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Justice. What's the Right Thing to Do?
... Virtue Ethics is now one of the three major ethical perspectives, alongside Utilitarianism and Deontological Ethics [2]. Whereas Utilitarianism examines the utility of actions and their consequences, and Deontological Ethics studies duties and obligations, Virtue Ethics focuses on virtuous or moral character, happiness, and the good life [3]. Stoicism more specifically adds ideas and practices relating to emotion, control, and rational deliberation, all of which we consider in depth. ...
... Moral luck is a problem for consequentialist theories of ethics, because unforeseen circumstances can lead to disastrous consequences, which would cause us to determine that the action was wrong. 3 In contrast, Virtue Ethics says that the agent is behaving correctly if it is behaving in accordance with the cardinal virtues, regardless of external consequences. ...
We present a position paper advocating the notion that Stoic philosophy and ethics can inform the development of ethical A.I. systems. This is in sharp contrast to most work on building ethical A.I., which has focused on Utilitarian or Deontological ethical theories. We relate ethical A.I. to several core Stoic notions, including the dichotomy of control, the four cardinal virtues, the ideal Sage, Stoic practices, and Stoic perspectives on emotion or affect. More generally, we put forward an ethical view of A.I. that focuses more on internal states of the artificial agent rather than on external actions of the agent. We provide examples relating to near-term A.I. systems as well as hypothetical superintelligent agents.
... behavior and economic decisions, while relegating the role of the state solely to that of crime prevention, especially for the protection of private property (Sandel, 2011). Libertarianism extols individual agency in determining access to and provision of basic amenity systems such as infrastructure, housing, healthcare, and education. ...
... Therefore, any form of psycho-social indignity caused to marginalized students, if it does not violate any of their constitutional rights, would not even count as them being "harm;" especially when such acts of indignity are difficult to prove as those which are done with malintent. Hence, in such a situation, trying to regulate or institutionally prevent individual actions, which perpetrate indignity but no harmaccording to definition-could be considered as a violation of individual liberty by the socially dominant groups (Sandel, 2011). Similarly, trying to institute a more socially and culturally equitable curriculum and learning environment could also be considered as act that yields disutility to the dominant groups, because it seeks to redistribute social capital which was earlier concentrated in the hands of the rural elite; thus, taking away their monopoly, which does not sit well with hegemons. ...
The world of ethics has often debated the relevance of schools of moral thought, such as utilitarianism and the libertarian doctrine, to the ideals of sustainable, inclusive development that countries across the globe aspire to reach. Utilitarianism, a philosophy which endorses actions providing maximum happiness as morally correct is ideologically unique from libertarianism, which prioritises individualist freedom and a free-market economy. Both views can be connected, although in varying degrees, to the axiom that equitable provision of education contributes to the overall economic development of the country. This concept is primarily concerned with state policies on improving the access and quality of education, such that all social groups, especially the marginalized communities, can avail the basic amenities of formal schooling and, subsequently, add value to their lives through the same. This essay will explore the two ethical philosophies of libertarianism and utilitarianism, and analyze the nature in which they engage to materialize social equity in the realm of school-level education in India's underserved rural regions. Furthermore, this essay will establish how utilitarian principles reflect a clearer template of equitable community development through education whilst engaging with some noteworthy shortcomings of the utilitarian worldview. Finally, it will recommend adoption of indigenous and subaltern ethical frameworks by the Indian educational system to ensure an all-encompassing materialization of social equity.
... Researchers have shown that emotions are central to, not aside from, politics (Damasio, 2006), political discourse and action (Nussbaum, 2013;Sandel, 2010), urban planning (Forester, 2020), geography (Davidson et al., 2008), and social movements (Jasper, 1998(Jasper, , 2018. This attention to the role of emotions in urban and political studies often reflects a shift away from positivist approaches that focus on rational decision-making calculations and urban data measurement. ...
Most studies and policy in disaster risk reduction have focused on either what people lack (their vulnerability or their capacities to deal with risk (their resilience). Few studies and decision-making processes have focused on the role of emotions in informal urban settings. However, the results of a four-year study including interviews, three international workshops, and 24 community-led initiatives of risk reduction in Cuba, Colombia, and Chile, shows that emotions play a fundamental role in the design and planning of grassroots initiatives. Anxiety, pride, anger, uncertainty, and awe are crucial in risk-related agency. These emotions help building leadership and engagement and are decisive in establishing empathy, trust, and legitimacy-all which constitute the basis for change towards social and environmental justice. Phenomenology can help address connections between emotions , agency, and space. To succeed, risk response frameworks must recognize the interplay between emotions, behaviors, and politics.
... The acknowledgment of disparate values and justice frameworks across civilizations does not necessarily indicate a universal consensus on the understanding of justice. Instead, it underscores the rich tapestry of human experiences and cultural diversity, where interpretations of justice are shaped by a myriad of factors, including historical context, societal norms, and philosophical underpinnings (Sandel 2010). In the pursuit of a holistic understanding of justice, it is imperative to recognize and embrace the diversity inherent in societies worldwide. ...
... However, there is disagreement in the literature about what constitutes a just outcome and on the use of equality as a fundamental principle. Broadly speaking, one can distinguish between three competing main schools of thought (or small narratives) within the normative theory of justice, and they emphasize maximum welfare (utilitarianism), individual freedom (liberalism), and special virtues (virtue), respectively (Sandel, 2010). A key virtue in this context is to facilitate the greatest possible equality in outcomes (egalitarianism) (Rawls, 1999). ...
This article contributes to the theoretical knowledge of sustainable development operationalized in a sustainable development space based on three sustainable development imperatives: needs, justice, and limits. The space is constituted by six primary goals with associated key indicators and thresholds. Moreover, the article contributes to empirical knowledge about where different countries are in relation to this space based on data from 144 countries by using cluster analyses. The analyses show that no country is currently in the sustainable development space, but that sustainable development is possible. Finally, the article contributes to the growing literature on the use of narratives as important elements in change processes in general and sustainable development in particular. We present four big sustainable development narratives: “the right to education for all,” “leave no one behind,” “a carbon‐free energy system,” and “make room for nature.” These narratives are fundamental in the sense that they are a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.
... Aristotle teaches us that 'in order to determine the just distribution of a good, we have to inquire into the telos, or purpose, of the good being distributed'. 122 That is why in order to reason about just distribution, we have to reason about the purpose and the qualities that are worthy of recognition. We need to indicate justifiable criteria for treating people differently when it is necessary to promote and reward individual efforts. ...
... Some of the best teachers assure more or less dramatically that thanks to their courses 'nothing will be the same again', whether it is a matter of exploring new situations or of reconsidering the understanding of others that have always been present. A good example is Michael Sandel's famous course on justice, in which the acquisition of a new perspective supposes contact with numerous classical texts and their contrast with the circumstances of different moments of history (Sandel 2010). Once again what is at stake is the stimulation of thought and reflection rather than mere memorizing or, seen in a more integral way, of nourishing memory through different channels, exalting their role to a more developed level of thought (cf. ...
... We acknowledge that there are many definitions of social justice that occupy the research literature space. The primary metric for justice, in this context, revolves around the fair allocation of societal utilities and liberty (Sandel, 2009), which are crucial in support of the view that social justice is understood as being unbiased or fair. This is especially true when considering the term 'liberal' within the realm of political philosophy. ...
... Anderson, 2010Anderson, , 2012E. S. Anderson, 1999;Voigt & Wester, 2015), capabilities theories (Powers, 2019;Sen, 1995), non-ideal and relational theories (Baylis et al., 2008;Bennett & Keyes, 2020;Hoffmann, 2019;Llewellyn & Downie, 2012;Sherwin & Feminist Health Care Ethics Research Network, 1998;Young, 2011;Young &Nussbaum, 2011), andcommunitarianism (MacIntyre, 2013;Sandel, 2010); • Relevant publications regarding the ethical requirements for ensuring fairness in ML systems (Barocas et al., 2019;Benjamin, 2019;Bennett & Keyes, 2020;Birhane, 2021;Cavaliere et al., 2019;Dignum, 2022;Faden et al., 2013;Farmer, 2004;Gichoya et al., 2023;Hoffmann, 2019;London, 2019London, , 2022Malanga et al., 2018;McDougall, 2019;Metcalf & Crawford, 2016;Mühlhoff, 2023;Ravitsky, 2024;Sauer et al., 2022;Sherwin & Feminist Health Care Ethics Research Network, 1998;Voigt, 2019;Voigt & Wester, 2015;Xiang, 2021;Zook et al., 2017). ...
Radiodiagnostics by machine-learning (ML) systems is often perceived as objective and fair. It may, however, exhibit bias towards certain patient sub-groups. The typical reasons for this are the selection of disease features for ML systems to screen, that ML systems learn from human clinical judgements, which are often biased, and that fairness in ML is often inappropriately conceptualized as “equality”. ML systems with such parameters fail to accurately diagnose and address patients’ actual health needs and how they depend on patients’ social identities (i.e. intersectionality) and broader social conditions (i.e. embeddedness). This paper explores the ethical obligations to ensure fairness of ML systems precisely in light of patients’ intersectionality and the social embeddedness of their health. The paper proposes a set of interventions to tackle these issues. It recommended a paradigm shift in the development of ML systems that enables them to screen both endogenous disease causes and the health effects of patients’ relevant underlying (e.g. socioeconomic) circumstances. The paper proposes a framework of ethical requirements for instituting this shift and further ensuring fairness. The requirements center patients’ intersectionality and the social embeddedness of their health most notably through (i) integrating in ML systems adequate measurable medical indicators of the health impact of patients’ circumstances, (ii) ethically sourced, diverse, representative and correct patient data concerning relevant disease features and medical indicators, and (iii) iterative socially sensitive co-exploration and co-design of datasets and ML systems involving all relevant stakeholders.
... Dalam konteks ini, kajian �ilsafat ilmu aksiologi dapat memberikan landasan �iloso�is yang kuat dalam memahami dan mengembangkan nilai-nilai karakter tersebut. Penting untuk memahami bahwa pembentukan karakter toleransi tidak hanya melibatkan aspek kognitif, tetapi juga emosional dan perilaku (Sandel, 2021;Hume & Hume, 2022). Filsafat ilmu aksiologi, yang mempelajari nilai-nilai moral dan etika, dapat membantu dalam menggali akar pemahaman tentang nilai-nilai tersebut serta bagaimana nilai-nilai tersebut dapat diinternalisasi oleh peserta didik tunagrahita (McGrath, 2023). ...
Pembentukan nilai karakter toleransi bagi peserta didik tunagrahita memerlukan pendekatan yang spesifik dan efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi peran filsafat ilmu aksiologi dalam membentuk nilai karakter toleransi pada peserta didik tunagrahita. Dengan melakukan tinjauan pustaka terhadap konsep toleransi, pentingnya toleransi dalam pendidikan, dan tantangan yang dihadapi peserta didik tunagrahita, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa filsafat ilmu aksiologi memiliki peran kunci dalam meningkatkan toleransi. Filsafat ini dapat menumbuhkan empati, pemahaman, dan rasa hormat terhadap keberagaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa integrasi filsafat ilmu aksiologi ke dalam kurikulum dapat membantu peserta didik tunagrahita mengembangkan nilai karakter toleransi yang esensial untuk perkembangan sosial dan emosional mereka. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini menyarankan pendidik dan pengambil keputusan untuk mengintegrasikan filsafat ilmu aksiologi dalam sistem pendidikan, guna meningkatkan toleransi di kalangan peserta didik tunagrahita. Pendekatan ini diharapkan dapat memperkuat kemampuan peserta didik dalam menghadapi perbedaan dan berkontribusi pada kehidupan sosial yang lebih harmonis dan inklusif.
... Nielsen [42], a socialist, was opposed to both Rawls and Nozick and considered equality to be of greater importance than individual liberty. Sandel [43], a communitarian, argues that the wellbeing of the community takes precedence over individual liberty, and views that Rawls does not place enough emphasis on community and community values. Pogge [33] takes a globalist stance on justice, extending Rawls's egalitarian view on justice, which seemed to only work intranationally, to make it more globally applicable. ...
Education systems globally are increasingly being shaped by the logics, assumptions and pedagogical underpinnings of educational technology (EdTech) products, services, programmes, policies, and systems. These often promote rationalistic, secular, universal, objectivist, (post)modernist, written, behaviourist, and individualistic ways of being, marginalising religious, spiritual, oral, subjective, critical, and communitarian ways of being. Given that technological ways of being have been propagated globally, these logics are no longer predominantly promoted by those in the Global North, but by techno-solutionists globally, although the core-to-periphery flows of ideology and funding are still prominent. This article develops a conceptual and analytical framework for decolonising and desecularising the field of EdTech. Concepts are drawn from various discourses: the desecularisation of knowledge to set the ontological framing; embodied cognition to set the epistemological framing; and social justice and decolonial discourses to set the axiological framing. From this, the article develops the Dimensions of Human Injustice Analytical Framework—covering material, ontological and epistemic, and (geo)political injustices—to assist policymakers, educators, EdTech developers, and international development practitioners in identifying and confronting coloniality in their EdTech. Acknowledging the complexity and contentions within decolonial thought, this article does not claim a unified stance on achieving justice but aims to offer a tool for deconstructing and questioning injustices.
... Further, scholars of classical leadership theory (e.g., [40]) state that the very essence of ethics is being true to oneself and authentic. Sandel [42] notes three common historical approaches to ethical leadership utilitarianism (leader maximizing the welfare of followers), libertarianism (leader protecting the freedom of individuals), and Kant's ethical theory (leader focuses solely on promoting the right thing to do, regardless of its consequences). ...
Since the non-western perspectives of ethics have not been well explored in the literature, this paper addresses this concern by explaining ethics from an ancient Indian concept of dharma. Though we consider various normative aspects of dharma from multiple conversations available in the Indian scriptures, we consider a precise narrative of dharma from Nāradaparivrājaka Upaniṣad as the fundamental reference to define dharma as a multidimensional construct. Further, we adopt a dharmic approach to highlight the significance of ethics in leadership which may significantly contribute to assuring sustainable business practices. The paper would bring in certain theoretical implications as follows. First, elucidating certain dimensions of dharma would help broaden the normative domain of ethics literature. Second, given the sustainability-engrained nature of Vedic philosophy, such a dharmic approach toward ethical leadership would further widen the construct with a novel theoretical viewpoint. Third, the acknowledgment of a specific leadership act to be ethical or unethical becomes more objective in this context with the provision of a definitional framework of dharma, narrated in this paper.
... An important ethical dilemma is determining the boundary between acceptable religious expression and unethical behaviour. Sandel highlights the need for ethical reasoning in resolving these conflicts and contends that in order to handle intricate situations involving religious expression, both legal and moral viewpoints are required 90 . In addition, religious leaders have a moral obligation to make sure that neither their followers nor the general public suffer from the sermons they deliver. ...
This article explores the legal implications of religious preachers' torts, including defamation, emotional distress, negligence, and incitement. It provides a historical overview and reviews relevant legal frameworks. The article also examines the role of intent and religious freedom in legal proceedings. Mitigation strategies include developing codes of conduct, implementing legal education, and promoting mediation. The article also offers policy recommendations for religious organizations and legal bodies. It concludes by addressing future research opportunities and suggesting areas for further exploration. This comprehensive study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of religious freedom, free speech, and legal obligations.
... Sudden price increases due to external shocks, such as natural disasters, regularly trigger price gouging debates. There is an extensive philosophical debate on the moral status of price gouging and price gouging restrictions (Finestone & Kingston, 2022;Sandel, 2010;Snyder, 2009;Zwolinski, 2008). Economists (and in their wake, some philosophers, too) make a moral argument based on the interpretation that increased prices serve as an incentive to ramp up production and alleviate scarcity (Friedman, 1971;Munger, 2011). ...
External shocks (e.g., due to a pandemic) may lead to price jumps in the short term. Rather than being read as a signal of increased scarcity, the resulting “price gouging” is often ascribed to sellers’ selfish exploitation of the crisis. In our experimental study, we investigate the drivers of fairness perceptions regarding voluntary transactions in situations of increased scarcity and explore how they pertain to the economic policy debate on price gouging restrictions. Departing from previous research, our results show that perceptions of power, not of the seller as the profiteer (mercantilism), drive fairness perceptions. The more powerful a transaction partner is assumed to be, the less the respective transaction is regarded as fair. In line with the literature, we also find that fairness perceptions are correlated with zero-sum thinking (i.e., a denial of the mutuality of benefits implied by voluntary transactions). Our study helps to better understand why some market regulations appear attractive despite suboptimal outcomes, thus revealing a mixing of the micro and the macro cosmos, against which Hayek warned. By casting a light on the psychological mechanisms behind attitudes toward markets, we aim to improve the assessment of legitimacy issues and contribute to explaining (and overcoming) the moral paradox of modernity.
... In June 2005, U.S special forces were deployed on a secret mission in Afghanistan in search of a Taliban leader, Osama Bin Landen. This crew that took up a position on the mountain was later discovered by goatherders, releasing them led to their demise plus the rescue helicopter sent for them, of which 16 soldiers were on board (Sandel, 2010). If the US forces had sent out a targeted drone through the intelligence, they had already gathered they could have prevented the loss of those soldiers' lives and that of the residence of Pashtun village which protected the last survivor from the Taliban's till his rescue as their secret mission became a world known one. ...
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into military operations has significant implications for global stability. Understanding these implications is crucial for policymakers, researchers, and the international community. This study addresses the impact of AI-driven technologies on defence systems. It examines autonomous weapons, surveillance, and cyber warfare, highlighting the potential for an arms race. The main argument is that responsible AI deployment is essential for maintaining peace and security. The study is anchored on Deterrence theory. This study adopts qualitative research methods as a means of data collection which is secondary source based, and were merely obtained from textbooks, Journal articles, conference proceedings, Newspapers, and reliable internet materials. The data collected were analysed thematically. The study however revealed that AI enhances military capabilities while raising legal and ethical concerns. The study therefore recommends among others, the need for AI governance via international norms, and cooperation to prevent misuse.
... We acknowledge that there are many definitions of social justice that occupy the research literature space. The primary metric for justice, in this context, revolves around the fair allocation of societal utilities and liberty (Sandel, 2009), which are crucial in support of the view that social justice is understood as being unbiased or fair. This is especially true when considering the term 'liberal' within the realm of political philosophy. ...
... Michael Sandel, one of the world's leading political philosophers, offers an example that allows us to comprehend how utilitarian ethics apply in practice. Sandel argues that utilitarian ethics mainly work on the assumption that committing a seemingly immoral act--the kind that deontologists would never condone--rests on another assumption, that not doing so would lead to undesirable consequences [38]. Exploring this point in the context of the Cold War allows us to comprehend why the US proceeded with ethically questionable interventions: if Washington did not intervene in countries like Greece, Cyprus, Vietnam, Chile, Iran, and so on, then it would be only a matter of time before the USSR took advantage of power vacuums left by the US. ...
This article challenges the assumption that Cold War American in-terventionism has been inherently immoral. To do so, it explores the marriage between missionary American exceptionalism and the necessities of realist foreign policymaking, to argue that we can identify the moral dimensions of American interventionism not in deontological, but in consequentialist terms. This article introduces its own theoretical framework to grasp the inherent ethical side of Cold War US foreign policymaking, through which it explores the influence of American Exceptionalism in the con-ceptualization of American foreign policy in the context of the Cold War, along with its superpower competition with the Soviet Union and world communism more broadly. The fundamental principle that this article proposes is that Cold War American administrations operated with a consequentialist mindset, in which containing and defeating communism was not only a strategic and geopolitical interest in realist terms, but also a moral imperative, in existential ones. This only means that the injustices committed in interventions such as in Chile or in Vietnam, were otherwise considered not only as strategically indispensable, but also as the right thing to do because of the moral purpose that they served.
Accessibility analysis plays a crucial role in urban and transportation planning. However, the modeling and interpretation of accessibility can vary significantly across theoretical frameworks, which offer diverse considerations and measurement approaches. These distinctions profoundly influence planning evaluations and policy- and decision-making activities. Therefore, this article explores the impact of intellectual theories—specifically Bentham, Marx, Rawls, and Al-Sadr's perspectives—on justice assessments regarding accessibility to urban opportunities via public and private transportation. To achieve this, a gravity-based accessibility model that incorporates both internal and external costs is developed. Subsequently, quantifiable frameworks for justice assessment are introduced. Next, five scenarios are evaluated, and accessibility values are calculated for a selected study area. Finally, the results are ranked and analyzed within the context of the theoretical frameworks. The findings reveal that theoretical justice evaluation frameworks significantly influence the prioritization of scenarios. Additionally, incorporating internal and external transportation costs into the accessibility computation process not only affects accessibility values but also enhances the reflection of theoretical perspectives on justice. The results further demonstrate that the proposed accessibility model and justice evaluation frameworks can enable planners to embed justice-oriented approaches more comprehensively in the planning processes.
In the context of the rapid development of the digital economy and transformative technologies, new-quality productivity, driven by artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain, is profoundly reshaping socio-economic structures and governance models. This emerging form of productivity not only redefines resource allocation mechanisms but also challenges the foundational assumptions of traditional political philosophy. Classical frameworks, such as liberalism, utilitarianism, and social contract theory, face significant limitations in addressing complex issues related to data privacy, algorithmic bias, and rights distribution, necessitating a theoretical reconstruction to align with the new technological landscape. This study explores the need for reconstructing the philosophical foundations of political systems under new-quality productivity and examines its far-reaching implications for public management and governance frameworks. By analyzing the management models of democratic and centralized systems, the study highlights their respective strengths and weaknesses in managing new-quality productivity. Democratic systems excel in fostering innovation through market-driven mechanisms and societal collaboration but often encounter challenges in coordination and efficiency. In contrast, centralized systems leverage strategic planning and high execution efficiency, yet face potential constraints in innovation and ethical concerns arising from technological centralization. The complementary nature of these systems provides valuable insights into constructing a global governance framework. The study further argues that the global governance system in the digital economy era should emphasize inclusivity and collaboration. By integrating ethical oversight, data sovereignty protection, and multilateral cooperation mechanisms, it is possible to achieve a balance between equity and efficiency in public management. The theoretical contribution of this research lies in advancing interdisciplinary studies between political philosophy and public management, while its practical significance lies in offering policy guidance and solutions to address social inequality, digital divides, and governance challenges in the era of new-quality productivity.
Housing is one of the greatest needs that African immigrants confront in Johannesburg’s inner city, South Africa. One of the reasons for the manifestation of shortage of housing correlates with the large-scale and uncontrollable migration, which has occurred over the past three decades or so. This mass migration, predominantly of black Africans, has drastically reconfigured the demographics of Johannesburg’s inner city. Unfortunately, most African migrants and refugees who happened to be foreigners find that they are excluded from the benefits of housing services. This reality brings into focus one of the socio-economic gaps and class realities of cities, that is, most of the urban migrants, specifically in the Johannesburg inner city are poor. Berea Baptist Mission Church (BBMC) ministers daily to this volatile vulnerable ’rightless‘ migrant community.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: In this article, the author argues for ways that BBMC can mobilise its assets towards formulating and reimagining new conditions under which affordable, sustainable and aesthetically attractive housing in an urban environment such as Johannesburg’s inner city is feasible. Insights from the ‘oiko-missiological perspective’ are helpful in this process of formulation and reimagination of new conditions towards ‘just housing’ in Johannesburg’s inner city.
Diversity, equity, and inclusion are fundamental and critical ingredients in the flourishing of any organisation as they capacitate, spur and foster genuine belongingness among diverse people because among others it promotes and sustains: epistemic representation, hermeneutical justice, genuine engagement, enriching belongingness and participation which are core in higher education dispensation for quality education and national development. It is against this backdrop that the purpose of this chapter is to explore the state of diversity, equity and inclusion in the academia. Marginalised and disadvantaged students and people find it hard to be included in the academia. Diversity, equity and inclusion were conceptualised in the context of higher education in Zimbabwe. The chapter explored the state of DEI in Zimbabwe and it was established that many problems are faced stemming from rurality, gender inequity, and epistemic injustice. Some strategies were proposed like, epistemic justice deploying Ubuntu and setting robust committees for monitoring and implementing the DEI polices
The key stakeholders in green finance encompass both financiers and beneficiaries of funds allocated toward environmentally sustainable endeavors. Other stakeholders include local community groups as well as global communities impacted by the continuous degradation of the natural environment due to human activities, particularly those of commercial organizations driven by instrumental motives and lacking empathy for the detrimental effects of their activities on the natural environment. The underlying motivations of the stakeholders, particularly providers and users of funds, dictate their involvement in green finance. While the preservation of the natural environment stands as the primary altruistic motivation behind green finance, stakeholders are often influenced by factors beyond altruism. Stakeholders may prioritize instrumental objectives such as profit maximization or the execution of projects with high positive net present value. Consequently, conflicting interests among stakeholders may arise during the process of financing and utilizing green finance, contingent upon whether their motivations are driven by altruism or instrumentality. This chapter engages in a critical analysis of the motives and interests represented by the diverse stakeholders engaged in green finance. This chapter provides insights in relation to the motives of stakeholders involved in green finance. The chapter suggests that stakeholders reassess their interests and make concessions to reconcile their conflicting interest for the betterment of the common good, the natural environment that affects the well-being of communities around the globe.
Resulta indiscutido que el daño es el elemento central de la responsabilidad civil. Así, este artículo muestra la forma en que la legislación ha optado por no definirlo mientras que la doctrina chilena ha pasado por alto su problematización, prefiriendo abordar su ámbito práctico, clasificándolo, caracterizándolo y luego reflexionando en torno a sus formas de cuantificarlo en dinero. Pero desde la óptica de la filosofía del derecho y la justicia correctiva, resulta relevante evidenciar esta paradoja de que el principal elemento de la responsabilidad civil sea infraproblematizado y, por su parte, dotarlo de más contenido gracias a las teorías comparativistas o no comparativistas abordadas por la doctrina comparada, para con ello examinar la necesidad de un concepto unívoco del daño, ante el surgimiento de nuevos tipos. Finalmente, se intentará ilustrar cómo estas herramientas podrían mejorar la práctica tanto de litigantes como el propio razonamiento judicial al incluir mayor claridad a su motivación.
This chapter provides an overview of how disparities in neurologic outcomes reflect injustice and the role of social factors in producing these disparities. Using an intersectional lens, we discuss various forms of discrimination, such as microaggressions and sexism within the context of various forms of racism, and the effects of these on overall health. We review the concept of justice as it relates to biomedical ethics, neurologic care, the social determinants of health, and the social determinants of equity. We conclude by discussing why neurologists are obligated to address inequity and work toward social justice and equity in neurology.
Este ensayo aborda los argumentos principales de la crítica contramayoritaria al Poder Judicial, en su labor de interpretar las normas en su función jurisdiccional; con mayor ahínco al dejar de aplicar o invalidar una ley contraria a la Constitución. La base de la crítica radica en que algunos consideran que los jueces, carecen de legitimidad democrática, para invalidar las leyes, emanadas de los representantes del pueblo, quienes, al ser escogidos a través del voto, representan la genuina expresión de autogobierno del pueblo. De cara a esto, se señala, además de otros factores, que la indicada crítica está anclada en un enfoque de democracia procedimental, que obvia la democracia constitucional, la cual abarca, además de procedimientos, que las decisiones contribuyan a que todos los miembros de la comunidad sean tratados con igual consideración y respeto, por su condición humana. Por otro lado, como en la citada crítica subyace la defensa de mecanismo de designación de los jueces, que garantice una cierta legitimidad democrática de origen; se señalan los peligros que entrañan la escogencia de los jueces a través de elecciones populares, y la necesaria reducción de representantes políticos en los órganos de escogencia, para garantizar mayor independencia al Poder Judicial.
Every technological revolution generated trends across the States’ domestic policy, as well as in international relations, produced social expectations to promote progress and better living, but also carried out threats and challenges for the States and societies. Since the financial crisis in 2008, international relations have crossed multifaceted dynamics of changes: the leadership is energetically disputing, the universal values are under assault, the new economic private powers appear, people are concerned about their social wealth, and the States have to adopt a policy to manage these challenges.
New actors took advantage of mass discontent about underprotection towards the future. They target democracy as all-permissiveness and defend hard ways of control. In international relations, this trend refers to the revisionist narratives of democracy that interpret legitimacy as “economic well-being” (China) or “secure well-being” (Russia). In parallel, global governance architecture based on free commerce and goodwill is also attacked by sabotaging the World Trade Organization and the United Nations principles due to trade and conventional wars involving global powers.
Consequently, the chapter will discuss two central questions: the demands for renewing the social contract and the systemic crisis of international order based on legacy and shared values.
This paper argues that polygamous marriage should be decriminalized only if certain conditions are met: (1) every party involved is able to enter and exit the marriage at all times, (2) governments promote social norms that respect equality of every sex, and (3) children’s well-being is protected. Four objections against the legalization of polygamy are examined and criticized. First, the structural inequality objection – polygamy should be illegal because the structure of polygamous marriage is inherently inegalitarian. Second, the bargaining inequality objection – polygamy should be illegal because, in inegalitarian liberal societies, it is more likely that those who choose to be the peripheral spouse in polygamous marriage would decide from unequal bargaining positions. Third, the male-dominated norms objection – polygamy should be illegal because, in social contexts where polygyny is much more popular than polyandry, legalizing polygamy would boost inequality between males and females. Fourth, the children’s well-being objection – polygamy should be illegal because it would likely inflict harm on children. I argue that these four objections fail to justify the criminalization of polygamy. Instead, polygamy should be legal under certain conditions that are not as demanding as polygamy’s critics propose.
Objective: This research aims to find out, analyse and discover the nature of the role of the State Attorney in legal assistance in the field of Civil and State Administration, assess the effectiveness of the role of the State Attorney in legal assistance in the field of Civil and State Administration, and identify factors that affect the effectiveness of the role of the State Attorney in legal assistance in the field of Civil and State Administration. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework used in this research combines normative legal research and sociological legal research. Normative legal research analyses regulations and laws governing the role and function of the State Attorney, while sociological legal research assesses how these regulations are applied and perceived in practice by the public and related institutions. Method: The type of research conducted is descriptive, using a mixed approach between normative and sociological legal research. Data was collected through the study of legal documents, interviews with State Attorneys, and field observations at various agencies related to the Civil and State Administrative fields. Results and Discussion: The State Attorney plays a role in representing the legal interests of the state, government, BUMN/BUMD, and the community through legal assistance, law enforcement, legal considerations, services, and other legal actions. However, its role in resolving legal disputes in the civil and state administrative fields is still less effective, both through litigation and non-litigation channels, which are influenced by the substance of the law, human resources of the apparatus, facilities and infrastructure, public legal awareness, and legal culture. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of [insert field of study]. These implications could encompass [list impacted areas or sectors]. Originality/Value: The essence of the role of the State Attorney is to represent the legal interests of the state, government, BUMN / BUMD, and the community through various forms of legal assistance and action, but the effectiveness of its role in resolving legal disputes in the fields of Civil and State Administration is still less than optimal, influenced by legal substance, human resources, facilities and infrastructure, public legal awareness, and legal culture.
The distribution of subsidized fertilizers in the jurisdiction of South Sulawesi is a strategic effort by the government to increase agricultural productivity and national food security in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 17/M-DAG/PER/6/2011 Article 2 concerning the Procurement and Distribution of Subsidized Fertilizers for the Agricultural Sector. This research aims to evaluate the implementation of the policy and identify the obstacles faced in the field. Based on the analysis, it was found that the implementation of subsidized fertilizer distribution experienced various problems, including delays and irregularities in distribution, quota deviations by farmers and distributors, and lack of understanding of farmers' procedures. Factors affecting these constraints include ineffective coordination and communication, poor logistics infrastructure, and weak supervision and law enforcement. To overcome this problem, it is suggested that there should be improvements in coordination between parties, improvement of logistics infrastructure, strengthening supervision and law enforcement, as well as intensive socialization and the use of information technology in distribution monitoring. With these steps, it is hoped that the policy goals of subsidized fertilizer distribution can be optimally achieved, support agricultural productivity, and ensure national food security.
This study is about a legal study of the enforcement of Law No. 23 of 2004 concerning the elimination of domestic violence. It is described and analyzed more deeply on the principle of equality of law, for handling cases of domestic violence, the implementation of equality before the law, and models of legal protection. justice for perpetrators and victims of violence. In addition, this study aims to examine appropriate legal service procedures as well as legal protection for victims and perpetrators of crimes of domestic violence. On the other hand, there are cooperative efforts to recover victims of domestic violence based on Ministerial Regulation No. 4 of 2006 concerning the implementation and cooperation in the recovery of victims of domestic violence. The most important essence is the eradication of criminal acts of violence in the household which aims to make the conflicting parties aware in the home to be able to foster household integrity which affects children and people around the family. The method used in this study is empirical juridical and is described using primary and secondary data sources with literature review techniques using primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The primary legal material is in the form of applicable laws and regulations. With this study, it is hoped that the best system solution for handling cases of domestic violence in Indonesia will be obtained.
In the face of increasing global challenges that cut across many facets of life, the economic, political, social, and cultural outcomes for the majority of the world’s population continue to deteriorate. The combination of natural resource extraction fueled by the demands of late-stage capitalism and its devastating impact on the environment have contributed to global warming and climate change. This has further contributed to the marginalisation of already vulnerable populations in both developed and developing countries. As a result of these challenges, there is increased political instability around the world, high frequency of natural disasters with increased loss of life, costly damage to infrastructure, and protracted conflicts, among other things, thereby putting already marginalised groups under severe stress. These unfolding forms of economic, political, social, and cultural marginalisation are taking place in a communication environment characterised by rapid technological changes that have opened up the digital communicative space for these issues to be brought into public limelight. While contentious issues can now be easily communicated through digital communicative spaces such as social media, these spaces have also not been spared the vagaries of neoliberalism. Given the devastating effects of late-stage capitalism, on the one hand, and the rise of social media and expansive discursive affordances, on the other hand, it is imperative to explore what these possibilities are and how communication can play a role in advancing social justice issues in an increasingly challenging and difficult world for marginalised and minoritised groups hence the focus of this book.
Distributive justice deals with the way social goods are distributed among the members of the society. This study investigates the distributive justice regarding the political goods such as membership in political community, political power and political offices, political participation, freedom and security. The main issue in this study is as follows: “What is the distributive criterion for political goods such as freedom, power and security in Islam’s view?” The research method is interpretive, and extracts the distributive principles of political goods on the basis of the traditions and the Qur’anic verses as well as explanation of their explicit and implicit indications. As to the distribution of political power in Islamic thought, this study maintains that realization of divine guidance is one of the duties of the political power; thus, knowledge of divine commands is among the most important criteria for distribution of political power. In discussing the distribution of right to freedom as one of the most important political rights, the right is viewed, in Islamic doctrines, as an obligation, not from the individualistic liberal angle or as a claim that one can assert against others. Thus, it is a foundation for social links. Contemplation on the way the concept of right is used in religious texts shows that it is the positive dimension of ‘right’ that is completely highlighted and emphasized. In discussing distribution, security is one of the most important social goods that can be considered as one of the main goals of the formation of human communities. In this regard, Islamic approach is egalitarian; that is, security must be guaranteed and protected equally for all members of the society under the protection of the Islamic state.
Keywords
Islam justice distributive justice politics power freedom security
This study explored the intergenerational challenges that manifest in the public workforce and aimed to provide insights for designing effective performance management strategies. The research utilized a qualitative design, with twenty (20) employees from various departments of the Provincial Government of Lanao del Sur in Marawi City as research respondents. The sample included representatives from four generations: Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z. Data collection involved semi-structured face-to-face interviews using a purposive sampling technique. The analysis employed a collective case study approach and deductive coding. Ethical considerations were considered throughout the study. The main findings revealed that each generation exhibited distinct characteristics in terms of technology usage, social values, and core values. These differences gave rise to challenges related to work values, communication, motivation, job satisfaction, work-life balance, and learning. The results aligned with existing literature and theories such as generational cohort theory and stereotyping theory. Addressing these intergenerational challenges is crucial, particularly in the public workforce, given their significant impact in the modern workplace. By combining the study's findings with the principles of diversity management theory, this research offers valuable insights for developing strategies to mitigate intergenerational challenges. Recognizing and acknowledging these challenges is essential for fostering a harmonious work environment and promoting effective collaboration among employees from different generations. Organizations that proactively address these challenges can cultivate an inclusive and supportive workplace culture that values the unique contributions and strengths of each generation. Ultimately, this approach leads to enhanced productivity and overall employee well-being in the public workforce.
Abstract: A just or fair distribution of environmental bads and goods is important for solving environmental social dilemmas and is a core idea of environmental justice politics and research. Environmental justice is mostly associated with egalitarianism as the sole justice principle for all people. In contrast, we argue that it is important to uncover and consider heterogeneity in justice concerns to achieve socially accepted solutions to environmental social dilemmas. With noise pollution as an example, we explore citizens’ preferences for justice principles regarding the allocation of politically initiated environmental benefits. In our survey in four European cities,
respondents were asked to choose between different outcomes of a program to reduce road traffic noise in line with the following four notions of distributive justice: equal shares, equal outcomes, the greatest benefit for the least advantaged (Rawls), and the greatest benefit for the greatest number (Bentham). We found that most respondents chose Rawls’ principle, a preference that was stable over time but weaker when explicitly introducing the veil of ignorance. The preference for Rawls notwithstanding, we observed substantial heterogeneity in justice preferences. Multinomial logit analyses of survey and geo-referenced data on noise exposure showed that respondents with a higher socio-economic status and lower exposure to traffic noise were more likely to choose Rawls’ principle. Taken together, our study confirms the prominence of Rawls’ principle, demonstrates empirically the heterogeneity of justice preferences, and calls for more direct measurements of such preferences in research on environmental social dilemmas, environmental justice, and beyond.
Keywords: environmental justice; justice preferences; egalitarianism; Rawls principle; utilitarianism; road traffic noise
This paper explores Philip Pettit's concept of liberty as non-domination, a significant contribution to contemporary political theory emphasizing freedom from arbitrary power rather than merely the absence of interference. In an increasingly plural and complex world, there is a pressing need for a broader understanding of liberty that addresses the political adversities faced by diverse societies. Pettit’s theory provides a robust framework for assessing political freedom by proposing that true liberty entails the absence of domination, supported by democratic mechanisms that disperse and make power accountable. The primary objective of this text is to analyze Pettit’s complete works alongside contributions from ten prominent commentators and debaters, examining the strengths and potential shortcomings of his theory. The analysis aims to demonstrate how Pettit’s concept of non-domination can be superior to other notions of liberty or how integrating different perspectives might reinforce his ideas. Methodologically, the paper conducts a thorough examination of Pettit's seminal works. It includes critical analysis from scholars like Quentin Skinner, Richard Dagger, and Cécile Laborde. Each author's agreement or disagreement with Pettit is analyzed in detail, providing a comprehensive view of the ongoing discourse. In conclusion, Pettit's concept of liberty as non-domination proves to be a compelling framework for understanding and advancing political freedom. This approach necessitates transparency, accountability, and participation within democratic institutions, ensuring liberty is safeguarded against both existing and potential forms of arbitrary power. Through this detailed examination, the paper underscores the relevance and applicability of Pettit's ideas in addressing contemporary political challenges.
For the last few decades, economics and economic policy in the West have focused almost exclusively on the growth and creation of material wealth. Under the influence of the Market Economy; the level of economic activities — material production, consumption, and possession, indicated by index such as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) — is deemed the measurement of human wellness. (Ims 2013) Increasingly, however, the limitations of such a narrow measure are reflected in modern maladies such as deteriorating mental health and economic crises. Thus, a renewed definition of wealth — one that is more holistic and long-lasting— is called for. This issue can be addressed on the individual, societal/ institutional, and environmental/ ecological levels; this short article focuses on the individual level.
Luigino Bruni and Robert Sugden have provided a normative defense of markets from a virtue ethics perspective. They interpret market exchange as being a practice in the sense of Alasdair MacIntyre. For Bruni and Sugden, the telos of a market is mutual benefit and a market virtue is a character trait or disposition that contributes to the realization of this benefit. They regard market virtues as embodying a moral attitude towards market interactions that is characterized by reciprocity. For MacIntyre, this is a partial account of a virtue. To qualify as a virtue, it is also necessary that it contributes to the good of an individual’s life taken as a whole and to the social tradition in which both practices and individuals are embedded. We adopt MacIntye’s understanding of a virtue and consider the extent to which Bruni and Sugden’s account of market virtues is compatible with respecting the fundamental human good of dignity in Kant’s sense of this term.
This chapter rejects a single story of globalization, showing how recent globalization has been linked to both decreasing global poverty and rising domestic inequality. Understanding the complex effects of globalization is essential to moving beyond the single stories that often arise on both sides of the immigration debate, allowing us to reflect more responsibly on immigration policy. This chapter draws on the work of Branko Milanović, Suketu Mehta, Dani Rodrik, Serena Parekh, and Joseph Carens, as well as the perspectives of Central American and North African migrants and my conversations with Cubans who hope to immigrate to the U.S.
The pdf comprises excerpts from the book "Why Human Rights? A Philosophical Guide" (Routledge, 2024). This book addresses universal human rights as moral mandates – rights to justice that all persons have by virtue of their humanity alone. These are not the legal rights of statutes and treaties, but moral rights of the kind Gandhi, King, and Mandela invoked to oppose unjust laws. All such rights presuppose three claims: (1) that some duties of justice apply universally, (2) that all human beings have equal moral significance, and (3) that states must protect or serve certain individual interests regardless of the societal impact of doing so. ¶ Can these three premises be justified? Is the human equality claim, for example, rationally supportable, or is it no less faith-based than hierarchical doctrines like caste? This book explores the case for these foundational claims along with other philosophical controversies pertaining to human rights. Because these issues lie at the heart of moral and political philosophy, readers will also obtain a broad appreciation of these disciplines and their leading theorists, including Mill, Kant, Rawls, Sandel, Nozick, Rorty, and many others. Written in concise, jargon-free language, this book presents a high-relief map of the philosophical issues surrounding human rights.
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