, b) availability of platforms and instrumentation for time-series sampling and sample analyses, and c) access to information systems and networking for the exchange of data and information. How these components could be included in specific CB actions or have been partially accomplished in the Latin-American region are here discussed.
... To address this problem, miniaturised versions of a classical flow cytometer have been developed. These are transported on marine buoys or on remote underwater vehicles (cyto-sub) [16,17]. Although these scaled-down flow cytometers have enabled more detailed in situ analysis of phytoplankton populations, their use is still limited by availability, size, cost, complexity, and the requirement for an expert operator. ...
Identification and analysis of phytoplankton is important for understanding the environmental parameters that are influenced by the oceans, including pollution and climate change. Phytoplanktons are studied at the single cell level using conventional light-field and fluorescence microscopy, but the technique is labour intensive. Flow cytometry enables rapid and quantitative measurements of single cells and is now used as an analytical tool in phytoplankton analysis. However, it has a number of drawbacks, including high cost and portability. We describe the fabrication of a microfluidic (lab-on-a-chip) device for high-speed analysis of single phytoplankton. The device measures fluorescence (at three wavelength ranges) and the electrical impedance of single particles. The system was tested using a mixture of three algae (Isochrysis Galbana, Rhodosorus m., Synechococcus sp.) and the results compared with predictions from theory and measurements using a commercial flow cytometer (BD FACSAria). It is shown that the microfluidic flow cytometer is able to distinguish and characterise these different taxa and that impedance spectroscopy enables measurement of phytoplankton biophysical properties.
In this paper, we present a classification method of Multi-parametric flow cytometry (FC) data for phytoplankton species discrimination. The flow cytometry data is an invaluable mine of quantitative and qualitative information to conduct single cell analysis for biological cells. However, the new generation of FC allows us to measure more number of parameters and cells, the FC data analysis has become more complex and labor-intensive than it previously The data were treated by a proposed method: the decision tree. This method is developed to create a real-time processing system that can detect and count the cells of phytoplankton and accelerate the task of analyses and identification, this will help biologist to analyze simples in situ.
To date the development of in situ chemical and biological sensors has focused on the production of macro instruments for single point deployment. With the exception of oxygen sensors and biological sensors based on fluorometry (that are now commercially available) chemical and biological sensors are not able to make repeated synoptic measurements at finer temporal and spatial scales. This is at odds with the patchiness and temporal variability observed in biogeochemical processes. This paper describes the early stages of development of miniature and mass producible chemical and biological sensors using Micro System Technology. It is hoped that these devices will be suitable for mass deployment and will deliver repeated synoptic data that will allow greater understanding and improved modelling of biogeochemical processes. Initially the production of two devices has been targeted: 1) A miniature cytometer to count and speciate phytoplankton; and 2) A lab-on-a-chip analyser using wet chemistry and optical detection. The production of the analysis chip for the cytometer and a micropump suitable for the lab-on-a-chip analyser are presented here. Preliminary investigations of biofouling are also discussed
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