Smart Lighting

Abstract

The goal of this work is to learn about different lighting control systems that are design for energy savings. Energy saving actions could follow two basic directions: efficiency and effectiveness: efficiency, by new more performing equipment (lamps, control gear, etc.) and by utilization of improved lighting design practices (localized task lighting systems); effectiveness by improvements in lighting control systems to avoid energy waste and by adopting a technical building management system. By controlling the lighting in such a way that the lighting level is always accurately matched to the actual need allows to save on the energy costs and to improve the human comfort and efficiency. Establishing an integrated lighting control concept is a very important part of the lighting design process. Directly controlling and managing energy consumption it is possible to reach high effectiveness in energy management.

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Smart Lighting
Lucia PINILLOS
Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Haifa, Israel
ABSTRACT: The goal of this work is to learn about different lighting control systems that are design for energy
savings. Energy saving actions could follow two basic directions: efficiency and effectiveness: efficiency, by new
more performing equipment (lamps, control gear, etc.) and by utilization of improved lighting design practices
(localized task lighting systems); effectiveness by improvements in lighting control systems to avoid energy
waste and by adopting a technical building management system. By controlling the lighting in such a way that
the lighting level is always accurately matched to the actual need allows to save on the energy costs and to
improve the human comfort and efficiency. Establishing an integrated lighting control concept is a very important
part of the lighting design process. Directly controlling and managing energy consumption it is possible to reach
high effectiveness in energy management.
1. INTRODUCTION
We are living in a climate change, where 19% of
energy use in the world is used for lighting, and 6%
of greenhouse emissions in the world derive from
this energy used for lighting.
As architects we need to be aware of this situation,
and begin to design in a more sustainable way,
seeking for alternatives that are friendly with the
environment and decrease the use of energy.
One option to design with lighting control systems for
energy efficiency is smart lighting.
This may include high efficiency fixtures and
automated controls that make adjustments based on
conditions such as occupancy or daylight availability.
This ability saves energy and provides a level of
comfort and convenience.
The concept of smart lighting also involves utilizing
natural light from the sun to reduce the use of man-
made lighting, and the simple concept of people
turning off lighting when they leave a room.
2. SMART LIGHTING DEFINITION
Smart lighting is a lighting technology. We are
talking about an intelligent network based on lighting
control solution that incorporates communication
between various system inputs and outputs related
to lighting control with the use of one or more central
computing devices.
This system can be used on both indoor and outdoor
lighting of commercial, industrial, and residential
spaces.
This technology serves to provide the right amount of
light where and when it is needed.
3. LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM
Lighting control systems typically provide the ability
to automatically adjust a lighting device's.
For maximum flexibility and energy savings, a
lighting control system must be simple in
management and use.
The software of this system has a simple interface to
adjust the lighting level or to launch programmed
scenarios. A physical presence in the building to
manage the lighting installation is therefore not
necessary.
A building administrator must be able to easily
change the settings on his PC, via an internal
network or the internet.
Three principles are important in this: flexibility,
energy savings and user-friendliness.
4. Major Techniques
There are different techniques that can be used on
lighting control systems as:
Presence Detection: Sensors only switch on the
lights once someone has entered the space and
switch them off automatically when no one is around.
Adjustment to the task: We can prevent waste of
energy, by setting standard lighting levels, depending
on specific tasks or applications.
Intelligent time control: This system is based on
schedules. The lights will be adjusted to previously
set schedules. For example switching on and off the
lights at the beginning and end of the working day.
Daylight - dependent control: With this system we
can adjust the artificial light depending on incident
daylight.
Limitation of peak capacity: Depending on the
recorded energy consumption, the lighting can be
temporarily dimmed or switched off in locations
chosen by us in order to limit total peak load.
5. Flexibility
One of the most important features in smart lighting,
is flexibility.
Light where and when it is necessary:

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Flexibility is not only related to time of day. For
example one space within a company can fulfill
several functions depending on use. A meeting can
be hold in the morning, a presentation in the
afternoon and in the evening a customer event.
Since these various functions require different
lighting, lighting management can be very helpful.
If the needs change in a space, lighting must also be
easily and quickly adjusted, without major works.
Through preprogrammed scenario the right lighting
can be configured for the right use (with a single
press of a button).
Flexibility also means personal control. With light
management, we can adjust the lighting level to our
preference.
Numerous studies show that variable lighting during
the day improves comfort and indirectly also staff
productivity.
A building or part thereof can change purposes.
Light management systems provide the flexibility to
deal with these changes without the need to add or
remove luminaries. A building’s or workplace’s
function is no static fact, with light management,
lighting can also easily evolve with changing need
over time.
More sophisticated systems divide a building into
zones where the lighting can be controlled via the
computer.
Light management allows the definition of scenarios
to quickly adjust the lighting to the various functions
of the individual rooms. It provide the flexibility to
adjust the lighting to the functions of a space. For
each of these functions you can define scenarios that
determine the type of lighting and the lighting
intensity. We can activate these scenarios by a
single button press. This type of scenario-setting is
common, for example, in auditoriums, reception
halls, restaurants, hotel lobbies, etc.
6. Energy savings
Energy savings is also a very important feature in
smart lighting. In a modern operational management,
energy efficiency has become an obvious focus. This
has to do with cost price, but also with increasing
social awareness and more strict regulations.
First we need to be aware that energy prices are
rising in the last years. (Fig. 1)
Worldwide some 17.5% of energy use goes to
lighting and depending on the type of building and/or
the activity the share of lighting in a company’s
energy use can add up to more than 50%.
Figure 1: C Energy use per type of building
The savings potential of light management is great,
but is highly dependent on the type of building, the
sector and of course the users.
7. OCCUPANCY SENSORS
Many facilities have areas that are lighted even when
they are not occupied. This is a waste of energy.
One of the solutions are the occupancy sensors.
Occupancy sensors consist of a motion detector,
an electronic control unit, a controllable switch (relay)
and a power supply. The motion detector uses
ultrasonic, passive infrared or dual technology
sensors to detect the presence or absence of
occupants in the space and sends that back to the
control unit.
The control unit then automatically adjusts the
lighting dependent on the presence or absence of
occupants. They detect the presence or absence of
people and turn lights on and off accordingly.
Occupancy sensors are used most effectively in
spaces that are often unoccupied, including some
offices, warehouses, storerooms, restrooms, loading
docks, corridors, stairwells, office lounges, and
conference rooms.
When motion is detected the lights are switch on.
Whenever motion is no longer detected, the lighting
is switched off or the lights are dimes (after a
previously set time span). A combination of both (first
dimming and subsequently switching off) is also
possible.
In larger office or open-plan offices it is important not
to lose sight of the comfort of users and prevent
frequent switching or dimming to cause disruption.
Here motion sensors are assigned per zone or
individual luminaire sensors are connected.
When choosing sensors it is important to have a
sufficiently large detection range and high sensitivity,
so that the least movement is detected (for example,
typing on a computer). On the other hand it may be
advisable to shield a section of the detection range,
for example to prevent the light from being switched
on in an office each time someone passes and open
door.
These sensors can generate lighting energy cost
savings of 13-90 percent if they are calibrated, wired
correctly and placed correctly.
We have two types of occupancy sensors, Passive
infrared sensor and ultrasonic sensor.
Most detect heat (infrared radiation) or sense shifts
in the frequency of reflected ultrasonic waves, or
some combination of the two.
8. System design for occupancy sensors
Passive infrared (PIR) sensors. These are the
most common type of occupancy sensor.
They are able to "see" heat emitted by occupants.
They are activated when change in infrared levels is
detected—for example, when a warm object moves
into or out of view of one of the sensor's eyes.
Ultrasonic (US) sensors.
They emit a high-frequency sound (above 20,000
cycles per second, so that it's beyond human and
animal audibility ranges) and listen for the reflected

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sound—a moving object will introduce a frequency
change.
US sensors are able to cover larger areas than PIR
sensors and are noticeably more sensitive. (Fig.2)
However, they can have false triggering. Air motion—
caused by a person running by a doorway or a
ventilator cycling on or off—can trigger a poorly
located or maladjusted sensor.
US sensors can also be triggered by curtains,
shades, or blinds that move with air currents.
As an example, we have multidetector comes as an
analogue or digital sensor from the Company ETAP.
It combines several sensors in a single compact
housing. The motion detector dims the lighting or
switches it off when it does not sense motion within
the detection area. The light sensor dims the lighting
under the influence of incident daylight. (Fig. 3)
Figure 2: Wall mounted sensor. PIS and Ultrasonic sensor
range for detecting motion
Figure 3: Different kind of sensors for larges spaces and
corridors (ETAP)
9. DAYLIGHT HARVESTING
When installing luminaries, the total luminous flux
is calculated on the basis of the required lighting
(e.g., 500 lux in an office environment), not taking
into account the influence of daylight.
Daylight harvesting systems use daylight to offset the
amount of electric lighting needed to properly light a
space, in order to reduce energy consumption.
As daylight levels increase in a space, electric light
levels can be automatically reduced to maintain a
target task light level and save energy.
When daylight comes in, too much light will fall on
the work surface, unless artificial light is dimmed at
that time. Daylight - dependent control makes use of
daylight sensors, which measure the reflection of
luminance on the work surface. If the sensor is set to
500 lux, it will dim the lamp’s luminous flux once
lighting is exceeded under the influence of daylight.
Daylight harvesting systems automatically dim or
switch electric lights depending on daylight
availability and this system use a device called photo
sensor to do this.
A photo sensor technology teamed with a dimming
fluorescent lighting system, which reduces energy
demand by dimming lights proportionally to the
amount of daylight received at a reference plane.
May be mounted on walls, ceilings and even as a
part of light fixtures.
Daylight harvesting systems are typically designed to
maintain a minimum recommended light level. This
light level will vary according to the needs and use of
the space.
10. System design for daylight harvesting
The electric system—lamps, ballasts, wiring to the
fixtures, number of fixtures per circuit, and fixture
placement and spacing.
Photo sensor—ceiling-, wall- or fixture-mounted
device that automatically measures light level
entering the space or at the task surface, and signals
the controller when a threshold is reached (light
levels are increasing or decreasing).
Controller—a control unit, such as a dimmable
ballast or low-voltage relay, that receives the photo
sensor signal as an input and issues a command to
connected dimming or switching controls to adjust
light output accordingly.
Dimming or switching controls—devices that
receive the command signal from the controller as an
input and as an output adjusts the light output of the
controlled electric lighting system by dimming or
switching.
We have two kind of photo sensors: open-loop
systems and closed loop systems.
Open-loop systems measure only the incoming
daylight, not the contribution from the electric
lighting.
The photo sensor should not see any electric light.
It is mounted outside the building or inside near a
daylight aperture facing away from the controlled
lighting.
Because there is no feedback, it is an open loop.
With open loop, the sensor is not affected by
temporary light level changes but it doesn't measure
actual light levels. (Fig. 4)
This means that a sensor placed outside a window
would not know that the blinds were closed, and dim
the lights inside anyway.
As a result, open loop is often preferable for
applications where accuracy is less important, such
as hallways and atria.

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Closed-loop systems, measure the combined
contribution to light level from both daylight and the
electric lighting system. (Fig.5)
The photo sensor detects the total photometric
amount of light, from both daylight and electric
sources in the space.
It measures actual light levels, so it is sometimes
considered more accurate than open loop,
It’ considered better when a specific target light level
must be maintained, such as small offices.
Closed-loop sensors "see" the results of their
adjustment, creating a closed loop.
They are typically mounted on the ceiling or as part
of a light fixture with a direct view of the task area,
and no direct view of sunlight or light sources being
controlled.
For example, in an office a closed-loop photo sensor
can be positioned on the ceiling facing the desktops
in order to detect the amount of light on the work
surface. Placing the sensor on the desktop itself
would be impractical.
In both the open- and closed-loop configurations, the
signal from the photo sensor must be carefully
calibrated to accurately indicate the effect of exterior
daylight variations on the light level on 'important
function' areas in the space.
If we are near a window, the incoming light will be
higher, so the artificial light that we will use will
decrease too. (Fig.6) Of course, in summer months
the energy saving will increase. (Fig.7)
Figure 4: Open loop system
Figure 5: Closed loop system
Figure 6: Office in Paris, using daylight harvesting sensors
Figure 7: Energy savings during summer months using
daylight harvesting sensors
11. REFERENCE PROJECTS
“Turn up the light level until I tell you to stop” is
the analog past. “Set the average illumination of the
space to 400 lux” or “set output to 10% unless there
is an occupancy trigger” will be the integrated,
connected digital future.
Buildings are responsible for about 36 percent of
Europe's greenhouse gas emissions, and according
to the International Energy Agency, lighting accounts
for 17.5 percent of global electricity use.
In a facility with skylights or windows there is
available daylight, which varies according to time of
day, weather conditions and more. Areas that get
light from those sources don't necessarily need much
artificial light at least not during the day but areas
farther from those sources do.
In a smaller facility, companies often simply turn out
the lights on sunny days.
The challenge typically arises in a larger sites with
thousands of square meters of space where
managing each fixture's light output to compensate
for the changing amounts of ambient light during the

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day is an enormous challenge and is impossible to
do manually.
But a sensor built into the luminaire that
automatically responds to its environment whether
it's occupancy, available daylight, time of day or
other variables and delivers just the right amount of
light when and where it is needed -- is the perfect
solution for reducing energy consumption and costs.
There are different facilities that take advantage of
these lighting control systems, and they have a lot of
percentage of energy savings:
-Offices headquarters Carrefour in Paris:
They use 480 Thalia® RT2 luminaries with ELS (light
sensor) and MDD (Movement Dependent Dimmer).
These systems limit energy consumption according
to the amount of daylight (ELS) and the presence or
absence of persons (MDD).
The results are 30% savings (annual consumption
40,950 kWh instead of 58,500 kWh).
(Fig. 8)
Figure 8: Offices headquarters Carrefour in Paris
- Factory - Mechelen Auction in Belgium:
They use Excellum light management system in a
30,000-m² shed with 218 motion detectors and 8
daylight sensors.
The results are 71% savings: 35% due to adjustment
to the task, 28% due to motion detection, 4% due to
individual control and 4% due to daylight control.
(Fig.9)
Figure 9: Factory in Belgium
-Jean Levy Multimedia Centre in Lille, France:
They use 130 R4 luminaires with ELS (light sensor)
in order to maximize incident daylight. Daylight-
dependent control was the logical choice here since
both sides of the rooms featured large windows.
The results are 30% savings (annual consumption
10,221 kWh instead of 14,602 kWh). (Fig. 10)
Figure 10: Jean Levy Multimedia Centre in Lille, France
- Haussmann Berri car park in Paris:
They use presence detectors combined with DALI
ensured a multi-stage decrease in illuminance
whenever no cars or pedestrians enter or exit the
car park. After 2 minutes without movement the
lighting level drops by 50%, after a further 2 minutes
the lighting goes into stand-by mode (20% of
power). The result is 61% energy saving without
loss of comfort for car park users. (Fig. 11)
Figure 11: Haussmann Berri car park in Paris
- New York Times Building in New York:
The building of New York Times was constructed in
2008 in Manhattan, designed by Renzo Piano. It’s a
building of 50 floors. (Fig 12)

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Is a mix of office and retail. It’s based on open
spaces and floor to ceiling glass walls.
Figure 12: New York Times Building, New York
This building use natural light to maximize energy
savings through daylight harvesting.
It has also a double skin facade, consisted of
ceramic tubes.
The building has a system of light control, the name
is quantum. (Fig 13)
Figure 13: Quantum lighting control system used in New
York Times Building
Employs a number of different strategies—including
daylight control, occupant control, light level tuning,
time clock control, and emergency lighting control —
to give building occupants maximum comfort.
(Fig.14)
Figure 14: Lighting system controls used in New York
Times Building
The daylight sensors take advantage of the daylight
in the space, adjusting also the electric light levels.
Every floor’s lighting scheme is divided into zones,
each with its own lighting levels that fit the needs of
the employees (depending on what type of work they
perform) and base on the amount of daylight that
penetrates the space.
Based on current NYC code (1.0 watts/sf lighting
power density) and a New York City commercial
building electricity rate of $0.18 per kWh, the savings
opportunity from using Quantum is approximately$1
per square foot per year.
In addition to these savings, there is a effect from
Quantum on the HVAC system energy performance.
The dramatically reduced output levels of the lighting
system means that less heat load is created by the
lights, which means the air conditioning system
works less, further reducing energy use in the
building.
One of the most important features of the system is
the robust database that collects system
performance details continuously. This enables the
user to analyze and optimize system performance.
This system, also improved the lighting environment
inside The New York Times Building.
12. ADVANTAGES
Smart lighting reduced energy consumption. The
extensive energy savings lead to a similar reduction
of greenhouse gas (such as CO2) emissions.
This system has the ability to control individual lights
or groups of lights from a single user interface device
that allows complex lighting scenes to be created.
Improves employee satisfaction and productivity by
providing appropriate lighting levels, minimizing glare
and balancing surface brightness
Better lighting, more effective work-space.
The majority of commercial spaces are over-lit and
that can hinder productivity. Having the ability to
control the lighting in conference rooms or individual
work spaces allows for maximum versatility to suit
the needs of each employee.
13. LIMITATIONS
Occupancy sensors. They can be more
expensive (for more small area applications) and
may require more adjustments since sensors contain
more than one sensing unit.
Wall switch sensors range can be limited, and
depending on the location of the switch, they can be
easily obscured.
Wall or ceiling - mounted sensors tend to be more
expensive and often need rewiring.
Manufacturers usually advertise coverage at the
maximum possible, but it can be severely altered due
to location, sensitivity adjustment, height and location
of furniture and distance of moving objects. Large or
complex areas will often require additional sensor
units for satisfactory performance.
Passive infrared sensors detect heat energy. It works
by line of sight so will not work well in spaces with
many barriers like restrooms or office areas with high
cubicle walls.

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Ultrasonic sensors. Increased distance of the moving
object from the sensor results in decreased or
erroneous motion detection.
Daylight harvesting. Switching vs. dimming: The
disadvantages of switching include typically lower
energy savings and less flexibility than continuous
dimming. Abrupt changes in light levels can be
considered irritating by occupants even if they
understand the intent of the changes.
Due to their advantages and disadvantages,
switching is often recommended for spaces with non-
stationary tasks such as corridors. Continuous
dimming is often recommended for spaces where
users perform stationary tasks, such as offices.
Users are not educated about the installed control
systems; when something doesn’t work, users often
disable the system instead of getting it fixed
Under-dimming, which results in less than expected
energy savings.
Over-dimming, which results in user irritation.
Frequent cycling of dimming or switching, which
results in user irritation.
14. CONCLUSIONS
We are living in a climate change, so we must be
aware of the consequences. For that, as architects
we should begin to use smart lighting in our designs.
Smart lighting reduces energy consumption and
lessees greenhouse gas emissions.
We can use of the abundance of data available in
the light and autonomously adjust the built
environment to enhance comfort, productivity, safety
and efficiency at the same time.
Looking at light differently and understanding that
the future of lighting must be fully adaptive is the only
way to truly lower energy consumption and costs.
It is becoming clear that simply adding more
intelligence and connectivity into the wall or building
controls won’t create the smart lighting that the
market will expect.
Smart lighting will be defined by three key
elements: Connected, integrated controls; Autonomy;
and Sensing (or “awareness”).
Smart lighting systems are a rapidly growing
industry, which covers many different fields and
skills. It provides major contributions to global
economic development and the environment.
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