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Textile Fibre Waste Bindered With Natural Hydraulic Lime
Abstract
The reuse of waste materials can contribute to improve the sustainability of materials. In the EU, consumers discard around 5.8 million tonnes of textiles per year and only the 25% is recycled. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the research conducted to use textile fibre waste in boards. They were bindered with the minimum hydraulic lime in order to reduce its environmental impact in comparison to other boards, while preserving its mechanical and physical requirements for the purpose.
... The acoustic absorption coefficient of the Control was 60% less than that of the NC composite. Similarly, for lime plaster without fiber, this value was reported to be approximately 0.06 [82]. For indicator I 2 in the MIVES model, the noise reduction coefficient (NRC) was calculated. ...
... The typical value of the absorption coefficient and NRC for the mineral composite panels was less than 0.5. For instance, the maximum acoustic absorption coefficients for hydraulic lime panels with textile waste fibers, hybrid nonwoven fabric cement boards, and cement-wood boards were reported to be approximately 0.3, 0.26, and 0.41, respectively [44,82]. Similarly, the sound absorption average for lime mortars including different vegetal fibers was in the range of 0.24-0.38 ...
... A.R. Mahpour et al. MPa) [82] or hydraulic lime composites with 1-2% glass/basalt fibers (1.5-2.4 MPa) [87]. ...
In the search of more environmentally-friendly construction materials, the use of natural-based fibers has gained much attention as reinforcement in the inorganic-based matrix. In this paper, the nonwoven flax fabric reinforced lime composites are created using a dewatering technique, and the serviceability parameters –thermal conductivity, sound absorption coefficient, and residual flexural resistance after exposure to elevated temperature– are determined experimentally. The tests are carried out on two different lime composites prepared under two distinct curing regimens, i.e., accelerated carbonation in a CO2 chamber and natural carbonation in laboratory conditions, to evaluate the effect of forced carbonation. In addition, the experimental results of the serviceability parameters are included in the MIVES model (Integrated Value Model for Sustainability Assessment) to evaluate the social sustainability of the developed material as an interior drywall panel. MIVES, a type of multi-criteria decision-making method, is based on the value function concept and seminars with experts. According to the results of experimental tests, the accelerated cured sample has higher thermal conductivity (~4 times) and lower sound absorption coefficients (~20%) than the naturally cured one. Nonetheless, the flexural performance of the former is 50% (at room temperature) and 100% (at elevated temperature) better. As for the social sustainability index assessed by the MIVES-based multi-objective approach, it ranges between 0.65 and 0.75 (out of 1.0) for both lime composite panels, at least 20% higher than the control lime panel with no reinforcement. The sustainability model designed for this research can be used for assessing the social sustainability performance of other materials although the weights assigned by the experts could be adapted to reflect the perceptions and local preferences.
... with a length of 12 mm increased the strength of concrete to 40.12 MPa compared to concrete without fibers, where its strength oscillated at the level of 39.8 MPa. Similar results have been reported in the literature [80,81], describing the use of higher doses of fibers from textile waste, which leads to an increase in compressive strength. ...
... A similar effect was observed in the bending strength test: as much as 0.12% of the recycled fibers increased the bending strength by 27.2% (in the case of using 12-and 19-mm-long fibers, the results increased to 43.5%) compared to the samples without fibers. Improvements in the flexibility of the concrete mix were also noted [80,81]. In 2016, Barrera et al. [81] conducted a series of studies using textile materials, where they developed ready-made panels used inside buildings, composed of textile waste mixed with hydrated lime. ...
... Improvements in the flexibility of the concrete mix were also noted [80,81]. In 2016, Barrera et al. [81] conducted a series of studies using textile materials, where they developed ready-made panels used inside buildings, composed of textile waste mixed with hydrated lime. The obtained material improved both the thermal and acoustic conditions of the buildings and contributed to a reduction in the impact of energy consumption related to the production of building materials and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. ...
The construction industry is the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases. The CO2 emission levels in the atmosphere are already reaching a tipping point and could cause severe climate change. An important element is the introduction of a technology that allows for the capture and sequencing of carbon dioxide levels, reducing both emissions and the carbon footprint from the production of Portland cement and cement-based building materials. The European Union has started work on the European Climate Law, establishing the European Green Deal program, which introduces the achievement of climate neutrality in the European Union countries. This includes a new policy of sustainable construction, the aim of which is to develop products with a closed life cycle through proper waste management. All efforts are being made to create generated waste and thus to support their production and/or use as substitutes for raw materials to produce biocomposites. This article reviews environmental issues and characterizes selected waste materials from the agri-food, mineral, and industrial sectors with specific properties that can be used as valuable secondary raw materials to produce traditional cements and biocomposite materials, while maintaining or improving their mechanical properties and applications.
... Annual water consumption by the fashion industry amounts to 79 billion cubic meters and only around 20% of clothes are reused or recycled (Pal and Gander, 2018). Approximately 80% of textile waste goes to landfill and/or is incinerated (Barbero-Barrera et al., 2016;Hu et al., 2018;Nikoli c et al., 2017). According to Hossain et al. (2018), in Bangladesh alone, for example, it is estimated that by 2021 the textile industry plants will produce approximately 2.91 million metric tons of textiles and around 349 million m 3 of wastewater due to traditional dyeing practices. ...
... At the United Nations Rio þ20 Conference on Sustainable Development, companies observed a new way of thinking about economics, through concepts such as "green economy", "green growth" and "sustainable growth" (Khmara and Kronenberg, 2018). Therefore, rethinking the life cycle of a product, which is associated with a circular economy (Bocken and Short, 2016;Ingulfsvann, 2020;Masoudipour et al., 2017;Shirvanimoghaddam et al., 2020;Singh et al., 2019), renovation, recycling and reuse of materials and products, is crucial in order to mitigate negative environmental, social and economic impacts (Barbero-Barrera et al., 2016;Bridgens et al., 2018;Cai and Choi, 2020;Singh et al., 2019;Todeschini et al., 2017Todeschini et al., , 2020. ...
... Source: The authors. (Barbero- Barrera et al., 2016;Bridgens et al., 2018;Dissanayake et al., 2018;N. Singh et al., 2017;Singh et al., 2019); Todeschini et al. (2020). ...
The textile industry has one of the highest levels of employment around the world, but this is considered one of the most polluting activities. Researchers are therefore constantly looking for solutions and innovations that can mitigate the negative environmental impacts arising from this sector. This article provides an analytical literature review based on searches carried out in four databases, for the period of 2015–2020, focusing on concepts about sustainability and new sustainable materials used for the production of textiles. In the section “3. Concepts of sustainability and the new possibilities of materials for textiles”, the concepts for a more sustainable sector such as upcycling and the possibilities of new materials through the use of microorganisms and investment in smart textiles are discussed through the researched literature. Reinforcing in this way, how these analyzed contents can contribute to the future of the textile industry. A total of 75 research articles were found, published in 40 journals, which were grouped by subject: “Upcycling”, “Living Organisms and Biotechnology” and “Smart Textiles”, noting that the highest occurrence of articles related to the themes came from the United Kingdom and China, mainly in the period of 2019. Finally, the concepts and materials found and their coherence with the sustainable development goals established by the United Nations in the 2030 Agenda were analyzed.
... At present, the global annual production of used textiles is more than 40 million tons, and China's annual production is more than 26 million tons, accounting for about 6% of the total municipal solid waste [3,4]. However, due to the lack of a recycling system for used textiles and public awareness of environmental protection, as well as the relative backwardness of China's recycling technology, the overall recycling rate of used textiles in China is less than 10% [5], which is far below the level of the most developed countries [6]. used textiles in China is less than 10% [5], which is far below the level of the most developed countries [6]. ...
... However, due to the lack of a recycling system for used textiles and public awareness of environmental protection, as well as the relative backwardness of China's recycling technology, the overall recycling rate of used textiles in China is less than 10% [5], which is far below the level of the most developed countries [6]. used textiles in China is less than 10% [5], which is far below the level of the most developed countries [6]. ...
Filtrate reducer is a drilling fluid additive that can effectively control the filtration loss of drilling fluid to ensure the safe and efficient exploitation of oilfields. It is the most widely used treatment agent in oilfields. Due to its moderate conditions and controllable procedure, alkaline hydrolysis of high-purity waste polyacrylonitrile has been utilized for decades to produce filtrate reducer on a large scale in oilfields. However, the issues of long hydrolysis time, high viscosity of semi-finished products, high drying cost, and tail gas pollution have constrained the development of the industry. In this study, low-purity waste acrylic fiber was first separated and purified using high-temperature hydroplastization, and the hydrolyzed product was obtained using alkaline hydrolysis with the micro-water method, which was called MW−HPAN. The hydrolysis reaction was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, and the elemental analysis showed a hydrolysis degree of 73.21%. The experimental results showed that after aging at 180 °C for 16 h, the filtration volume of the freshwater base slurry with 0.30% dosage and 4% brine base slurry with 1.20% dosage was 12.7 mL and 18.5 mL, respectively. The microstructure and particle size analysis of the drilling fluid gel system showed that MW−HPAN could prevent the agglomeration of clay and maintain a reasonable particle size distribution even under the combined deteriorating effect of high temperature and inorganic cations, thus forming a dense filter cake and achieving a low filtrate volume of the drilling fluid gel system. Compared with similar commercially available products, MW−HPAN has better resistance to temperature and salt in drilling fluid gel systems, and the novel preparation method is promising to be extended to practical production.
... On the other hand, suppose the textile waste is converted into a new product with a different destination. In that case, the recycling cycle is open, used to make thermal insulation materials and sound-absorbing material for construction applications [14][15][16] or composite materials with thermoplastic matrix [17][18][19][20]. In addition, they are found with a reinforcing role in different applications for the realization of composite materials used in various sectors [19][20][21][22][23]. ...
... Considering the low recycling rate of waste resulting from pre-and post-consumption of textile products, the researchers are constantly looking for new environmentally friendly recycling technologies [18,24,25] and new applications for waste-based textile products [26][27][28]. The general direction is to upcycle, to obtain new products with increased added value and functionalities, but in general practice, the recycling of textile waste is downcycled [29,30]. ...
The global demand for fiber-based products is continuously increasing. The increased consumption and fast fashion current in the global clothing market generate a significant quantity of pre-and post-production waste that ends up in landfills and incinerators. The present study aims to obtain a new waste-based composite material panel for construction applications with improved mechanical properties that can replace traditional wood-based oriented strand boards (OSB). The new composite material is formed by using textile wastes as a reinforcement structure and a combination of bi-oriented polypropylene films (BOPP) waste, polypropylene non-woven materials (TNT) waste and virgin polypropylene fibers (PP) as a matrix. The mechanical properties of waste-based composite materials are modeled using the Taguchi method based on orthogonal arrays to maximize the composite characteristics’ mechanical properties. Experimental data validated the theoretical results obtained.
... Con el objetivo de disminuir el impacto ambiental, se está investigando cada vez más el uso de materiales derivados del reciclaje como opción para el aislamiento térmico. Las investigadoras Barbero-Barrera et al. (2016), desarrollaron un panel a base de residuos textiles ligados con cal hidráulica que mejora el aislamiento térmico y acústico, reduce las emisiones al usar materiales reciclados y aliviana las construcciones. En la Universidad de Trás-os-montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal estudiaron y optimizaron diferentes mezclas, con la incorporación de residuos textiles en cortes de 3 cm en lechadas de cemento (Briga-Sá et al., 2013). ...
En el hábitat popular en Mar del Plata se observan viviendas con déficit habitacional y sin conforthigrotérmico, ya que no se implementan aislantes térmicos. En este trabajo se propone el diseño deplacas térmicas utilizando los desechos de la industria textil y la alimenticia, de la misma ciudad. Elobjetivo es optimizar los materiales y métodos disponibles para la fabricación de las placasaplicables en las viviendas del hábitat popular y a su vez, analizar su aplicación en un núcleohúmedo en el barrio Caribe. Para ello, se hacen pruebas en laboratorio e in situ. Se logran placascon cinco densidades distintas que varían entre 551 kg/m3 y 279 kg/m3. En las pruebas en la obrase observa facilidad en la aplicación y muy buena respuesta en las pruebas de manipulabilidad.Dados estos resultados se propone seguir con otros ensayos, en particular, de conductividadtérmica.
... Currently, most fiber/fabric recycling routes involve downcyclingi.e. the recycled product is of lower quality than the original (Sandin & Peters, 2018). For instance, textile waste can be transformed into thermal insulation products (Briga-S a et al., 2013;Gounni et al., 2019), added as a binder in hydraulic lime to form cement products (Barbero-Barrera et al., 2016), used as composite materials in gypsum and cork (Vasconcelos et al., 2015), applied to generate renewable sources of energy (Nunes et al., 2018) and incorporated into various geotextile applications, such as those used for roads. Most textile wastes ultimately end up in either landfilling or incineration, which themselves have numerous undesirable environmental impacts. ...
Fast-changing fashion trends have resulted in increases in textile production and waste generation. The environmental impacts of the production, consumption and end-of-life of textiles are amply documented. Therefore, the industry has started to shift from the linear economy principle of 'take-make-waste' to the circular economy concept, where textiles can reenter the life cycle rather than being wasted and thus form a closed loop, resulting in resource savings and reduced environmental impacts. To this end, valorization of solid waste streams from the textile industry to recover fibers and marketable value-added products has gained increasing attention in recent years. Textile waste valorization involves three main steps: pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fiber regeneration. This review presents the main methodologies and the most recent technical developments in these valorization strategies, the value-added products obtained and their applications. Furthermore, the review describes fermentative products synthesized using cellulosic glucose from the cotton fraction of waste streams. Gaps and challenges in existing strategies are identified for potential future research. This review will help to apprize researchers and practitioners of important recent developments in effective textile valorization via upcycling and guide them in the design of efficient strategies for sustainable management of textile waste streams.
... High water and energy consumption, the use of pesticides and chemicals that pollute the soil, and the final waste of the enormous amount of clothing that must be disposed of make the textile industry one of the most polluting industries on the planet, responsible for 10% of global carbon emissions. Furthermore, it is estimated that only 20% of clothes are recycled or given to someone else while the remaining 80% are dumped in landfills or incinerated in a non-eco-sustainable manner (Barbero-Barrera et al., 2016). Excessive usage of valuable natural resources also has a large environmental footprint; in 2030, 118 billion cubic metres of water are expected to be utilised for global clothing production (Rausch & Kopplin, 2021). ...
Increasing clothing (over)consumption, supported by the fast fashion industry, has caused a significant reduction in clothing costs, raised major sustainability challenges, and highlighted the need for engaging in more sustainable consumption behaviour to mitigate the negative environmental, social, and economic consequences. Although green purchase behaviour is now well understood, extant literature still lacks a comprehensive approach to explain consumers behaviour (especially that of the younger generations) with respect to sustainable clothing. Using survey data collected through a structured questionnaire, this study aims to assess whether Generation Z is more inclined to buy sustainable or eco-friendly clothing than Generation Y. Given the non-random selection of respondents, analysis was conducted using propensity score matching to correct for potential bias based on a set of observable confounders. The results show that Generation Z is more likely to buy second-hand clothing, whereas Generation Y is more interested in clothes made of organic and eco-sustainable fabrics.
... To increase the amount of ethanol that might be produced from the waste, Gholamzad et al. (2014) chopped up textile waste and treated it with alkaline. To create a board for various features, Barbero-Barrera et al. (2016) used cotton textile waste with natural hydraulic lime. Hasan et al. (2018) produced paper for tissue, paperboard, and blotting paper using waste from textile finishing machines. ...
... La aplicación del algodón en capas para elaboración de paneles de cal hidráulica permitió una mejor porosidad al emplearse las fibras saturadas, sin embargo, el aumento de agua disminuye las resistencias mecánicas (23). Respecto a las adiciones en los compuestos, variarán dependiendo de la matriz. ...
La sostenibilidad en la construcción es clave en la reducción del consumo de recursos como materiales y energía, es fundamental adoptar acciones eficientes en procesos de construcción como la reutilización de residuos. Por ello, el presente trabajo analiza la influencia de la incorporación de residuos textiles posconsumo de algodón en las propiedades físico-mecánicas de compuestos de yeso. Se realizó un trabajo experimental en donde se ensayaron probetas de yeso adicionadas con fibras posconsumo de algodón en diferentes formatos, y longitudes (20 y 35mm), adiciones de 0,5% y fibras de 35mm de longitud incrementaron la resistencia a flexión y compresión en un 5,9% y 11% respectivamente, y la absorción de agua por capilaridad descendió un 26% con el 1% de adición. Finalmente se observó que las fibras reducen el desprendimiento de fragmentos de yeso al momento de alcanzar la carga de rotura, mejorando la tenacidad de los compuestos.
... An enormous quantity of textile waste is generated in the paper, pulp, and textile industries throughout the production process. Rejected fabrics, fabric scraps, cutting waste, yarns, threads, and short fibers are major wastes in varying sections [7]. These textiles are greatly engineered textile structures composed of yarns of polyamides and polyester and Regenerated cellulose fabrics (rayon) 0/90 were supplied by Cordenka company, Germany. ...
In this paper, sandwich composites were produced by compression moulding techniques, and they consisted of regenerated cellulose fabric (rayon) and bio-based polypropylene (PP) to form facings, while virgin and recycled polyamide (PA) textiles were used as core materials. To compare the mechanical performance between sandwich composites and typical composite designs, a control composite was produced to deliver the same weight and fiber mass fraction from rayon and PP. To evaluate the influence of recycled textile on the mechanical properties of the composites, a series of flexural, low velocity impact (LVI) and tensile tests were performed. It was found that the incorporation of thicker PA textile enhanced the bending stiffness by two times and the peak flexural force by 70% as compared to those of control. Substitution of a layer of recycled textile for two layers of rayon provided a good level of impact energy absorption capacity (~28 J) and maximum force (~4893–5229 N). The tensile strength of the four sandwich composites was reported to be in the range of 34.20 MPa and 46.80 MPa. This value was 91.90 for the control composite. The 2D cross-section slices of the composite specimens did not show any evidence of fiber tow debonding, fiber bundle splitting, or delamination.
... On the other hand, down-cycling is defined as converting textile wastes into raw materials of lower value. For example, textile wastes can be used as additives in thermal insulation building materials [20,21], as a binder in hydraulic lime [22], as well as in gypsum and cork composite materials [23]. Textile waste can also be synthesized into cellulose acetate [24]. ...
The fashion and textile industry in its current fast-rising business model has generated a huge amount of textile waste during and after the production process. The environmental impact of this waste is well documented as it poses serious threats to lives on earth. To confront the menace of this huge pollution problem, a number of research works were carried out to examine the possible re-utilization of these waste materials without further damaging the environment; for instance, reusing, generating valuable products, or regenerating fibrous materials to form a closed loop in the cotton textile waste lifecycle. This review covers different methodologies to transform cellulosic textile materials into various products with added value, such as cellulosic glucose, cellulase, etc., and finally, to regenerate the fibrous materials for re-application in textiles and fashion. This article presents an overall picture to researchers outlining the possible value addition of textile waste materials. Furthermore, the regeneration of cellulosic fibrous materials from textile waste will be brought into the limelight.
... The application of cotton in layers to produce hydraulic lime panels allowed a better porosity when saturated fibres were used; however, the increase in water decreases the mechanical resistance (Barbero- Barrera et al., 2016). Regarding the additions in composites will vary depending on the matrix, for example, in the case of cement bricks, up to 5% addition is considered optimal (Rajput et al., 2020). ...
La sostenibilidad en el sector de la construcción es clave en la reducción del consumo de recursos como materiales y energía, es fundamental adoptar acciones más eficientes en procesos de construcción como la reutilización de residuos. Por ello el presente trabajo analiza la incorporación de residuos textiles posconsumo de algodón en las propiedades físico-mecánicas de compuestos de yeso. Se realizó un trabajo experimental en donde se ensayaron probetas de yeso de 4x4x16 cm adicionadas con fibras posconsumo de algodón en diferentes formatos, y longitudes (20 y 35mm), adiciones de 0,5% y fibras de 35mm de longitud incrementaron la resistencia a flexión y compresión en un 5,9% y 11% respectivamente, y la absorción de agua por capilaridad descendió un 26% con el 1% de adición. Finalmente se observó que las fibras reducen el desprendimiento de fragmentos de yeso al momento de alcanzar la carga de rotura, mejorando la tenacidad de los compuestos.AbstractSustainability in the construction sector is key in reducing the consumption of resources such as materials and energy, it is essential to adopt more efficient actions in construction processes such as the reuse of waste. For this reason, the present work analyses the incorporation of post-consumer cotton textile waste in the physical-mechanical properties of gypsum composites. An experimental work was carried out where gypsum specimens of 4x4x16 cm were tested with post-consumer cotton fibres in different formats and lengths (20 and 35mm), additions of 0.5% and fibres of 35mm in length increased the flexural and compressive strength by 5.9% and 11% respectively, and the capillary water absorption decreased by 26% with 1% of addition. Finally, it was observed that the fibres reduce the detachment of gypsum fragments at breaking load, improving the toughness of the composites.
... Consumers discard approximately 5.8 million tonnes of textiles every year in the European Union. Only 25% of these textiles are recycled by charities and industrial enterprises, while the remaining textiles are distributed to landfills or municipal waste incinerators, which causes serious environmental pollution (Barbero-Barrera et al. 2016). However, landfill treatment requires a large amount of space, and textile waste contains a large amount of chemical fibers that cannot be naturally degraded. ...
Mechanical and waterproof properties were evaluated for hot-pressed cotton boards produced from different layers (3, 4, and 5) of cotton veneers under the same weight of cotton fibers and melamine-urea-formaldehyde adhesive. The mechanical and waterproof properties of cotton boards exceeded the specifications for particleboard and medium-density fiberboard of the China national standard requirements, and the four-layer cotton boards performed better. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that fibers were intertwined to form a dense network structure after hot-pressing with water, and thicker veneers were not conducive to the penetration of adhesives after cold-pressing. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated that hydrogen bonding, physical, and mechanical bonding took place in the cotton veneers, and stronger absorption peaks were shown for the chemical functional groups of the five-layer and four-layer cotton boards. X-ray diffraction spectra revealed that the cellulose crystallinity of the cotton boards (3, 4, and 5 layers) increased to 74.5%, 74.4%, and 73.2%, respectively. Thermal gravity/ differential thermal gravity curves showed that the thinner cotton veneers of the cotton boards showed better thermal stability. These results showed promise for the revaluation of this textile waste to produce biomass composites and for its potential use as a raw material in the preparation of biomass composites.
... The fibres used do not require any special treatment before use. The panels developed by the researchers are lightweight and have good acoustic and thermal properties compared to similar commercial alternatives [35]. ...
... Currently, most fiber/fabric recycling routes involve downcyclingi.e. the recycled product is of lower quality than the original (Sandin & Peters, 2018). For instance, textile waste can be transformed into thermal insulation products (Briga-S a et al., 2013;Gounni et al., 2019), added as a binder in hydraulic lime to form cement products (Barbero-Barrera et al., 2016), used as composite materials in gypsum and cork (Vasconcelos et al., 2015), applied to generate renewable sources of energy (Nunes et al., 2018) and incorporated into various geotextile applications, such as those used for roads. Most textile wastes ultimately end up in either landfilling or incineration, which themselves have numerous undesirable environmental impacts. ...
Fast-changing fashion trends have resulted in increases in textile production and waste generation. The environmental impacts of the production, consumption and end-of-life of textiles are amply documented. Therefore, the industry has started to shift from the linear economy principle of 'take-make-waste' to the circular economy concept, where textiles can reenter the life cycle rather than being wasted and thus form a closed loop, resulting in resource savings and reduced environmental impacts. To this end, valorization of solid waste streams from the textile industry to recover fibers and marketable value-added products has gained increasing attention in recent years. Textile waste valorization involves three main steps: pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fiber regeneration. This review presents the main methodologies and the most recent technical developments in these valorization strategies, the value-added products obtained and their applications. Furthermore, the review describes fermentative products synthesized using cellulosic glucose from the cotton fraction of waste streams. Gaps and challenges in existing strategies are identified for potential future research. This review will help to apprize researchers and practitioners of important recent developments in effective textile valorization via upcycling and guide them in the design of efficient strategies for sustainable management of textile waste streams.
... As they are greatly affected by textile characteristics, composite materials or building elements are chosen and designed to use the positive features of textiles. Different materials and building element prototypes have been developed by researchers: e.g., mortars [6], concretes [7,8], wall cavity infills [9,10], clay bricks [11,12], thermoformed polymer resin panels composite for partitioning or thermo-acoustic insulation [1,[13][14][15][16][17], thermal insulation mats with incased textile waste [18,19], gypsum-based insulation panels [20], chipboard composites [21], hydraulic lime composite [22], wall partitions [23][24][25], cementbased panels [26][27][28], concrete-based blocks [11,[29][30][31] and polyurethane foam composites [32]. ...
Manufacturing cotton knitted fabric apparel generates a substantial amount of production (pre-consumer) waste. One of the ways to alleviate the environmental impact of this is to use the cotton knitted fabric production waste (CKFW) in concrete, which had the simultaneous benefit of reducing the use of virgin aggregate. The aim of this research was to examine the influence of CKFW on concrete properties, and to explore the possible application of this novel material in the construction industry for the production of precast building elements based on its characteristics. An additional goal was to enhance certain properties of concrete and determine the shortcomings of CKFW concrete. A total of 10 mixes were made and tested. CKFW was used at rates of 1.7% and 3.5% of the total mix volume. All mixtures had the same amount of cement, with three mixes having the addition of silica fume. Crushed limestone was used as the aggregate with different aggregate size combinations. Two types of polycarboxylic ether-based superplasticizer were used. The properties of the fresh mix were determined by the slump method. The ultrasonic pulse velocity, dynamic modulus of elasticity, flexural strength and compressive strength were tested on 28-day-old concrete specimens. The σ–δ diagram is also presented in this paper. We learned that the flexural strength of specimens with CKFW addition was increased by up to 38% but the compressive strength was reduced by up to 20% compared to the reference concrete mix. The CKFW mixtures had higher ductility and permeability. Additionally, silica fume had a positive effect on the concretes with a higher percentage of textiles. The percentages of textile waste used in this study affected the density of concrete in a range of 0–2%. Based on the obtained results, we offer recommendations for further tests and possible applications.
... As much as 0.12% of recycled fibers increased the bending strength by 27.2% (in the case of using 12 and 19 mm long fibers, the results increased to 43.5%) than in the samples without fibers. Improvement in the flexibility of the concrete mix was also noted [83,84]. In 2016, Barrera et al. [85] conducted a series of studies using textile materials, as they developed ready-made panels used inside buildings, composed of textile waste mixed with hydrated lime. ...
The new climate law introduces a policy of sustainable construction, the assumption of which is the reduction of CO2 by the construction industry and the use of environmentally friendly materials, such as agricultural, mineral, and recycled waste, while limiting the consumption of natural resources. The article is a literature review that analyzes selected waste materials from various sectors of the economy that can be used as additives or partial substitutes for natural resources in the production of cement and in and cement building materials, the production of which reduces CO2 emissions, producing materials with high mechanical strength and environmentally friendly.
... China produces more than 20 million tons of textile waste a year, while, in 2014, only 2.6 million tons of textile waste was recovered in the United States [2,3]. In the EU, consumers produce about 5.8 million tons of textile waste every year, and of this, only 25% is recycled by charities and industrial enterprises, while the remaining is landfilled or incinerated [4]. However, in Germany and Denmark 50-70% of the textile waste is recycled and these countries could serve as role models [5]. ...
The environmental concerns caused by textile waste require technological development to support recycling and re-utilization. Incineration and landfill of textile waste are still widely used, and they lead to soil and water pollution as well as emissions of greenhouse gases. Recently, various research studies on textile waste treatment try to find appropriate technical means to realize environmental protection and sustainable recycling. Here, we summarize and discuss new ways to improve the treatment of textile waste, including its utilization value and transformation ways, to help remediation and lower environmental impacts. This paper comprehensively expounds on the current situation of textile waste treatment and the recycling value of different types of textile waste. This includes recycling composite materials, fillers, energy materials and carbonized adsorption material, which support sustainable development with social and economic benefits. Overall, this shows that textile waste needs to be separated at large scales globally to reduce the carbon footprint, improve socio-economic benefits and mitigate environmental pollution. Otherwise, there is a risk that the global warming and ecosystem transformations, due to pollution and urbanization, could lead to severe adverse effects such as cancer and global pandemics.
... Each year, the textile sector produces about 110 million tons of clothing and fibers that generate textile waste globally [131]. These are incinerated, causing environmental damage such as emissions [48,109,111,196]. It should be specified that the damage of fibers or fabrics depends on the type of garment [80]. ...
Year by year, the waste footprint has been increasing significantly; thousands of tons of waste generated by various industry sectors is already bringing irreparable changes in the world. One of the principal industries that produce these effects is the fashion industry, which used to follow a traditional linear fashion promoted by marketing where consumption by demand becomes a “necessity.” However, this perspective has been changing, where the final consumer nowadays is more conscious about the process and the negative aspects that fast fashion means for the environment and the social aspect. This current chapter analyzes the aspects that the fashion industry generates, such as economic, environmental, and social impact, and the solution that provides the fashion and textile circularity for the sector with practical cases being implemented. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
... In general, fibres in composites increase strength, physical performance as well as durability by reducing cracking, and textile fibres have higher homogeneity compared to agro-based fibres [7]. Mar Barbero-Barrera et al. [8] analysed the use of textile fibre waste in boards and concluded that the physical and mechanical properties obtained are suitable for the use of the boards in existing and new buildings. ...
The use of waste and recycled materials in the construction industry, especially in concrete production, is becoming increasingly popular. The production of cotton underwear generates a certain amount of knitted fabric waste. This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of using cotton knitted fabric waste (CKFW) in concrete and to explore its potential application in the construction industry. The aim of the study is not only to reduce the waste but also to add positive properties to the concrete. A total of 4 mixes were prepared for testing purposes. CKFW were cut into small pieces of size about 6-8 cm x 2 cm. The addition of CKFW was a substitute for aggregates and replaced 0, 2.5, 5 and 10% of the total volume of aggregates in the concrete mix to make the concrete lighter. All mixes have the same amount of cement, water and superplasticizer. The knitted waste was saturated in water before mixing with other concrete components. The properties of the fresh mix were determined by slump method. The dynamic modulus of elasticity, flexural strength and compressive strength were tested on 28 days old concrete specimens. The σ-δ diagram is also presented. It was found that specimens with CKFW have better flexural strength and higher ductility but lower compressive strength than the reference concrete mix. The mix with the highest percentage of CKFW reduced the compressive strength by 28%, while the specimens with lower percentage of CKFW increased the flexural strength by 20% compared to the reference mix. The capillary water absorption capacity of concrete is closely related to its durability. The water absorption by capillarity was measured after 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 45, 60 min, and 4 and 24 h. The increase in the amount of water absorbed was found to be higher than that of the reference mix. It was related to the percentage increase in the knitted waste and the values obtained ranged from 3.3 to 5.6% of the mass of the dry sample. The largest reduction in concrete density was 3.8% compared to the reference mix. Based on the obtained results, recommendations for further tests are given.
... Pozzolanic material is widely used in concrete making to reduce cement content; improve the workability of fresh concrete; increase the concrete strength; enhance the durability of hardened concrete [62]; and lower the overall production cost and impact on the environment. In studies of pozzolanic material, the incorporation of waste material to drive down overall production costs [63,64] is an exciting topic with studies already done extensively on silica fume, fly ash, ground granulated blast slag [65], rice husk ash, textile fiber [66], and palm oil fuel ash [67]. Many continued to perform with a proven track record in industrial applications [68][69][70]. ...
Massive waste rock wool was generated globally and it caused substantial environmental issues such as landfill and leaching. However, reviews on the recyclability of waste rock wool are scarce. Therefore, this study presents an in-depth review of the characterization and potential usability of waste rock wool. Waste rock wool can be characterized based on its physical properties, chemical composition, and types of contaminants. The review showed that waste rock wool from the manufacturing process is more workable to be recycled for further application than the post-consumer due to its high purity. It also revealed that the pre-treatment method-comminution is vital for achieving mixture homogeneity and enhancing the properties of recycled products. The potential application of waste rock wool is reviewed with key results emphasized to demonstrate the practicality and commercial viability of each option. With a high content of chemically inert compounds such as silicon dioxide (SiO2), calcium oxide (CaO), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) that improve fire resistance properties, waste rock wool is mainly repurposed as fillers in composite material for construction and building materials. Furthermore, waste rock wool is potentially utilized as an oil, water pollutant, and gas absorbent. To sum up, waste rock wool could be feasibly recycled as a composite material enhancer and utilized as an absorbent for a greener environment.
... Currently, most fiber/fabric recycling routes involve downcyclingi.e. the recycled product is of lower quality than the original (Sandin & Peters, 2018). For instance, textile waste can be transformed into thermal insulation products (Briga-S a et al., 2013;Gounni et al., 2019), added as a binder in hydraulic lime to form cement products (Barbero-Barrera et al., 2016), used as composite materials in gypsum and cork (Vasconcelos et al., 2015), applied to generate renewable sources of energy (Nunes et al., 2018) and incorporated into various geotextile applications, such as those used for roads. Most textile wastes ultimately end up in either landfilling or incineration, which themselves have numerous undesirable environmental impacts. ...
The Front Cover shows the possible cycle of plastic waste biodegradation, recycling, and valorization. The biodegradation of plastic wastes can occur in both soil and aquatic environments, as indicated by the globe. Considering this aspect, a circular pathway for plastic recycling and valorization can be established. The plastic wastes generated after the use of the plastic products manufactured in factories can be transported to relevant facilities. In this manner, plastics can be recycled, thereby achieving a “circular plastic economy”, or the plastics can be valorized into other value‐added products that can be used in various applications. More information can be found in the Minireview by Z.‐H. Qin, J.‐H. Mou, et al.
... In this sense, numerous studies have been carried out focusing on the development of new sustainable materials that incorporate waste, in order to improve their physical, mechanical, or chemical properties, and thus be able to use them in various applications. Regarding the incorporation of waste in gypsums and plasters, there are studies that analyze the incorporation of paper waste [9], cork [10,11], textile fibers [12], wood [13], rice husk [14], sawdust [15], straw fibers [16], palm fibers [17], hemp fibers [18], graphite [19], leather [20], ceramic [12,21] gypsum plaster [22], mineral fibers [23], and plastics [24][25][26][27][28]. Regarding the incorporation of recycled materials into cement or lime mortars, there are studies that analyze the addition of waste from polymeric fibers [29,30], recycled aggregates [31], ceramic [32,33], mineral wool [34][35][36][37], textile fibers [38], animal fibers [39], glass fibers [40][41][42], recycled cellulose [43,44], and vegetable fibers [45,46]. In addition to the possible technical benefits that a certain waste can provide to the traditional material (plaster, lime, or cement), the replacement of traditional material by recycled material represents energy and economic savings because of the reduction in the amount of raw material. ...
Buildings are responsible for 40% of the overall final energy consumption in the European Union. On the other hand, the construction, energy, and industry sectors generate around 50% of the waste produced in Europe, out of which a third part is construction and demolition waste (CDW). In recent years, many research works have been carried out to analyze the viability of incorporating waste, especially CDW, as a substitute for traditional raw materials with great environmental impact. However, most of the studies found cover only the mechanical characterization of the compound, and there are very few that analyze these materials in specific building applications. This research work evaluates the energy efficiency potential of recycled materials with CDW. After an exhaustive analysis of the main existing recycled materials, an energetic evaluation of several construction solutions is carried out, as well as a comparison with traditional solutions. The findings show that the incorporation of recycled materials in several building construction elements is a success, since it not only reduces the consumption of raw materials, but also reduces the energy consumption of the building. Energy savings using recycled materials can range from 8% in a warm region (such as Seville) up to 13% in cold regions (such as Soria), which are greater in heating than in cooling.
... Currently, most fiber/fabric recycling routes involve downcyclingi.e. the recycled product is of lower quality than the original (Sandin & Peters, 2018). For instance, textile waste can be transformed into thermal insulation products (Briga-S a et al., 2013;Gounni et al., 2019), added as a binder in hydraulic lime to form cement products (Barbero-Barrera et al., 2016), used as composite materials in gypsum and cork (Vasconcelos et al., 2015), applied to generate renewable sources of energy (Nunes et al., 2018) and incorporated into various geotextile applications, such as those used for roads. Most textile wastes ultimately end up in either landfilling or incineration, which themselves have numerous undesirable environmental impacts. ...
Fast-changing fashion trends have resulted in increases in textile production and waste generation. The environmental impacts of the production, consumption and end-of-life of textiles are amply documented. Therefore, the industry has started to shift from the linear economy principle of ‘take-make-waste’ to the circular economy concept, where textiles can reenter the life cycle rather than being wasted and thus form a closed loop, resulting in resource savings and reduced environmental impacts. To this end, valorization of solid waste streams from the textile industry to recover fibers and marketable value-added products has gained increasing attention in recent years. Textile waste valorization involves three main steps: pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fiber regeneration. This review presents the main methodologies and the most recent technical developments in these valorization strategies, the value-added products obtained and their applications. Furthermore, the review describes fermentative products synthesized using cellulosic glucose from the cotton fraction of waste streams. Gaps and challenges in existing strategies are identified for potential future research. This review will help to apprize researchers and practitioners of important recent developments in effective textile valorization via upcycling and guide them in the design of efficient strategies for sustainable management of textile waste streams.
... Recently, the use of various waste materials has become widespread in civil engineering. They can be listed as mineral-based [8][9][10][11][12][13], plastic [14], agricultural [15] and textile [16,17] wastes. Mineral-based wastes are used as additives or substitutes in cement and concrete. ...
... A textile fabric can provoke pollution from the earliest manufacturing process (pre-consumer waste) to the end of its useful life (post-consumer waste) [12]. Thus, the search for a proper way to reuse textile fibers is stimulating several attempts to use them in the construction industry, especially in the form of sustainable panels [13,14] or mats [15]. The reuse of waste or by-products as new raw materials for innovative and sustainable building components has the important advantage of creating a "circular economy" system which transforms discarded fibers into useful goods with added value. ...
In recent years, the interest in reusing recycled fibers as building materials has been growing as a consequence of their ability to reduce the production of waste and the use of virgin resources, taking advantage of the potential that fibrous materials may offer to improve thermal and acoustic comfort. Composite panels, made of 100% wool waste fibers and bound by means of either a chitosan solution and a gum Arabic solution, were tested and characterized in terms of acoustic and non-acoustic properties. Samples with a 5 cm thickness and different density values were made to investigate the influence of flow resistivity on the final performance. Experimental results demonstrated that the samples had thermal conductivity ranging between 0.049 and 0.060 W/(m K), well comparable to conventional building materials. Similarly, acoustic results were very promising, showing absorption coefficients that, for the given thickness, were generally higher than 0.5 from 500 Hz on, and higher than 0.9 from 1 kHz on. Finally, the effects of the non-acoustic properties and of the air gap behind the samples on the acoustic behavior were also analyzed, proving that the agreement with absorption values predicted by empirical models was also very good.
This study aims to investigate the applicability of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a binder in insulating panels made from polyester textile waste (PTW), which is the most produced textile waste worldwide. This combination addresses the pressing need to recycle a widely manufactured material while introducing CMC as an environmentally friendly solution for elaborating panels with excellent thermal insulation and fire resistance. The composite panels were manufactured using compression molding process. The resulting thermal insulation panels demonstrate excellent thermal conductivity values, ranging from 0.0499 to 0.0514 W/m.K, comparable to established insulation materials. Panels with increased CMC content show remarkable mechanical strength, with compressive strengths of 217 kPa and 351 kPa for samples S4 and S5, respectively, and a flexural strength of 1.58 MPa for sample S5. This emphasizes that CMC as a binder helps distribute stresses more evenly across the composite, leading to higher strength and stiffness. Furthermore, employing CMC in the composite preparation confers exceptional resistance to flame propagation, namely, samples S4 and S5 exhibited immediate self-extinguishing properties and resistance to flame propagation. Accordingly, the mechanism behind CMC ability to resist flame propagation was investigated. Despite the composite's remarkable characteristics, its water sensitivity remains a disadvantage. Therefore, this shortcoming has been addressed highlighting several strategies that can be employed to mitigate CMC sensitivity to water including applying a waterproof coating to improve the composite humidity and water resistance increasing its overall durability.
With the advancements in the growing energy need and progressive development in the textile industry, there is also an increase in waste. Recent research shows various types of textile waste in forming and fabricating thermal insulating materials. This study collectively reviews the different textile waste and their process parameters for utilization in insulating materials. The results show that the textile wastes are successfully utilized as a profitable thermal insulating material, comparable to the materials already used. The insulation found in various materials was 0.339, 0.354, and 0.549 times more than the convectional material in various studies.
Proper management of post-consumer textile waste (PCTW) is vital to the sustainable development of circular economy. This study systematically analyze PCTW studies from 1995 to 2021 focusing on demographics, motivations, and reasons of PCTW management. A PRISMA approach is adopted for the bibliometric analysis. It is found that very few PCTW studies focused on the behavioral, physiologic, and cultural aspects. Recently, there is an increasing trend in PCTW publications, with a 73% increase in research output over the 15 years. USA stands out as the most productive country. Demographics such as income, age, and gender appeared to be the most significant role in shaping consumer behaviors, contributing to around 50% of the studies. There is a lack of studies involving participants below the age of 18, omitting one of the key stakeholders of PCTW management. We found gender bias in research participants, and many published PCTW studies focused exclusively on female consumers. Convenience and the condition of clothing items are important factors influencing consumer-disposal decisions, while environmental concerns are pivotal motivations driving recycling behaviors. More studies on gender stereotyping and cultural appropriation are recommended to better understand PCTW generation, recycling, and disposal behaviors.
The fast growth of building constructions industry and of the universal population is the main cause of increase in global energy consumption. Therefore, the improvement of the building envelope encourages the scientific community to investigate the use of alternative materials that assure indoor comfort conditions and at the same time promote the reduction of energy consumption by adopting energy saving strategies in the manufacturing process. The present research contribution aims to focus on the potential use of innovative building materials developed with waste paper, classified as urban non-hazardous discard component. The use of paper pulp originated from recycled paper and cardboard with the addition of textile fibers from industrial by-products was explored. Here, an effort has been made to realize sustainable insulating panel for internal use, considering different mix design and recycled components in various percentages. The research focuses on hygric, thermal, and physical performances of recycled waste based panels, measuring physical aspects as bulk porosity and bulk density and testing hygrothermal performances as the dry-state thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, volumetric heat capacity, and water vapour permeability. Furthermore, in order to assess the hygrothermal behaviour of the building envelope, a numerical simulation, carried out by WUFI® Plus in a Mediterranean context, was developed using as inputs the results collected from the measurement campaign in laboratory.
The acceleration of industrialisation and population growth throughout the world have caused the rapid depletion of water resources in the last century. Industrial wastes are one of the major factors causing water pollution. One of the most effective and well-known methods to prevent water pollution is adsorption process. In this study, highly porous activated carbons were produced using waste fabric samples and their adsorption performances were determined in the presence an adsorbate to prevent water pollution. Methylene blue (MB) as the adsorbate was used for the adsorption tests. The waste fabric samples were carbonised at 400 °C, 500 °C and 600 °C to determine the effect of pre-carbonisation temperature on the adsorption performance. The activated carbon surface properties varied depending on the pre-carbonisation temperature. The surface areas of the samples were 1385 m2/g, 1583 m2/g and 1276 m2/g, and the total pore volumes were 0.7688 cm3/g, 0.9545 cm3/g and 0.7394 cm3/g, respectively. The results showed that the pre-carbonisation temperature affected the adsorption performance. The adsorption capacities of the activated carbons calculated according to the Langmuir adsorption model were 531.46 mg/g, 630.26 mg/g and 655.40 mg/g, respectively.
Every year, a massive volume of textile waste is disposed of in a landfill or incinerated, contributing to resource loss and environmental consequences. Researchers are using textile waste to simultaneously develop composite materials to address both issues. Although manufacturing composites temporarily solves the problem, these composites will eventually wind up in landfills at the end of their service life unless appropriate manufacturing and recycling methods are followed. This review assessed the feasibility, benefits, drawbacks, and limitations of various composites manufactured from textile waste and their recycling procedures in terms of having minimal or no environmental impact after their end-of-life. This paper discusses two alternative composite manufacturing technologies and various recycling processes. Based on the review, developing biocomposites from textile waste comprised of natural components is one of the most promising options regarding sustainability and environmental friendliness. Moreover, by adopting this method, some partially biodegradable composites can be transformed into fully biodegradable materials, resulting in various benefits, including improved mechanical properties. Then, as one of the potential solutions, ionic liquids are discussed. Ionic liquids can dissolve a wide range of fibers. Most crucially, ionic liquids can dissolve a specific fiber from a blend of fibers, which is traditionally considered the main difficulty with textile waste. Furthermore, for some fully non-biodegradable and partially biodegradable composites, several recycling strategies have been discussed and, in part, used by numerous companies to recover waste fibers and keep them out of landfills. The advantages, downsides, and limitations of each recycling process have also been explored. Finally, applications and future perspectives for these manufacturing and recycling processes are emphasized.
Used textiles, such as jeans wastes, exhibit a high potential for generating renewable and sustainable energy. However, limited research has been devoted toward investigating the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of textile wastes during pyrolysis and applying these wastes as feedstock for fuels such as biogas. Therefore, this study investigated the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the thermal decomposition of jeans waste to evaluate its potential for sustainable energy production. Jeans waste was heat treated at 50–850 °C under different heating rates of 10–40 °C min−1. Active pyrolysis for the decomposition of jeans waste occurred at temperatures ranging from 250 to 550 °C. Specific Coats-Redfern-type reaction mechanisms were applied to determine the kinetic and thermodynamic variables in the active temperature zone. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH and ΔG) and activation energies increased when the heating rate was increased from 10 to 30 °C min−1. When the heating rate was further increased to 40 °C min−1, ΔH, ΔG, and the activation energies decreased. For heating rates of 10, 20, 30, and 40 °C min−1, the pre-exponential factors varied in the ranges of 7.4×103 to 1.4×104, 1.8×104 to 5.1×1010, 2.8×104 to 5.3×1010, and 3.6×104 to 3.1×1010 min−1, respectively. In each reaction mechanism model, the entropy changed negatively for all the heating rates examined in this study. This work and its results could serve as a guide for implementing such pyrolysis processes for textile wastes at a practical scale for bioenergy applications.
We analyzed the problematic textile fiber waste as potential precursor material to produce multilayer cotton fiber biocomposite. The properties of the products were better than the current dry bearing type particleboards and ordinary dry medium-density fiberboard in terms of the static bending strength (67.86 MPa), internal bonding strength (1.52 MPa) and water expansion rate (9.57%). The three-layer, four-layer and five-layer waste cotton fiber composite (WCFC) were tried in the experiment, the mechanical properties of the three-layer WCFC are insufficient, the five-layer WCFC is too thick and the four-layer WCFC had the best comprehensive performance. The cross-section morphology of the four-layer WCFC shows a dense structure with a high number of adhesives attached to the fiber. The hardness and stiffness of the four-layer cotton fiber composite enhanced by the high crystallinity of cellulose content, and several chemical bondings were presence in the composites. Minimum mass loss (30%) and thermal weight loss rate (0.70%/°C) was found for the four-layer WCFC. Overall, our findings suggested that the use of waste cotton fiber (WCF) to prepare biocomposite with desirable physical and chemical properties is feasible, and which can potentially be used as building material, furniture and automotive applications.
The rapid development of textile industry and improvement of people's living standards have led to rapid production of cotton textile and simultaneously increase the production of textile wastes. Cotton is one of the most common textile materials, and the waste cotton accounts for 24 % of the total textile wastes. To effectively manage the wastes, recycling and reuse of the waste cotton are common practices to reduce the global production of the wastes. This paper summarizes the characteristics of waste cotton and high-value products derived from waste cotton (such as yarns, composite reinforcements, regenerated cellulose fibers, cellulose nanocrystals, adsorptive materials, flexible electronic devices, and biofuels) via mechanical, chemical, and biological recycling methods. The advantages and disadvantages of making high-value products from waste cotton are summarized and discussed. New technologies and products of recycling of waste cotton are proposed, which provide a guideline and forward direction for merchants and researchers. This review paper may shed light on the conversion of textile wastes other than cotton (e.g., bast, silk, wool and synthetic fibers) into value-added products.
Food, shelter and clothing are three basic necessities of life. Textiles are necessary for human beings to cover and protect the body from different weather conditions. In the household, textiles are used in carpeting, furnishing, window shades, towels, table covers, bed sheets, handkerchiefs, cleaning devices and in art. In the workplace, they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as tents, flags, nets, kites, sails, parachutes and filtering. Technical textiles are used for industrial purposes – for automotive applications, medical textiles (e.g. implants, personal protective equipment and clothing, wound care and compression), geotextiles (stabilisation; reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles, protective clothing (e.g. against heat and radiation for fire-retardant clothing, against molten metals for welders, stab protection, and bullet proof vests), packaging and for making advanced materials like composites. In the case of apparel, ‘fast fashion’ has led to increased consumption of textiles and thereby increased textile waste, which poses a great challenge to today’s world in terms of unsustainable disposal. Textile waste has also become a greater threat to modern society mainly because of constant growth in the production and consumption of non-biodegradable synthetic fibres. Unless adequately treated, textile wastes from hospitals may carry hazardous pathogens whilst many fashion clothing items contain non-bio-degradable chemicals which can create havoc in the environment following their disposal, so the recycling of waste textiles has grown in importance. Many studies have shown that much of what would otherwise become waste textiles could be successfully upcycled to produce value-added products. However, the true potential of waste textiles is not yet realized due to many reasons, such as the lack of an adequate textile waste management system, the complexity of the required treatment of some types of textile materials (fibre blends or mixed-fibre textiles) and poor organisation and control over supply chains. This issue of Textile Progress reports on research into the generation of textile waste, its detailed classification, the global textile market, and the environmental impacts of waste textiles. The various challenges in textile waste management and the application of techniques of upcycling waste textiles are critically examined and ways of utilising waste textiles to produce upcycled products are explored.
Air lime coating mortars with mussel shells exhibit useful hygrothermal properties related to humidity and temperature regulation. Introducing mussel shell sand produces a significant increase in pore volume, changing mortar’s microstructure and reducing density. This is attributed to the flaky and irregular shape of the shell particles that present also traces of organic matter. In this work, the natural aggregate is replaced by mussel shell sand in increasing percentages of 25%, 50% and 75%. Additionally, a mortar with 0% of sand replacement is used as baseline of reference. These mortars are tested focusing in two main parameters, in first term, thermal conductivity. And also absorption and desorption cycles, at 80 and 50% relative humidity. The results are very positive for mussel shells specimens, it can be concluded that the use of mussel shell aggregates can improve the hygrothermal properties of air lime coating mortars. Another interesting result is a subjective property such as the aesthetic quality of the finishing, the results is pleasing and, combined with the promising hygrothermal properties opens a good opportunity for mussel shell mortars.
The textile industry has grown significantly in recent years, reaching a global fiber production of 53 million tons which 12 % are recycled; Construction sector has been using more and more recycled materials from different industrial sources, to apply them in their constructions and to reduce CO 2 emissions and final energy consumption. The present study aims to study the behavior of concrete blocks of f´ c = 210 kg/cm ² adding polyester textile waste with 3 %, 6 %, 9 %, 12 % and 15 %; void content, compressive strength and thermal conductivity decrease, and water absorption, acoustic insulation and unit price increase by 3 %, 34 % and 16 % compared to conventional concrete block.
The development of the textile industry directly leads to the growth of pre-consumer waste generation. Investigating textile supply chain waste management in China is necessary to determine potential measures with the purpose of waste reduction from textile production. In this study, 396 textile supply chain factories in China were surveyed to evaluate their waste generation (quantity, waste streams, and disposal methods), waste management (practices, financial investments, expenditures and revenues), and difficulties and challenges in waste management. The results showed that the surveyed factories generated 331.88 t of the total waste in 2015, including an average of 15.32 t of hazardous waste, which accounted for 4.62% of the total waste. The average waste per ton of production in these factories were 0.14 t. The primary waste streams in the Chinese textile supply chain included sludge accounting for 41.67% of the total waste, followed by food/human (28.57%), textile (13.67%), other domestic (4.57%), cardboard/paper (4.30%), and chemical (3.15%) waste. Accumulated data related to the production of as sludge, other hazardous, and textile materials was sufficient; however, data related to human activities was inadequate. Only 35% of sludge was recycled in the textile industry. To improve the reuse ratio of sludge, it is necessary to classify the sludge with respect to its source. In the textile supply chain, 80% of textiles were recycled. Compared with post-consumer waste, the recovery rate of pre-consumer textile waste was high with a good recycling quality. Less than 20% of the food/human and domestic waste were recycled; most of these waste were mixed with other waste and collected by city municipalities in 2015. Further, there were a few recycling programs in mills. Our results also showed that the factories invested three times more in infrastructure than that in administrative expenditures, and that the revenues were nearly 50% of the total investments. Over 80% of factories were found to have an extended payback period (more than 10 years) for waste investments, and few factories could recoup the money invested in a short time frame. Among them, we found that more attention needs to be paid to financial problems of waste management in small-sized factories. Investing positively should be adopted by the government and brands. Based on our observations, the predominant problems encountered in waste management included a lack of technical support, lack of support from the government and brands, and shortage of qualified recycling contractor. To resolve these issues, collaborations between the government, brands, and suppliers is imperative. In general, China exhibited more sufficient waste management compared to Cambodia, Vietnam, South Korea, and Myanmar. However, waste management in China and these other countries have great potential for improvement. The results presented herein can provide information for policymakers as well as on systemic waste management in the textile industry.
The present research paper aims to predict the effective thermal properties; effective thermal conductivity (ETC) and effective thermal diffusivity (ETD) of porous biocomposites materials (PBCs) used as thermal insulator in construction building. The composite matrix consists on porous material namely gypsum reinforced with Date Palm Fibers (DPF). The experimental results of the Effective thermal conductivity (ETC) are obtained using the Ct-meter apparatus. The numerical study is conducted using the finite element Comsol MultiPhysics software resolving the heat transfer equation in stationary state. To evaluate the pores effect on ETC of PBCs, several parameters related on the pores such as its shape, position and weight fraction are considering in the numerical model. The numerical results are fitted with theoretical models and experimental values. The results of this study indicate that the porosity content has an important effect on the ETC of biocompoites whose decreases increasing the pores quantity. It is noted that the numerical models developed in this study are in agree with experimental values for fibers weight content up to 5%. Others parameters are not taken into account such as the pores orientation, contact resistance within the composites may be introduced in the model to minimize the error with the experimental results. The variation effect of pores shapes and positions conserving the same volume on biocomposites ETC are negligible.
To understand the influence of volatile removal ratio from the system on pyrolysis characteristic of cotton, a simulation model was proposed by performing both non-isothermal and isothermal simulations using ReaxFF molecular dynamics. Thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) was used to study the overall evolution behaviors of volatile from cotton pyrolysis as a reference to simulation results. In non-isothermal simulations, volatile was remained inside the simulation unit during the entire process, while in isothermal simulations a portion of volatile was removed from the simulation unit before starting next simulation at a higher temperature. Results showed that although the non-isothermal simulation method can predict a TG curve similar to the one obtained from the experiment and can reveal the initial evolution behaviors of the volatile, but the atomic contents of chars were unpractical. In isothermal simulations, 100, 80, 60 and 30 % volatile removal ratios (VRR) were employed to resemble the different extent of secondary reactions that volatiles undergo in practical pyrolysis. It was found that contents of aldehydes and C–H were mostly influenced by VRR; and simulations with higher VRR produced chars with lower O and H contents, closing to the practical chars. Simulations with 80, 100 % of VRR had a higher probability to match the reality.
Calcined ginger nuts admixed by fly ash and quartz sand (CGN-(F+S)) has been validated to be basically compatible to earthen sites as an anchor grout. Accelerated ageing tests including water stability test, temperature and humidity cycling test, soundness test and alkali resistance test are conducted with the objective to further research the property changes of CGN-(F+S) grout. Density, surface hardness, water penetration capacity, water permeability capacity, soluble salt, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) spectrum of these samples have been tested after accelerated ageing tests. The results show that densities of samples decrease, surface hardness, water penetration capacity and water permeability capacity of samples increase generally. Besides, soluble salt analysis, SEM and EDS results well corroborate the changes. Based on the results it can be concluded that property changes are most serious after temperature and humidity cycling test, followed by water stability, soundness and alkali resistance test in sequence. But in general, CGN-(F+S) still has good durability.
Composite materials are prospective materials. An intensive research on biological reinforced composite materials has taken place in recent years. The paper deals with utilization of just this biological filler in an area of the com-posite materials based on a synthetic laminating resin. A microparticle and short-fibre filler based on cotton post-harvest line residues was used within the research. Many research studies devote to an evaluation of mechanical properties and an interaction of the filler and the matrix. Also a production of a final product is an integral part of the composite material development, namely in terms of a practical application. The research focused on an essential production part, namely machining by means of a water jet technology and an optimization of the cutting process based on an evaluation of a traverse speed and a cut quality. The research results proved that it was suitable to use the abrasive water jet technology for the cut uniformity (the kerf taper angle) and a deformation elimination of outlet part of the water jet from the composite material. In case of using the water jet technology without abrasive it is suitable to use lower values of the traverse speed, ca. 250 mm/min.
Continuing increase in energy consumption and environmental pollution are some of the main challenges of the 21st century. One of the approaches to overcome these challenges is to increase the use of recycled materials and environmentally-friendly approaches to manufacturing. Thermal and acoustic insulation in buildings and transport vehicles from recycled textiles can play an important role in energy savings and reduction of environmental pollution. Textiles contribute a significant amount to the waste stream since most of these valuable fiber products are discarded after use. These discarded but valuable textiles can be recycled to produce several products including thermal and acoustic insulation materials. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the current state of textile waste generation and its environmental effects, and present progress of using industrial and post-consumer recycled textiles in insulation materials is provided. Mechanism of acoustic and thermal insulation materials of textile fibers are also reviewed. Existing research of some textile waste used as building insulation materials, method of conversion of textile waste into building insulation materials, comparative analysis of different insulation materials and life cycle assessment of textile fibers are assessed.
Using lightweight panels in buildings has significant role on decreasing the dead loads as well as the earthquake induced loads. From economical point of view, using lower amounts of materials due to decreasing the dimensions of structural sections as well as less transportation expenses directly leads to reducing the construction costs. On the other hand, use of lightweight panels with thermal isolation property, decreases the performance cost, effectively. This study focuses on some samples of perlite lightweight concrete. In these samples, waste textile fibers confined with textile meshes embedded in central part of each sample have been used. The bending tests of the samples indicated that light perlite concrete panels including confined waste fibers in the central core lighter than water having high ductility could be fabricated. These panels have energy absorption as well as high ductility characteristic and could be used for partitioning with thermal and acoustic isolation.
The mechanical behavior of polymer concrete reinforced with textile trimming waste was investigated. Two series of polymer concrete formulations were studied, with different resin/sand (i.e. binder/fine aggregate) weight ratios. In each series, recycled textile chopped fibers at 1 and 2% of the total weight was used. Flexural and compressive tests were performed at room temperature and load vs. displacement curves were plotted up to failure. In the study, both the influence of fiber content and resin/sand weight ratio were considered relative to the behavior of polymer concrete reinforced with textile fibers. A decrease in properties was observed as function of textile fibers content. When specific properties were considered, this tendency was kept. However, higher textile fibers content lead to a smoother failure, unlike brittleness failure behavior of unreinforced polymer concrete.
The aim of this work is to show that industrial residues could be used in construction applications so that production costs as well as environmental protection can be improved. The fracture properties of polymer mortar manufactured with recycled materials are investigated to evaluate the materials behaviour to crack propagation. The residues used in this work were spent sand from foundry industry as aggregate, unsaturated polyester resin from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as matrix and polyester textile fibres from garment industry, producing an unique composite material fully from recycled components with low cost. The substitution of fresh by used foundry sand and the insertions of textile fibres contribute to a less brittle behaviour of polymer mortar.
A combined reaction of hydration and carbonation takes place in hydraulic lime and lime-pozzolana mortars. Hydration reactions are the first reaction and carbonation of lime is the complementary reaction in the strength gain. Competition between these two reactions can occur in lime-pozzolana mortars if the pozzolanic material has low reactivity with lime, leading to the consumption of lime by carbonation reaction. The degree and the order of these reactions are strongly influenced by the moisture content. Hydration reactions are enhanced under moist conditions while carbonation is delayed. Curing under dry conditions does not sufficiently increase their strength because the hydration reactions are slowed down or even terminated by the full carbonation of lime in lime-pozzolana mortars. The consequence of this on the mechanical properties of the mortars is remarkable while the same impact is not observed in their porosity. Such mortars require moist conditions to ensure sufficient strength development.
Using the two-microphone method, acoustic properties in ducts, as, for example, reflection coefficient and acoustic impedance, can be calculated from a transfer function measurement between two microphones. In this paper, a systematic investigation of the various measurement errors that can occur and their effect on the calculated quantities is made. The input data for the calculations are the measured transfer function, the microphone separation, and the distance between one microphone and the sample. First, errors in the estimate of the transfer function are treated. Conclusions concerning the most favorable measurement configuration to avoid these errors are drawn. Next, the length measurement errors are treated. Measurements were made to study the question of microphone interference. The influence of errors on the calculated quantities has been investigated by numerical simulation. From this, conclusions are drawn on the useful frequency range for a given microphone separation and on the magnitude of errors to expect for different cases.
This paper describes the dynamic response of sandstone masonry units bound with fibre-reinforced mortars comparing a Portland cement-lime system with hydraulic lime. A drop-weight impact machine was used to generate stress rates up to 10⁷ kPa/s. The dynamic impact factor and stress rate sensitivity were evaluated for the flexural strength of the sandstone and mortar, and for the bond strength of the unit, and further, the pattern of failure was noted in the units for each mortar mix and loading rate. Polypropylene microfibres were incorporated at 0%, 0.25% and 0.5% volume fraction into the mortar. Results show that the flexural bond strength was more sensitive to stress rate than the flexural strength of the mortar, at similar rates of loading. Further, the stress rate sensitivity of the bond strength decreased with an increase in the fibre content. Also, whereas the flexural toughness factors for the stone-mortar bond fell with fibre reinforcement in the stronger Portland cement-lime system, the bond improved with fibre addition when employing hydraulic lime mortar.
Huge amounts of cotton and textile ash waste are disposed of by countries all over the world. The majority of cotton wastes and textile ash wastes is expelled in such a way as to cause serious environmental problems. The present study involves experimental research investigating the potential use of cotton and textile ash wastes combination for producing a new and lightweight composite building material with good insulation properties. The results showed that the cotton and textile ash waste bricks fulfill the compressive strength and heat conductivity requirements of the ASTM and Turkish Standards. A cotton and textile ash waste brick house has been found to be superior to a concrete brick house for regulating indoor temperatures. The production process can be easily applied in conventional brick plants. The product is a light weight composite which can be used for making bricks and wall and ceiling panels with good insulation properties.
The aim of this paper is to find a better alternative for the insulation of industrial noise and to improve the mechanical properties of fibre reinforced mud bricks. It was observed that the fibre reinforced mud bricks fulfill the compressive strength and sound insulation requirements of the ASTM and Turkish Standards. Basaltic pumice as an ingredient was found to improve the sound insulation performance of fibre reinforced mud bricks. The experimental results showed that fibre reinforced mud brick, with basaltic pumice as ingredient, can be used in industrial buildings for walls to improve sound insulation.
In addition to being an environmental-friendly material, hemp fibers are also inexpensive reinforcements in thermoplastics or concrete composites, due to their intrinsic mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties. However, chemical treatments of fibers are required to enhance the matrix/fiber interface. In this article, the influence of the addition of hemp fibers chemically treated or not, on the mechanical properties of a lime composite was investigated. Mechanical properties were evaluated by ultrasonic pulse echography and four-point bending test associated with acoustic emission analysis. The physical and chemical surface modifications of the hemp fibers were monitored with gas chromatography and scanning electron microscopy. It appears that chemical modification of the fiber surface degrades the amorphous materials present in the fiber structure, which results in an increase in the surface reactivity and also improves the mechanical properties of the composites.
A single agro-based fiber is a three dimensional, biopolymer composite com- posed mainly of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin with minor amounts of free sugars, starch, protein, extractives, and inorganics. The performance of a given fiber used in a given application depends on several factors including chemical compo- sition, physical properties, the interaction of a fiber within the composite matrix, and how that fiber or fiber/matrix performs under a given set of environmental conditions. In order to expand the use of agro-fibers for composites, it is essential that information is available on fiber characteristics and the factors which effect performance of that fiber. In order to do this, it is necessary to develop a detailed data base of chemical and physical properties of the vast variety of natural fibers that are potentially available in the world. It is also necessary to understand the factors which effect the performance of a given fiber in a given application. This chapter will deal with the chemical and physical properties of agro-fibers and factors which effect fiber properties.
This book is a guide to the conservation and control of energy use in buildings for national energy planners and researchers, architects, engineers, building owners, and managers. Historical information on energy use in buildings and a new framework for classifying the roles and concerns of all groups involved in building energy performance are presented. It also permits access to detailed information for those with particular interests: strategies and techniques of energy management, successful conservation programs, energy prediction methods and factors affecting energy consumption, and the underlying principles of building energy performance standards. Results of field surveys on large numbers of commercial and institutional buildings, indexes of building energy performance and relevant data, and Sl and l-P units supplement this guide. CONTENTS: Energy and Building -- Evolving Concerns. Building Energy Performance -- A New Framework. National Concerns -Institutional Roles and Energy Standards. Owner Concerns. Designer Concerns -- Capital Energy Requirements. Designer Concerns -- Systems Energy Consumption. User Concerns -- Energy Management and Analysis. Building Energy Performance -- Future Concerns. Index.
This paper measures the bond strength of natural hydraulic-lime (NHL) mortars, to further characterise their properties and
enhance their use in building. An additional objective is to correlate bond strength with mortar hydraulicity, water content,
workability and water retention, to develop mortars of high bond strength that would improve the quality of masonry. To this
aim, the flexural bond strength of masonry, built with mortars of three hydraulic strengths-each including the water amount
required to attain three specific flows (165, 185 and 195mm), was measured with the bond wrench test. The results suggest
that NHL mortars possess high water retention, and this enables a strong bond that compares well to that of Portland cement
and cement/lime mortars. The results also indicate that bond strength is not determined by the binder’s hydraulic strength,
but it increases proportionally to the mortar’s water retention. The paper concludes that for the NHL5 mortars, the 185mm
flow results in the strongest bond, simultaneously providing the highest water retention and best workability. However, for
the lower strengths (NHL 2 and NHL 3.5 mortars), the water content required to attain the flows that provide an optimum workability
(165 and 165–185mm, respectively) does not lead to the strongest bond, but it is the highest flow values that provide the
NHL2 and NHL3.5 mortars with the strongest bond and, in most instances, the highest water retention.
KeywordsFlexural bond strength-Natural hydraulic-lime mortar-Bond wrench test-Workability-Water retention-Initial flow
Fibre reinforced mud bricks, which are studied in this paper, provide the expected technical performance for the thermal isolation and mechanical properties, according to ASTM and Turkish standards. The mechanical properties of waste materials and some stabilisers were investigated thoroughly and some concrete conclusions were drawn. The fibre reinforced mud bricks fulfill the compressive strength and heat conductivity requirements of the ASTM and Turkish standards. Mud bricks with plastic fibers showed a higher compressive strength than those with straw, polystyrene and without any fibers. Basaltic pumice as an ingredient was found to decrease the thermal conductivity coefficient of fibre reinforced mud bricks. The fibre reinforced mud brick house has been found to be superior to the concrete brick house for keeping indoor temperatures stationary during the summer and winter.
Main objective of this study is to use side product of waste ash of textile factory, which also causes environmental pollution, in the production of high strength clay bricks. Beside waste ash, basaltic pumice, which includes high amount of silica and are readily available in our country, used as an additive material in the production of high-strength clay bricks. Turkey has very rich basaltic pumice reserve in various regions and most of them have not been used efficiently. One of the reasons of this is that domestic consumption areas of the basaltic pumice and the amount of usage in these areas have been very low. With this study, consumption of the basaltic pumice in Turkey will be increased by its use inthe production of construction materials. So, waste ash and basaltic pumice will have economical value due to their use in construction materials. Basaltic pumice and clay are also readily available in the same region. Chemical and mechanical characteristics of the obtained materials were determined, Clay bricks with/without waste ash and basaltic pumice were produced. Moreover, behavior of clay bricks in different environments were also determined experimentally. Each sample was fired at 700, 900 and 1050°C for 8 h. The bulk density, harmful magnesia and lime, shrinkage, water absorption, compressive and flexural strength, ultrasonic sound velocity and Scanning Electron Microscopy tests were carried out. The test results were compared with the standard values and they were found to be satisfactory. Finally, it was concluded that both waste ash and basaltic pumice were suitable additions and could be used efficiently in fired brick production at 900°C.
An experimental technique is presented for the determination of normal acoustic properties in a tube, including the effect of mean flow. An acoustic source is driven by Gaussian white noise to produce a randomly fluctuating sound field in a tube terminated by the system under investigation. Two stationary, wall‐mounted microphonesmeasure the sound pressure at arbitrary but known positions in the tube. Theory is developed, including the effect of mean flow, showing that the incident‐ and reflected‐wave spectra, and the phase angle between the incident and reflected waves, can be determined from measurement of the auto‐ and cross‐spectra of the two microphone signals. Expressions for the normal specific acoustic impedance and the reflection coefficient of the tube termination are developed for a random sound field in the tube. Three no‐flow test cases are evaluated using the two‐microphone random‐excitation technique: a closed tube of specified length, an open, unbaffled tube of specified length, and a prototype automotive muffler. Comparison is made between results using the present method and approximate theory and results from the traditional standing‐wave method. In all cases agreement between the two‐microphone random‐excitation method and comparison data is excellent. The two‐microphone random‐excitation technique can be used to evaluate acoustic properties very rapidly since no traversing is necessary and since random excitation is used (in each of three test cases only 7 sec of continuous data was needed). In addition, the bandwidth may be made arbitrarily small, within limits, so that the computed properties will have a high degree of frequency resolution.
A basic guide for conservators. Different material types, additives, reinforcement, aggregates are described. Repairs and maintenance; mortar joints, external rendering internal plastering, painting are exemplified with the help of clear didactic drawings. A products suppliers' list for england is provided. -- ICCROM
The adaptation of building constructions to energy saving requirements entails the study of the performance of constructive systems making up the building envelope. Since the façade is the envelope constructive system of greater impact, in terms of energy demand, the thermal characterisation of its components is of great interest. In this article, hardened lime pastes and different lime mortars with dolomite aggregate and calcined diatom additions at different temperatures are compared, firstly, in terms of thermal conductivity. Parameters such as aggregate type, binder, aggregate proportion, water content, bulk density of the mixture in hardened state and compaction time are studied as well. The wide application of lime and diatom mortars, in relation to traditional lime and mortars containing crushed marble, with reductions of their thermal conductivity up to 41.5% is proven, from the results of this research.
It is well established that most construction materials behave differently under static and dynamic loading. However, the literature on the time-dependent response of masonry joints is scarce, particularly with regard to the bond behaviour in historical stone masonry. This paper describes the dynamic response of sandstone masonry units bound with hydraulic lime mortars (HLMs). A drop weight impact machine was used to generate stress rates up to 107 kPa/s. The dynamic impact factor and stress rate sensitivity were evaluated for the flexural strength of the sandstone, mortar and for the bond strength of the unit and further, the pattern of failure was noted in the units for each mortar mix and loading rate. Based on a related study on the fracture toughness of HLM, polypropylene micro-fibres were incorporated at 0, 0.25 and 0.5% volume fraction into the mortar. Results show that the flexural bond strength was more sensitive to stress rate than the flexural strength of the mortar, at similar rates of loading. Further, the stress rate sensitivity of the bond strength decreased with an increase in the fibre content. Also, whereas the mode of failure in the masonry units under quasi-static loading was through fracture at the mortar-block interface, the failure plane transferred to within the mortar under dynamic loading, particularly in the presence of fibre reinforcement.
Due to the rapid energy consumption, many studies have been done on alternative energy generation methods. In this sense, insulation has an important place from the point of energy saving. Energy loss can be minimized by insulation technologies. Insulation materials produced by favorable methods can be healthier, more durable and economic. It is expected a huge increase on demands of insulation products because thermal and sound insulations are considered during construction.In this study, it is examined the usage of cotton waste, fly ash and epoxy resin on production of chipboards. Thermal conductivities, sound insulations and bending strengths of chipboards with different thickness were tested. Radioactive properties of samples containing barite were also investigated. All tests were performed by according to Turkish Standards. It was resulted that usage of cotton waste and fly ash had a positive effect on the engineering properties of chipboards. It was proved that light-weight construction materials produced with cotton waste, fly ash and epoxy resin could be used for getting better thermal and sound insulation results. Besides, radioactive permeability was measured lower on samples containing barite.
The increasing use of lime-based mortars for the restoration of historic buildings and structures justifies the research on these materials. The focus of this paper is the effect of technological variables on pore structure and mechanical properties of lime-based mortars. The influence of curing time, binder–aggregate (B/Ag) ratio, aggregate attributes and porosity is discussed. Mortars prepared with aerial lime, varying aggregate types and B/Ag ratios ranging from 1:1 to 1:5 by volume were tested. Compressive and flexural strength measurements, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal studies, were performed after 3, 7, 28, 91, 182 and 365 days. A strong increase in strength of mortar mixtures after 365 curing days (as compared to 28 curing days) is found. In spite of the fact that larger amounts of binder increase the total porosity, the strength of these mixtures is also increased. A good interlocked structure is obtained as binder contents increase. Also, higher porosities allow better portlandite carbonation. A relationship between mechanical properties and pore structure was established. However, in case of binder excess, the increase in voids leads to a strength reduction. The use of calcareous aggregates improves strength more as compared to the use of siliceous aggregates. Factors as grain size distribution and grain shape of the aggregates have also been considered.
Investigation on the thermal conductivity of newspaper sandwiched aerated lightweight concrete (ALC) panels is the main purpose of this study. Various densities of ALC panels ranging from 1700, 1400 and 1100kg/m3 with three different aerial intensities of newspaper sandwiched were produced. Investigation was limited to the effect of aerial intensity of newspaper sandwiched and the effect of density of ALC on thermal conductivity. It is found that the thermal conductivity of newspaper sandwiched ALC panels reduced remarkably compared to control ALC panels. The reduction was recorded at 18.0%, 21.8% and 20.7% correspond to densities of 1700, 1400 and 1100kg/m3 with just a mere 0.05g/cm2 aerial intensity of newspaper sandwiched. Newspaper sandwiched has a significant impact on the performance of thermal conductivity of ALC panels based on regression analysis.
This study describes the production of low density thermal insulation boards made from coconut husk and bagasse without the use of chemical binding additives. Dwelling in Thailand use thermal insulation to reduce air conditioning loads; the aim of this study was to develop a thermal insulation with lower environmental footprint than conventional materials. The hot pressing method was used and this article reports on the effect of board density and pressing conditions on the properties of the insulation boards. Mechanical properties of the coconut husk and bagasse insulation boards were measured for comparison with the standard employed in Thailand: JIS A 5905: 2003 Insulation Fibreboards. It was found that the bagasse insulation board with a density of 350kg/m3, using a 13min pressing time at a temperature of 200°C, met all of the requirements except for swelling thickness. Thermal conductivity of the coconut husk and bagasse insulation boards was measured according to ISO 8301 and this suggested that both insulation boards have thermal conductivity values ranging from 0.046 to 0.068W/mK which were close to those of conventional insulation materials such as cellulose fibres and mineral wool.
This paper deals with the influence of length and content (based on a percentage of wood particles) of jute fibers on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum-bonded particleboard (GPB). The length and amount of jute fibers had a significant effect on the internal bond strength (IB) and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of GPB. The addition of jute fibers did not obviously influence the modulus of elasticity (MOE), the thickness swelling (TS) or water absorption (WA). The values of IB were prominently high at the 3 mm length and 9-12% contents of jute fibers. The highest value of MOR was attained when the board was made with fibers 12 mm in length and a fiber content of 15%. The optimal amount of jute fibers reinforced the mechanical properties of GPB to achieve high performance. However, too much jute fiber reduced the IB, MOR (except for 12 mm length), and MOE of GPB. The values of TS and WA decreased gradually with an increase in the fiber content for all fiber lengths. In addition, the GPB gave very low weight loss on exposure to wood-decaying fungi of both Tyromyces palustris (TYP) and Coriolus versicolor (COV) as compared with untreated wood. It was concluded that the combination of 3 mm length and 9-12% content or 12 mm length and 15% content of jute fibers was the optimum for producing good performance of GPB.
A polypropylene fibre was added to lime-based mortars in order to check whether they were improved by this admixture. Different properties of lime-based mortars were evaluated: fresh state behaviour through water retention, air content and setting time; hardened state properties such as density, shrinkage, water absorption through capillarity, water vapour permeability, long-term flexural and compressive strengths, pore structure through mercury intrusion porosimetry, and durability assessed by means of freezing–thawing cycles. An improvement in some properties of aerial lime-based mortars – such as permeability, mechanical strengths, reduction in macroscopic cracks or durability in the face of freezing–thawing cycles – was achieved when fibre was added at a low dosage. When a larger amount of additive was used, only the reduction in cracks and the durability of the material were improved.
In order to design binding materials able to historical buildings restoration, physical–mechanical properties
and microstructure of fibre-reinforced lime-based hydraulic mortars, have been studied, in comparison
with a reference hydraulic lime-based mortar with no addition. Fibre-reinforced mortars, even
characterised by larger porosity and lower mechanical strength than the reference, pointed up a clear
improvement in the post-cracking behaviour and, regardless of nature and concentration of fibres, turned
from brittle materials to ductile materials. It was demonstrated that the addition of as low as 2% of glass
fibres leads to a toughening of the mortar and jointly to an improvement of the flexural load.
Transient simultaneous measurements of thermal conductivity, volume heat capacity and thermal diffusivity of laboratory wood-gypsum boards have been performed with ISOMET 2104 at room temperature. The influences of wood particle content, density and moisture content on thermal properties were investigated. The measurements were performed in a direction perpendicular to the board plane. The effect of density and wood particle content on the thermal properties may be related to the presence of voids both between and inside particles. It seems, that the dominant mechanism of heat transfer across the board is the heat conduction through the voids. Wood-gypsum boards with a density of 850–1300 kg/m3, a moisture content of 2–11% and a wood particle content of 0–35% have the following thermal conductivity of 0.189–0.753 W m-1 K-1, volume heat capacity of 0.683–1.43106 J m-3 K-1 and thermal diffusivity of 0.171–0.36710-6 m2 s-1; their magnitudes are higher than those ones of OSB, MDF, particleboard and plywood.
In the past decade finite element simulation has become a very useful methodological tool in the different science fields. This article offers a specific application of this powerful mechanism used for analyzing the mechanical behaviour of constructive elements in the design phase, prior to the laboratory tests’ stage. The aim of applying this simulation is to minimize the high cost the real scale fabrication of these elements entails.This research focuses on the analysis by finite element simulations (FES) of several construction elements used as interior partitions and made of plaster lightened with cork. The results of the study will allow us to determine the most suitable thickness values and proportions to ensure that the requirements stated by the standards and norms for light partitions are fulfilled. These parameters will later be useful for the final laboratory tests.Two simulation groups have been developed using the ANSYS application: firstly, a partition leaf of 200×260cm is studied exposing it to a superficial load and to an eccentric load following the EUAtc common directives for the technical appreciation of light panels, 1973). Second, the behaviour of a panel with a through opening is tested with the simulation regarding the different hypothesis of the structure deformation supporting and surrounding it.Finally, it is proved that the element of thickness 7cm and proportions stated at the beginning ensure a good performance regarding strain without producing any visible fissures, and therefore are suitable for a further laboratory test on real models.
Large amounts of cotton and limestone wastes are accumulated from the countries all over the world. The majority of cotton wastes (CW) and limestone powder wastes (LPW) is abandoned, and causes certain serious environmental problems and health hazards. This paper presents a parametric experimental study, which investigates the potential use of CW–LPW combination for producing new low cost and lightweight composite as a building material. The physical and mechanical properties of concrete mixes having high level of CW and LPW are investigated. The obtained compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), unit weight and water absorption values satisfy the relevant international standards. The results show that the effect of high level replacement of CW with LPW does not exhibit a sudden brittle fracture even beyond the failure loads, indicates high energy absorption capacity, reduces the unit weight dramatically and introduces smother surface compared to the current concrete bricks in the market. The process undertaken can easily be applied in the current brick plants. It results a sturdy lighter weight composite having potential to be used for walls, wooden board substitute, economically alternative to the concrete blocks, ceiling panels, sound barrier panels, etc. Paper presents the results and draws conclusions.
From a sustainable technical building perspective, this research work aims to investigate the potential of using waste products of the textile industry in building applications. In particular, textile threads as an alternative fiber reinforcement solution for cement based render. Unfortunately, undesirable and unexpected shrinkage cracking render is still a relevant concern in the building industry. Taking into account that this building pathology has a huge disproportionate depreciative impact on the overall value of a property, it is important to find building solutions that may contribute to mitigate this technical problem. Meanwhile, finding applications for the waste derived from the textile industry may also result in attractive economical and sustainable solutions. Pieces of fabrics or pieces of textile threads are the most common types of waste resulting from this industry. A 30% wool and 70% acrylic composition thread was the textile waste considered as a reinforcement fiber in this paper. A preliminary characterization of this composite material was experimentally performed. A parametric study including different fiber sizes, fiber contents and ages of the reinforced render was carried out. The applicability, the durability and the mechanical behavior of the proposed reinforced render were the main material properties studied in this research work. The obtained experimental results indicate that the studied composite material may be interesting from technological, sustainable and economical points of views.
This work presents a study on the effects of lightweight natural fillers, such as vermiculite and perlite, on the properties of a mixed-binder mortar based on a cement/lime/sand formulation with a typical ratio of 1:1:6. This kind of mortar may be used for indoor and outdoor rehabilitation purposes. Mortars with different contents of the above-mentioned fillers were prepared and their effect on the fresh and hardened product characteristics was evaluated. In the fresh state condition, properties such as apparent density, air content and water retention ability were measured. In what concerns the hardened product characteristics, evaluation was based on the variations of mechanical properties, open porosity and capillarity. It is observed that both the content and the nature of the lightweight filler determine the final characteristics of the mortar. This is particularly enhanced, for instance, by the relationship between hardened product physical properties, microstructure and porosity distribution.
Most of the buildings in the rural areas are made out of limestone, low quality traditional concrete brick and adobe. But these materials do not have sufficiently high compressive strengths. In the present research, an earthquake-resistant material with high compressive strength has been sought. To this end, the mechanical properties of certain combinations of fibrous waste materials and some stabilisers were investigated thoroughly and some concrete conclusions were drawn. It was concluded that the interface layers of fibrous materials increased the compressive strength and a certain geometrical shape of these layer materials gave the best results. The mix proposed satisfies the minimum compressive strength requirements of ASTM and Turkish Standards.
There are several stone masonry structures of historical importance in Canada that lie in regions of varying degrees of seismicity.
Hydraulic lime mortars are used in the repair of such heritage buildings. While this mortar works as a sacrificial element
in the stone masonry system, a tougher and more durable mortar is expected to offer the best repointing binder. This paper
reports the results of a study on the compressive, flexural and shear toughness of plain and fibre reinforced hydraulic lime
mortar. Polypropylene micro-fibres were incorporated at 0, 0.25 and 0.5% volume fraction. As expected, hydraulic lime mortar
was seen to be weakest in flexure. However, fibres were effective in increasing the flexural toughness as well as the shear
strength.
KeywordsHydraulic lime-Mortar-Fibre reinforcement-Compression-Flexure-Shear-Toughness factor
A new environment-friendly thermal insulation material—binderless cotton stalk fiberboard (BCSF) made from cotton stalk fibers with no chemical additives was developed using high frequency hot-pressing. The goal of this paper was to investigate the effect of board density, fiber moisture content (MC) and pressing time on thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of BCSF. The results showed that the board with a density of 150–450 kg/m3 had the thermal conductivity values ranging from 0.0585 to 0.0815 W/m K, which was close to that of the expanded perlite and vermiculite within the same density range. The thermal conductivity values had a strong linear correlation with the board density. The internal bonding strength (IBS) of boards was good at the relatively low-density level, which can be significantly improved with increasing the fiber MC and prolonging pressing time. The same trend was observed for modulus of rapture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the boards. As an environment-friendly and renewable material, the BCSF is particularly suitable for ceiling and wall applications to save energy.
Specimens of aerial and hydraulic lime-based mortars to be used in restoration works were prepared, hardened and subjected to different environments to study their compositional changes during setting, hardening and exposure to environment. Outside exposure, weathering cycles in a climatic chamber, SO2-rich environment and indoor exposure (as control group) were selected to expose the mortars. XRD, FT-IR and TG-DTA analyses were performed at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition, as well as the formation of the degradation products. Outside and SO2-chamber exposures and increasing the relative humidity allowed faster carbonation (enhancing CO2(g) dissolution) and hydration of hydraulic compounds. In SO2-chamber, sulfate attack appears as a surface phenomenon, giving: gypsum in aerial specimens and gypsum and syngenite in hydraulic specimens.
This study examines the potential reuse of textile effluent treatment plant (ETP) sludge in building materials. The physico-chemical and engineering properties of a composite textile sludge sample from the southern part of India have been studied. The tests were conducted as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specification codes to evaluate the suitability of the sludge for structural and non-structural application by partial replacement of up to 30% of cement. The cement-sludge samples failed to meet the required strength for structural applications. The strength and other properties met the Bureau of Indian Standards for non-structural materials such as flooring tiles, solid and pavement blocks, and bricks. Results generally meet most ASTM standards for non-structural materials, except that the sludge-amended bricks do not meet the Grade NW brick standard. It is concluded that the substitution of textile ETP sludge for cement, up to a maximum of 30%, may be possible in the manufacturing of non-structural building materials. Detailed leachability and economic feasibility studies need to be carried out as the next step of research.
New composite boards with low-thermal conductivity produced from a mixture of solid wastes from tissue paper manufacturing (solid waste TPM) and corn peel have been developed. The effects of solid waste TPM/corn peel ratio on the properties of the boards were investigated and the possibility of using recycled polystyrene packaging foam as a laminating agent to improve the quality of the boards was also evaluated. Our results show that the density of the particleboards decrease with increasing the amount of corn peel added in the mixture, leading to a decrease in thermal conductivity of the final product. In contrary, larger amount of solid waste TPM added in the mixture produced stronger boards. The lamination of recycled polystyrene on the surface of particleboards improves the mechanical properties and reduces the thickness swelling of the boards. The best improvement in mechanical properties and swelling resistance could be achieved when 15% polystyrene (w/v) was coated on the surface of the boards.
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Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Part 10: determination of dry bulk density of hardened mortar
- Une-En
UNE-EN 1015-10:2000/A1. Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Part 10:
determination of dry bulk density of hardened mortar. 2007.
Methods of test for mortar masonry. Part 18: determination of water absorption coefficient due to capillary action of hardened mortar
- Une-En
UNE-EN 1015-18. Methods of test for mortar masonry. Part 18: determination
of water absorption coefficient due to capillary action of hardened mortar.
2003.